The Old

other, as
However

effective

Old Testa















Many cr

but close
It is eas

slavery s
institutio
When th

but since
lists.

Characters in Huckleberry Finn have differing views on justice. Some believe
that their society is fair and just, whereas others believe that societal change is


necessary.

Although Mark Twain uses the relationship between Huck and Jim to suggest
that a society can be equally just to all of its racial groups, Twain himself perpetuates

Discuss the idea of justice in Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn. Which characters racial stereotypes by describing Jim as an superstitious, passive character.

wrong other characters? How do social or political institutions create their own
versions of justice in the novel? In the end, is the novel optimistic or pessimistic about

the possibility of justice?

The Civil War was caused by social, economic, and political disagreements in

the North and South.








Disagreement between the North and South over tariffs and states rights was

a more signicant cause of the Civil War than opposing views about slavery.

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The Old Testament characters Moses and Joshua are virtual shadows of each Almost as soon as the Civil War ended,
other, as they perform similar functions and lead the Israelites in a similar manner. Americans began to search for a way to
However, the lesser degree of the miracles that Joshua performs can be seen as an understand the reasons for the bitter conict.
effective literary technique for promoting the idea that Moses was greater than any Even today, strong feelings and personal
Old Testament prophet to follow him. bias inuence debate over the causes of the
war. Because the years leading up to the war
were characterized by growing conicts over
a series of political and economic disagree-
ments between the Northern and Southern
states, it is difcult to isolate individual causes
of the war. It is easy to assume that the main
cause of the war was disagreement over slav-
ery simply because the outcome of the war had

such dramatic effects on the institution of slav-

ery. In fact, disagreement between the North
and South over tariffs and states rights was
a more signicant cause of the Civil War than
Many critics see the relationship between Huck and Jim as fair and harmonious, were opposing views about slavery.
but closer examination of the novel reveals that this is not the case.
It is easy to assume that the main cause of the Civil War was disagreement over

slavery simply because the outcome of that war had such dramatic effects on the
institution of slavery.
When the movie Clueless was released, many people derided it as juvenile and silly,

but since then, the lm has appeared more and more frequently on college reading
lists.






On the day I was supposed to receive my grade

for the rst paper I wrote in my English lit-

erature class, my teacher announced that he
had written comments on the classs papers,

but had not yet given letter grades. He said
he believed we were better writers than our

papers showed and invited us to meet indi-
vidually with him as we continued to work on

our drafts. At rst, his statement struck me as
a sly tactic to get us to write multiple drafts

of a paper, but as I read over his comments,

I understood that his concern was sincere. In

many ways, he had taken my paper more seri-
ously than I myself had; he had asked detailed

questions about ideas he found unclear and

suggested further reading. His attention to
detail and careful thought introduced me to

what it might mean to be a teacher. His com-
mitment to making me a better writer was
heartfelt and went beyond the punishment or
reward of grades. His personal commitment to
improving our writing inspired me eventually
to become a teacher, a profession I had never
previously considered.

views on justice. Some believe

elieve that societal change is

ween Huck and Jim to suggest
ups, Twain himself perpetuates
us, passive character.






and political disagreements in

r tariffs and states rights was

g views about slavery.

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Disagreements between the North and South

regarding cotton tariffs created a divisive

political atmosphere that was instrumental in

states decisions to secede from the Union. Vice
President John Calhoun proposed that individ-
ual states had the right to nullify specic acts of
Congress in order to protect the welfare of the
states against the federal government. When
Calhoun proposed this doctrine of nullication, Wild contrasts, such as the implicit comparison between the rough, earthy crafts-

it became clear that the South worried that the men and the delicate, graceful fairies, dominate A Midsummer Nights Dream.

North was wielding power in order to damage Pucks capricious spirit, magical fancy, fun-loving humor, and evocative language
the Souths economy. This worry inuenced the illustrate many of these contrasts within his own character. Puck could be seen as
Southern states to consider separation from the paradoxical center of the play.
the North. In short, the economic issue of cot-
ton export, separate from moral concerns over Pucks clever way of speaking and sprightly manner illustrate some of the dra-
slavery, marked the initial split between North matic contrasts that dominate A Midsummer Nights Dream, including the contrast
and South. between the vulgar craftsmen and the dainty fairies.




Pete
Pro
His

17 N




ince
sec
und
Cat
the
as







Wh















In 1876, after the end of the Civil War,


Confederate General Robert Hunter asked,

Had the South permitted her property, her

constitutional rights and her liberties to be
surreptitiously taken from her without resis-
tance and made no moan, would she not have
lost her honor with them? Understanding that

the South feared not only a loss of slave labor,

but also a loss of honor, can make the root

causes of the Civil War a bit clearer. In refer-

ring to her constitutional rights and her lib-


erties, Hunter does refer to the institution of
slavery. However, he also refers to the pride of

economic productivity, which the South feared

would wither and die under the economic poli-

cies of the North. Although an absolute under-

standing of the causes of the Civil War is unat-
tainable, identifying the interactions among
various causes is an ongoing project.






equally w


men live








Llewelly

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The Platonic theory of forms had nothing to do with Plato and probably
would have been entirely unfamiliar to him during his life (Cheng et al. 301).




In her theory of representation, on the other hand, she is less interested in
notions of beauty than in notions of linguistic accuracy (Martin, Language 143).

(Shakespeare, Hamlet 1.23.218219)

(Keats 1416) or (Keats lines 1416)


thy crafts-

ts Dream.

e language
be seen as





of the dra-

e contrast

1



Peter Boswort h

Professor Rhollo

History 800


17 November 2001
The Investitu re Conict and the Catholic Church

re was a startling
The political and social result of medieval investitu Henderson, Jonathan. Processes of Consciousness Encoded in Semiotic Sign-
thought. Mystical
incentive towards the fomentation of radical religious Sequences: A Political Approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
and the Trilax Council rose as
sects such as the Abszin Monks, the Furrows,
ess of the doctrine of the
underground alternatives to the perceived narrown
to ridicule the followers of
Catholic church. Many modern historians tend
Benton LaRusso goes so far Watson, Michael, and Samantha Willis. Chemistry and Chemists. New York: Random
these marginal sects; noted historian and poet
House, 1982.
as to refer to them in his work, Entropy, as
astute but absorbed

in the trappings of ponderous history

unable to enter this eternal debate.
13-16) Kramer, Devin, et al. Microwave Cooking and You. Boston: Chefs Press, 1992.
from its recently-decapit ated [sic] head. (lines

like LaRusso thumb their noses at these sects,
While poet-historians

Eliot, George. Middlemarch. Ed. Phillippa Howitzer. New York: Overlook Press, 1981.

Kelley, Randolph. My Time in Eden. Los Angeles: El Dorado Press, 1990.

. You Can So Go Home Again. Los Angeles: El Dorado Press, 1972.

Satchel, Marcus. Shakespeares Women. Shakespearean Times 26.7 (1982): 3441.

Stephen Kin [sic] has written many horror novels.

20593 36448

Berry, Brandon. Dodgers Strike Out on New Stadium Deal. ESPN.com. 17 December

2001. 20 December 2001. http://www.espn.com/berry121701.html.





Ellerbe, Hyman. Abraham Lincoln. Encyclopedia of Political Leaders. Ed. Lavar

ODenby. 4 vols. New York: Random House, 1977.

Prolegomena. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.

Boswort h 16
It has been said that all men may be created equal, but not all men live Works Cited

equally well (Howard 421). Oxford UP, 1987.

Ashton, Mariela. Religion on Overdrive. London:
Finton Howard rmly insists that all men may be created equal, but not all gh, PA: Forster Press, 1994.
men live equally well (421). Chandler, Louis. Catholicism in Crisis. Pittsbur
York Times 16 October 1983:
What is the State of Your Soul? New

A5.
4th ed. Detroit,
A man who knows where the sh eat may soon eat sh himself (Rogers and Fernand
ez, Miguel and Cora Hessler, eds. Mystical Sects.
MI: Outlook Press, 1974.
Llewellyn 15).

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