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35
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 107 No 11, December 2014
36
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 107 No 11, December 2014
Resistance per Km
340
330
320
Resistance ()
310
R (Model) 300
290
R (Simulation)
280
R (Experimental) 270
260
1.0E+2 1.0E+3 1.0E+4 1.0E+5 1.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
37
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 107 No 11, December 2014
Figure 3 shows that the experimental results of R have resistance value is chosen to be 1 K. The accuracy of
acceptable accuracy frequency band. At the frequency 196 measurements using the three voltmeter method improves
KHz, the measured value has a large error compared to the when the value of both the known and unknown impedances
RLCG model. The error can be reduced if the known are nearly equal.
Inductance per Km
800
700
600
Inductance (H)
500
400
L (Model) 300
L (Simulation) 200
100
L (Experimental)
0
-100
1.0E+2 1.0E+3 1.0E+4 1.0E+5 1.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
Capacitance per Km
56
55
54
Capacitance (nF)
53
52
C (Model) 51
50
C (Simulation) 49
C (Experimental) 48
47
46
1.0E+2 1.0E+3 1.0E+4 1.0E+5 1.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
38
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 107 No 11, December 2014
Figure 5 shows that the simulation and experimental results of The RLCG model shows that the capacitance has a constant
C have acceptable accuracy compared to the RLCG model. value of 49 nF/Km at all frequencies.
Conductance per Km
18000
16000
14000
Conductance (S)
12000
10000
G (Model) 8000
6000
G (Simulation)
4000
G (Experimental)
2000
0
-2000
1.0E+2 1.0E+3 1.0E+4 1.0E+5 1.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
Characteristic impedance
1200
Characteristic impedance ()
1000
800
Z0 (Model) 600
Z0 (Simulation) 400
Z0 (Experimental) 200
0
1.0E+2 1.0E+3 1.0E+4 1.0E+5 1.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
39
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 107 No 11, December 2014
Attenuation constant
2.5
2
Attenuation (nep./Km) Dynatel 965DSP
1.5
RLCG Model
1
Three voltmeter
0.5 method simulation
Three voltmeter
0 method experiment
= + + 19
7
6
5
Beta (Model) 4
3
Beta (Simulation)
2
Beta (Experimental) 1
0
1.0E+2 1.0E+3 1.0E+4 1.0E+5 1.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
5. CONCLUSIONS instrument, the accuracy of R does not exceed 4.89% error for
frequency range 0.8 KHz to 80 KHz, while it suffers from
From the simulation and experimental results of the three large error value at 196 KHz. The accuracy of C is less than
voltmeter method and the comparison with the RLCG model 3.75% for the frequency range 2.804 KHz to 196 KHz, while
and the measured values obtained by Dynatel 965DSP it exceeds the accepted value error (10%) by a small amount
40
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 107 No 11, December 2014
for both frequencies 0.8 KHz and 1.004 KHz. the accuracy of [5] Muciek, A., & Cabiati, F. R. A. N. C. O. (2006).
Z0 does not exceed 5.2% error for frequency range of interest. Analysis of a three-voltmeter measurement method
The accuracy of does not exceed 8.54% for the frequencies designed for low-frequency impedance comparisons.
less than or equal 8 KHz while suffers from large error value Metrology and Measurement Systems, 13(1), 19-33.
for frequencies higher than this frequency. The accuracy of
does not exceed 8.1% for the frequencies less than or equal 8 [6] Marzetta, L. A. (1972) An evaluation of the three-
KHz while suffers from large error value for frequencies voltmeter method for ac power measurement. IEEE
higher than this frequency. The attenuation constant result Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. Vol.
obtained by the three voltmeter method is more accurate than IM-21.
the result obtained by Dynatel 965DSP at l.004 KHz; the [7] Callegaro, L., Galzerano, G., and Svelto, C. (2003)
standard frequency in TE measurements. L and G suffer from Precision Impedance Measurements by the Three-
large error values. The three voltmeter method has many Voltage Method with a Novel High-Stability Multiphase
advantages. First, the three voltmeter circuit is simple and DDS Generator. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
cheap. Second, most of the measured parameters have and Measurement, Vol.52, No. 4, pp.1195-1199.
acceptable accuracies. Third, the program is simple to be used
by engineers and technicians. Finally, the parameters are [8] Knockaert, J., Peuteman, J., Catrysse, J., & Belmans, R.
calculated easily. Also, the Dynatel 965DSP does not (2010). Measuring line parameters of multiconductor
measure all the transmission line parameters as the three cables using a vector impedance meter. In9th
voltmeter method. International symposium on EMC; 20th International
Wroclaw symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility
The main disadvantage of the three voltmeter method is that (EMC Europe 2010) (pp. 109-112). IEEE.
its accuracy depends on the accuracy of the measured voltages
and the used DAQ card. [9] Callegaro, L., & D'Elia, V. (2001). Automated system for
inductance realization traceable to ac resistance with a
As a future work, measuring the telephone line parameters three-voltmeter method. Instrumentation and
using the three voltmeter method can be used in Resistance
Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, 50(6), 1630-1633.
Fault Location (RFL) of the telephone cables. The accurate
determination of the fault location depends on the accuracy of [10] Plopa, O., & Fosalau, C. Considerations on Digital
the telephone line parameters; especially the resistance R. Impedance Measurements. In 6th International
Using the three voltmeter method in RFL enhances the Conference on Electromecanical and Power Systems,
accuracy of fault location determination to be better than the SIELMEN 2007 (pp. 4-6).
accuracy obtained by Dynatel 965DSP in addition to the
advantages of the three voltmeter method. [11] Rowe, M. (1997). DATA ACQUISITION-Don't Let
Analog Inputs Lie to You-Data-acquisition systems can
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS produce measurement errors if you don't use them
Our praise to Allah; the most merciful, for completing this properly, but the fixes are usually easy. Test and
work. Deep thanks to Telecom Egypt Company leadership for Measurement World, 17(6), 32-42.
giving us the permission for performing the measurements
[12] Sedlacek, R., & Jansky, J. (2011, September). Digital
process.
compensation unit for impedance metrology working up
7. REFERENCES to 2 MHz. In Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced
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IJCATM : www.ijcaonline.org 41