Unit = 2 CRvisinor FUGHT Pee formance - a ae aaa Entcrnetiora) Standard” Bkmesphe asiound ha. globes + tbuakhesr Cendittens osu From day dp day : + Taking ab) these Vasifabrons “te practical + fora dafinad ep standard aan ts dhansl upon Tunnel ‘Taats he deste , f a 4 Common 2 eon des tgn 3 ee : eatiid 01 "Stanclaod" ; a design “Rofonanta This Common Atmosphow | am Four Fogeas oF FUIGHE the Fou formas of t -danotid) by an asiplan. taval artyung Yelouty tow) Flug ht waight and cthovus v vrerpecttrely- for flight tha Fam te athe. dselron, of the erplana «15 Nes Jey Sep Jey Des Jeg he D 1 006 Je Pe Fo eg Je 6 8 x yO - 4 eo . s vcr ae Pthghttub Bg hovtg ontad,. heme ve is also tiaey mE origon lal * . 5 c Finke Supe oS Sta Clim bing fing ‘ pry tho. ae ts cmoempe to “ptt be “page te Bae “porndtiny -dpwaed utho_ han. Ve J re Arma tiie A leue vetouty nelakive de tho.‘ Prepilone | Pe awLand 8 represent othe “uppintnd idhag ; mspectily , Ff tho. tomplete Aepildres-. cine twos mg : the owing, fuselage de. fhe tought a [ways ach Lipiuards the tindca OF éanth. P cdkglike, aM dors & Powenng the pirplana \ ic ey) tho. how gontal - : Z Ae any natant tho pivplena, PON alorg. thy path, the load, rnstardanenus ang oF | ___bke Fttght_ path, fetotive oly othe hori ont i 1 bh eB: iat =i ice tncts nad ar ang O13) whieh 4 tolled Jota) = climb anges. of | the Arvplane ; ss sips ,pafera, Land P ‘3 agaaa nt dp Ye seauerghe auld anand ae Oe PF tha care and ‘fidriw + “ts an do soeth’s Surfa Fight ; chhe oS + fer the arsiplane— in obirntsng’. dvnten of Woot peladte to uh Uae -, iat — ar with te flrplann tn uthe - Drientation, Ys gees Ht ee fongitudinad mrs - 4 tha Orta Alor the furclage Prom nose up dhe © f) = 5 eet tell tor bank) tha auiplare ubhorugh tha, A ; aor a Ay 2 2 oe 2 =a - aA- p D ap w - Oiplene ft rolled dowd the Viale thorough ¢ a» =: edge raw oh the fend 3 ak [one dD 2 = D 2 ao QD ce 2 3 2 wy tos 3 Sacihoe 4° : eet Headkicon. (fren VIER? f Flight a polled) Preugh Mele F RL D>+ thes frent vrew feo prqpe ton of He Plsplans : and .cthe forts on plana AA cken perperatietas thy tha lotab fra sbream Veboaty ve , fa the Arde Hew, bt shown, fr perspec), rote tic) Away rom tha lead Yeckral cbhvough« cthe. angte qs what to, lift ts inelinco! to the Page ak He toll ange O° : the cthemat T watch are tebinad oD tha © plight path dutuatten Ehsough He One ME voldig Oub of he phn [7 SIde Hew! ta also= C ) , SR vaTions ‘OF Moflon . . . Path of athe firqhbo ‘te making an angle, & : up howgental , Vasuous forces odting on dhe assplane « ) The .hs, yahreh re bebwtan _propellex Tswit UD) disectton ) or thd oluiectron, of tyke may be on nag Lagdbly J Small - t Land doa.” destumecd yet ha, bift and ny ee a) ees throug h the” unbie «of re ha ser warght wo of che! “asubiatt te. 3 fer whalg “layed Fight » nasaletng -Foreans, tm the ss yvectron, Of ta and porpendioutan t? e- 2) eh, te Fn Wane ~aeT6 so Le J / a8. b= Weed =0Multiplying dhe fivst Ralabien by velouty oF Firg ht “Wy! and | Feasstanging: e Tv BY = wy sino: eats ~ PTV 2. dlenodking: tha.” amount of ha’ engi energy produced by Srgina. ak unck cbt) interval « : : 9 4 Br'> dlanoling enengiy, gpenk db OFtome | tha - “nrestetants.: er, drag ,. do, ke Rig hte cy tf TW and “py? ane equal 1p j buds. and + Opposite. mm diveebron . wy atin 2 a up zoo. fe Wand v tannol be equal cho oF 2010; {nO Should be equal cp sere Me Ors: the flight te level and hertzontal fr aka Uthat produced by tho eae exactly ‘ Baila he ohne Pt owen Tre pv ie athe arsiopland Maanbhute a Uniform ‘ Walouty uaetabasialid: * [evan hgh etl! seetiy. the worght cf tHe ,asop lana mh tradtly by ere as (oboe |i ) od Valouty of Lava) Fight - oO o Webs ee aw : Fede dpi, ting « leaclirg of “assiop/ane me 4 loveb at a Tixed attitude ? 5 " a Ve a , ; a —- = Sea: DW) stating Spead of loved Figh ge: aoe ent 3 re Fe = whew tho. uy stalung angt= = for an aasinpl a fiom MUM, » 9 to. offtuent of ebFE Cen) ots 2 F given using paging » meeragee es, & ; a Vataby wif. " Cae OY tt NS NO oS 9G 0 0 oh I Oy SiF BieFerenn Tyres, ne -Dendr: the 4 sree” id of an objetk tn @& Mering alrsktam & — proportimal ob d) The. Shape of tha, ofa and frontal Rrow ui) the, Squae of utha— Veloutty the Sum of akin faretton dag ard 3 form drag. tha cbs profile Orag te "Usually . sass tw Confurctten — ustth — chyo~ Girvan diorils osdtensy ue me Somakrmes — tallech Sesion’ Wg = id)" Entisrferuama rag *| ’ et. A'S An addtttonal ~Pressuse. “Brog “woetrsed bye Uke. muda) mtyaution of ithe Hein! Fretds © aground each tomponakt! of. tha. _Pirplans - The ebotol | Brag ot thas, fombined “body tS Qriater than Urkak of ithe Sum’ of tte moive t Poste, the chfFesienus is nat Daeg.) the inten fos @) - Pasrasite, Brag!: . a ye tho... ebeem Ss Bt bitoni, the, profile. drag of the utp tab drag assouratid with Q@hn re Pressey, drag due te Flew Fotelron and Sapestation s inte trated — over Ube Compleat Brrplane Nusifaw fe rraluden ¢ heer femanee. drags ‘ - 2 C3) Bndutad Brag? : : : dup de the A presse drag presgusu tmbalanta. th the ts tquced = by tha abused Flow $ ‘ Diredttay wo,vida a easowatad uth tho Vortieas, Caled at ha & chips of finite wings - . a.) Zenon ute, Drag : tha. Panasit brag that oxrsts wher ; dha pple ime ar zero fe prgia oF of tho. attack » uthak «fs. » Btyplane. — 'S Ber + Oh, Brag: oui dp bre >. “7 that portion “po bk, = pa ? Arvplone. Aree mocsti ahsove =e bet Ss _. diag. It tons oe he ‘eharge . '* posrasite 5 drag whan dhe aplan !* at en angle a 5 attack, idiffeunt ‘Sacemtgeaoe ute angle, eae 2 tha, induresp,, dra From -vthe. tinge othe 2 Ulifting Component: tthe. Armplass ° —Ostimatton of Pasioaite rag = Covet renint Ry Propey Anta Method . : Drag :pslosy hides Prom low tpeod's bo Ah peas ! A genine Subsowe jét yansport os cruise ab Mach 0-8 and) ubgle- of Srmiloaly a gener te: lend & is Delta Wg, duperonse ibanipiort te Ubsalhd ty both eojuree, ab ~Mach' Bt aed — tala OFF © Apne boone « $ dsiaaked — both Gondittens . Talea - off Mor 2.2 44) Subsonte 5 5 cb) Superson rane p ort. Sieh diansport +10 ta] o es as 70706 "5 7a" 5% a) tp 6% 10 6 % g . For utke Super sone for the Subtonia dxansport, ubhe ataments Uobetted rq, becky, Ampannage, angina installafn intoaferena, ulaoke , Under eattditage and ilaps as tha. Conti bubors ete othe zeno - birt Parranite Drag, uthat ors, othe gam from Trtelron dr and Pressua Over ¢ due ute flew geparjaiton) The @lement obolecd cbift- olapendent Pag (Org dus do GE) tems . Prom tha momen of Parasit. Drag argotiotad) with — the. cha in angle of attack. from the «= zeno- ft te Ord tho Poorags (nn ctucedd drag tbjauport., more uthan fe a Eisen thiide Of cgeMic, Gee BOE drag sore drag . a Combination oF zasio- aft rh the oiift- daptndast drag othe ———DeLpiarone tha, Subsonte twa ve. ar a eer ae transport ts much of Like uthab of - Supestonse ubransport » gxtep& — thak the “ daranspert axpterientos more | TE ie Drag. thre 1s berause the foww ~ st deHa toing | Inmreace trduad Araq , a Pe atoue rqusacd i ae ale [ka = Ute af ‘Talte oh C Because Uwe cuTt slope)Fr tuoi, the Ztore- LL parasite Drag Pe . tan be aypressed ver tues, ot oan eq ur vabent : ahun. Jerdion » Wo gHrepak Cpe ang! Swek a follows © Dos Ge Swebs Cte 3 Cfe- fune of Racprolds ne ' chord length . based on mean Bee. UAL - Drag covetineeand yo 1s deFtnad in” ebtsins ot fhe plangerm pees fhe. more. Conventtonal Any = Do 2 ® ‘ : Qa -S t eqn. mts @ 6 Ob = yo Sivek Che! | : ae |Brog Polar * 3 for aver Aoedy namie body! thes 0 hla BIS ds andere. uthab ton be @rprossed!. as, an dquatron OF plotted on a @raph Beth ubha , @quatien and “Uthe* qittph ¥ b A510 Callod) Drag potas . : folab Drag - Pastasite a + woe Ps 4 Q . Snduted Draty ay ‘ . 2 fn toofraint form, bonomas » D nae " 2. C= Coe + Corus 4 ee a5 : Tear 2 Pootasite Drag ¢o-offrenant (je “ton ‘be ubreolad a 2 2, Mhe Sum of tte ~ Volue af Zeso- chte Cone 2 cia JoeubFes At the Sowna of, Ape © 2 dp vablge that ir 9 fundhien of Angle 2 du up 0 of aback « .and , that Stoo ee fend 7h 2 mienbalnens ak eRe. EU ‘ 2 uthe change tn, Dien a 2 ts ahange. ma nrag vrrid 7p produ athe i 2 mevecsang © CR + : cae 2 aoe ke Seow 1 bed | Vactes aperminatih) as © Che Wwe , 2 er Ln MD lan" Tnnebly assume thak ACp@ = beara &aD 0 = Qewt ka: Cores Spe. + ACoe = i ty gq) Surkable properttenaliby constant - tidy te Se of utha Fee > uaF pave drag epefiuint Cp,wie and) tha change dpi dua dy bt Cdw = Ast tte ; : r ‘ bth oleea - Vata ae Cdiw = ey mI : . . te j ‘ sks te _iy thas_ ents Army toe “irae a = a aa eo wo Cow om cos ae Comme Kate : koe proportional ty meets Sub 841] Gn, ints © ~ tse ees Coie + aS ae beat g en Tank tNa . 9p > SS d . A “ ) " ” ae cans + Crom 4 Chtka tela 2) z a» fhe Seyn of the “PRE dubo- ehtorme 1s Simply "3 the Ze ~ te Brey “Opvefiereab Coa,» i se t ee by Ap 010 ag a @. i seit Q ; “Reg lee” is fi 9 poet Rig ke. ea: 38 "AB" ae ark ©, to, Dom oat tt Ds toio.t. ea ; ; 1G Pee ARE Oude» Polar “tee ae mae Cy-— Cotab rags eovotiraadl ~ os Cpe cen ~ Ft © Parasite drag " ep.atreaed + . a 9 9 9 oO 0 oa & 0 Tr: a a a Qa o a oa oGunusy Requires Canney) ; fro host, Requind Tr dapends Qn the Velouty, Oltetude , ond , the. Aexedy namic ape Sree sand We tght of the frcliness: Sndesd - Ho ubkbiat Ragidred fe Simply aqual © of tha firplana - fb & the bhatt _ Raquisad dp Ovstoma the Atredysanite PTA: uthe: ~Vasipabron , of is called) - of fi plot “showing” Freg- $Bieam Valo utp Veo te ities Raguind Smee EO elemante 1 the tana Iyer of. Aevplana, Performan - 0 . x Gwapuiea APPROACH - Considesy a Given _eestoaet Thang " Queen zs lave > Eight = for ; Given Frese ag Ke We aapekt Ratio AP, and Laine cet Arg 2. 2 5 Cpe Coot “et ‘ 3B whow @o,0 4 kK arn known fer the Qin pple T caleutsu the vthsmat — Ragquired! 4 Cusive 7Volua of Vo Vio, toleutote C. From ithe 2 Choose 9 = 2. For the Chosen ie) _ Talodten, I 2 bs we 5 Oe ve 8 Ce or C= 2w Ca Wb 2 Coleutat Co From Mr DO Cbs Cob + ROA Coleulate Drag, kent Te, frem £ Te Det Pa ty $ C0. Vis of Ble ithe” Valbutup chosen 1m stp 2. - Repent steps | 7 4 Fer 0 lange. no & Osifount Volus of Yo, thus gperanraking drough “port, td plot the ubhaaat Ragurgeal Casive -Analy tod Approach ° for Shady, lvat Ping he we Bone rE TR { Tes Ww ! Yo ! — Car iad te Mechanism of Valouty oR sta Bi rey - Stobilly + ta! La ae Ye pe)men al Manat Tp pees af mawtmum lift te Prag Rabe hantam of \ Valouty zfa dewreases as My Intreasea. Sndead, minimom 5 Te eeu at when Yo ms merimum, ft ts o Arract » mosuse of tha Atrodynomic eiverency Of the MSplana the ite de drag trakto ts the Joma re) " a tha rato of C: t Cp, 5 te fake se B ae a : = ogee D ee tea $Cp Cp a 2 a 5 Me) eras: of tha lasiation of LUTE tp Prag or a Qin Areplana gg @ dune Of ADA- the. Brag Chane Te) Jor o given Fivplase tn a Stody, lad fight ts 0 functon of alt tude q i > Cote ne tad) by A), Valouty 4 | Usarq at : a D+ FUh, bo. w). a iD= 4.8. Ber GeosCOso+ ke*}, 3 O Pier Baa howe qega = ee he se. . we have a= 2w ~ Ca Vig" 8 Sub~ G Yoluss sage tgn (D We get - 2 O= Ge ( Cho ¥ au fe y) : “VG Wad 3 loa a 2 ae "R= | Bote SCp0 + 2ke y 2 i TRe GoStpo + ks (= rae: mult ipligmg ahora @qn by Fo + we zi 2 Th Go = Go Stoo ¢ KS () 2 Es oy wy) s Go tro - Inqe + ks ( wv) zoi veoeeoocoeo ooo sous | | a Guadrahe formula Resulle on ig a= Stpo° g bs-tR 2 tip : “LOK, Agr. batbena —+ @ Te Chowat do (Weugkt Retro w to Io ache He ey foaey Sub eqn cD mb Sn B uw ge eo 1! hoe | ueas > Cian bo ¥en fa) max fr depends on 1. Theuck ub waght Rato Tr/w 2. Wing loading ee 3) The Ordg polar , thak ge Core ok es) w) 7 Hee = 6 2@ then the —lelouhip—pbtasnes! Veta) mints [ — (x) | ee Cntoro |W men = 22 fhe Value of CIefwlmin i Green by tan Bs Tey (him EF Wlowk . cor Cis at j (42). 2 Troe | > - oe mieSub eqn © mt G ux get y y Nes nen = [ [see uy ue. ae ~ Gort o 9 oo " A \e ee if Spe oO Qalenin = Vertelmar = ( Ge dine =. oO “3 wd \_s ee fa 3 ° Ue are Yatalling hak Velocity Foy minimum . . Lp. inded, Sinw feed “ake the Velouty fer Maytmum Oo and Lew doy strady, bvd thg ht ft case 4lojo k kimi meaprotal of a) oO © Cima the. minimum Yalan of Ofte 0 the morimum Yala vf Yo {ak o a 3 to. a lower Altrtude Highasy” Ritrtude a Veg 2 Check G -aiutude on “the Ruqurred : poral Cor ves ponating Y to minrmom _therustReronynsamic Reverions Assoermtep with Mawimur Glen > athe, and (fan . : Tha Ft to ‘Drag Ratro ts hoe & L Pee Fes 2 Cor + kOe For maximum Cfis,. deh. use too cn and sab bn Yesult equal to zero: A Coupes) Coos ket Q, (ake) « de. 20 t Gaia ket} Soo + ka — aket ale i t } eo = est = © 2 when if ts a MaHMUM Voluo, the Zesro- ole Fusther more, | drag equals tha diag dua ite Wyre tha hohe to tan beat by Fe qn D ox cos [Coro = ie t sPrseating Gan D, Can @ act Gn Dh only : Tor the Condition of ommmum “Yp - < E>, ! (ola ~ U2) “Sub eqn @ and @ mt gn @ we ged qa catty = J ae (a. ke =a “£3 to\3l4 Ne me Co,04 3¢B-0 “seal +) | (a » Lf 3.4 je eae a kegs | fn Shraght and laved firght = Le we 2 he we cove Sth OD. ws it . 9 [Stoo FD Les Mere) mas 34 ) ted Solving _- Above ean for the “eeu Obtaunte "stom =( [i a)" 9 ® ae P yo Compare eqn (i) with ) ux gt : I MUewt*/eo)mnae = (4) Mee i or ( [Yetifadne = AV oe @ $ From abom @3n , whan ~ebRa alam 1s flying ‘| at Co Nas) ik ote Phgrkge mere glowly shan when tt te flying af © (t/p)max 2 tnded, is Flying at Wlouty arty chimes thak necessaoryp for maxrmcupn CMe). —forarehear cli ‘ Co,o = axe tehen Oo ls a) Morimum = Yelua, tho, = a dua 4 ubrt Drag equals 3 dimes hha Drag } ite - eis fev! 2 ssf! Vag : a Noep trae Tho tafosily. ab ustuch Cee fen) i acheveg! ” 0 - 0 ts the powey required by the power plank 9 oO the Prrplane + dD oO Pas Ta Vo 3 @O a —pyaila ble eonrperet 0 The. WOwimom Poses; worth tha powe; Yaqured — al!ouas ubho taleutobe oO 0 Of movimem Vilouty OF uth, Pimplana « 9 a) Properren- Driven, Alacer et - a ‘ : Faopatlers ase driven by wea prowting 0 biston Engines oF by gas ctustbmes ( drucr bopro a Hentwe, for propelle; driven Arrplanes, Paes . Gyailable much more than’ vthouat Pval lable +Pas Op? > O Dor - propeller efiretencey P- shaft Power Valouty and fititude flees. on P tor a Piston Ongena a. Power Pom Yeasonably constant with Ve- 2. for an unsuper chao ad ange Be oe Pm Ce whem P and ep ave the Shefe power Output and Density, ‘Tespecktyally , ak altitude and Po and eo Cortes ponding Yoluse of Sra level . Dm emendialhy Sore Seta leg craad Constont with albifuda up ; ‘ ovitrial dagn altitudes -of tha Supercharge: The Pou, available fer a tusibop rep Pa = Dpr Pes : Pas — Cquivaleat Shoft Powoass Pout, Available Pa ts traaspnably tonsTank a. uotth te Cor Mtg) 7 4a The glbiftde fare 1 approntme tid? by iae Pr te) Hi es ee Tuobogt and “usrbefan Snares: Gusboyc and mat ok itherust Hane r r Tusibofen , Grains are pall cy taleutat, 4 rn testis Powe; available, a Pa Ta Ve 2 The Vasiiation of Pra = vatth Valou bey and - alirtuda fe Yetlacted — thatough the: Vastra tor : J y of ‘a : yt a. Ak subsonte Spedi, Gat aesentialy i . Constant. Hante «Pa 1s directly proportro oO op dp be. For Supe: sone Spads, a ints, = 14 athe. z \ fe} mach 4 8 . |psqae. a Pa to: Supersout Spads orm heh 4 a Functton of Vo- J bay Veloestyy : axtm ont feloesty : 0 Gh Powe, Available Pa © tacentrall, : Constant with Valoahy, Re, intersection Vv U pf thé TMayrmum “power avalable CHE ane) Cusive * doFr nee othe. uthe — Powesr vequiredi p = Lavo) + Montmon Wlouty for Sfraight and Fight « Consider fa ~ Propelled) Aiyplann;, — AsSeumirg Qa ts Constant worth Wufourhy ethan = Powe ; Ovailgbu ab Suiblonie Speeds Yasig — lneaar|yy bith “Vg. Velouhy Vinay Propeliesy . Dwrven Birplana - Vitouty Vina 4 Gunboet.. Powered Pirplane - ‘