Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

MEEES 2017-2018 Master in Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Homework 5
Felipe Alarcn

Lecturer: Boyan Mihaylov

TA: Gabriele Guerrini
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

1. Introduction
In the following report, a continuous two-span girder is design. The transfer girder supports two columns and a
concrete slab. The entire system is discharging in 3 vertical elements. Dimensions and shape of the analyze section
are displayed in Figure 1. The structure must be analyzed and design by Strut and Tie method.

Figure 1 Transfer Girder

2. Material Properties
In the next table, all the considered material properties are summarized. Table 1 Material Properties
Materials
From where is the concrete strength resistance, is the concrete
Concrete 50/60
strength resistance for design, is the steel strength resistance, is the
fck 50.0 MPa
steel strength resistance for design. fcd 33.3 MPa
0.8
Steel S500
fyk 500.0 MPa
fyd 434.8 MPa

3. Load Distribution Considerations

The load distribution over the section of analysis is a critical to generate
an adequate strut and tie model. As can be seen in Figure 2, external forces
and reactions are indicated as , , and . is equal to 1000,
is a uniformly distributed load of 80/ which is concentrated at mid
span and is equal to 480. and are calculated according to the
following cases:

Figure 2 External Forces and Reactions

3.1. Distribution of forces as a beam
It is considered that the structure distributes the external forces , as a beam that is simple supported in 3 points.
The distribution of the reactions are studied with unitary forcecs.

Figure 3 Unitary Forces distribution Figure 4 Reactions as beam behavior

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3.2. Distribution of forces as an arch

Considering that the structure distributes the forces as an arch, it is
necessary to understand the arch behavior. An arch under a concentrated
force in the top, distributes the effors as can be seen in Figure 5. From
where is possible to see that forces are opening the structure
(unbalance forces). This can be solved (in part) if another arch is included
in the analysis. In Figure 6, the forces in the middle segment are balance,
bringing stability to that section. It is important to observe that the
reaction in the base is the force divided by 2. Finally, to bring stability,
struts must be included in both ends, which will take care of loads . This
explanation is displayed in Figure 7. In conclusion, considering that the Figure 5 Arch Reaction
structure will behave as an arch, with three support points, the reactions
will be the following (considering unitary loads).

Figure 6 Reaction of 2 Arches Figure 7 Stable Arches

Figure 8 Reactions as arch behavior

4. Strut and Tie model
The Strut and Tie model is based in 2 considerations,
Moment graph and force equilibrium. The shape of the
moment graph is displayed in Figure 9. The developed
Strut and Tie model can be seen in Figure 10, where Figure 9 Moment graph scheme
Dash Red line indicates a strut and Blue lines indicates
a tie, the Green line is the required tie to pull force
to the top with force . The model presents two angles
equals to 46 and 30 . For the case of the strut near
to the edge of the door, it is considered at less a offset
of 245 for a well behavior of the strut. Figure 10
displays previous conditions.
The present report only analyzes an angle of 30. This
is because of the opening of the door does not allow a
Figure 10 Strut and Tie model. Dash Red line indicates struts. Blue lines
bigger angle for the for development of the strut. indicate ties. Green line is the required tie to pull force to the top
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

5. Calculation of Forces
The calculation of the forces is divided in 4 sections: Node 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Figure 11 Nodes of Analysis

5.1. Node 1 Forces
A zoom is done to the section in Figure 12. From it,
the solicitant node forces , 1 and 2 are indicated
with the angle 1 .
5.2. Node 2 Forces
A zoom is done to the section in Figure 13. From it,
the solicitant node forces 1 , 3 , 4 are indicated with
the angle 1 and 2 . The arrow indicated as is
Figure 12 Nodes 1 zoom and Forces
the result from the sum of and (see section 3).
5.3. Node 3 Forces
A zoom is done to the section in Figure 14. From it,
the solicitant node forces 4 , 5 , are indicated with the
angle 2 .
5.4. Node 4 Forces
A zoom is done to the section in Figure 15. From it,
the solicitant node forces , 2 and 5 are indicated.
Figure 13 Nodes 2 zoom and Forces

Figure 14 Nodes 3 zoom and Forces Figure 15 Nodes 4 zoom and Forces
5.5. Angles
Two conditions are analyzed according to the value of the angle 30 and Table 2 and of angles
Angles
46 . The values of the sine and cosine, for each case, are indicate in the
cos() sin()
following tables:
1 46 0.69 0.72
2 30 0.87 0.50
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5.6. Resolution of Forces

5.6.1. Force values with distribution of forces as a beam
The values of the forces are summaries in Table 3.
5.6.2. Force values with distribution of forces as an arch
The values of the forces are summaries in Table 4.
Table 3 Distribution of forces as a beam Table 4 Distribution of forces as an arch
FT kN Ra kN F1 kN F2 kN F3 kN F4 kN F5 kN Rb kN Force kN Ra kN F1 kN F2 kN F3 kN F4 kN F5 kN Rb kN
1480.0 458.8 637.8 443.1 2042.4 1325.7 2042.4 2042.4 1480.0 740.0 1011.8 690.1 1480.0 591.7 1480.0 1480.0

6. Analysis of Stresses
In the following section, the forces in the nodes will be analyze for both cases, distribution of reactions as a beam
and the distribution of reactions as an arch.
6.1. Level arm considerations
For the calculation of the level arm, it is considered
that the bottom reinforcement is in the center of the
slab (100). The level arm is equal to 3400.
The values of 0.1d and 0.2d are indicated in Table 5.
Figure 16 display a scheme of the previous description.
Table 5 d calculation
h 3500
d 3400
0.1d 340
0.2d 680

Figure 16 d zones
6.2. Distribution of forces as a beam
The tension in the node are verified according to the beam load distributions.
6.2.1. Node 1 Forces
In the following section, the Table 7 Stress Checks node 1
Ra 458.8 node1 6.37 MPa < Rdmax 22.7 MPa Ok
stress in node 1 are be verify.
F2 443.1 node2 7.38 MPa < Rdmax 22.7 MPa Ok
Node dimensions are summaries F1 637.8 strut 6.82 MPa < Rdmax 16.0 MPa Ok
Table 6 and Figure 17. Stress
cheeks are displayed in Table 7.
The maximum admissible tension
is for a nod with one tie. All
tension distributions are Ok
Table 6 Angle and dimensions Node 1
Angle
46
Distances
a1 240 mm
u 200 mm
Figure 17 Scheme of tensions Node 1
a2 311.6 mm
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6.2.2. Node 2 Forces

In the following section, the Table 9 Stress Checks node 2
FT 1480 node1 12.3 MPa < Rdmax 20.0 MPa Ok
stress in node 2 are verify. Node
cos(1)*F3 1768.8 node2 8.7 MPa < Rdmax 20.0 MPa Ok
dimensions are summaries Table F2 443 strut,2 2.3 MPa < Rdmax 16.0 MPa Ok
8 and Figure 18. Stress cheeks are F3 1480 strut,3 7.4 MPa < Rdmax 16.0 MPa Ok
displayed in Table 9. The
maximum admissible tension is
for a nod with two ties. All
tension distributions are Ok
Table 8 Angle and dimensions Node 2
Angles Distances
1 46 a1 400 mm
2 30 a1.2 124 mm
a1.3 276 mm
u2 691 mm
u3 734 mm
u4 680 mm Figure 18 Scheme of tensions Node 2
a2 651 mm
a3 671 mm

6.2.3. Node 3 Forces

In the following section, the Table 11 Stress Checks node 3
F5 2042 node1 13.6 MPa < Rdmax 28.3 MPa Ok
stress in node 3 are verify. Node
cos(1)*F3 1769 node2 23.6 MPa < Rdmax 26.7 MPa Ok
dimensions are summaries Table F3 2042 strut 19.9 MPa < Rdmax 28.3 MPa Ok
10 and Figure 19. Stress cheeks
are displayed in Table 11. The
maximum admissible tension is
for a nod with no ties. All
tension distributions are Ok
Table 10 Angle and dimensions Node 3
Angles Distances
1 30 a1 500 mm
2 30 a1.2 250 mm
a1.3 250 mm
u2 354 mm
u3 354 mm
u4 250 mm Figure 19 Scheme of tensions Node 3
a2 342 mm
a3 342 mm
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

6.2.4. Node 4 Forces

In the following section, the Table 13 Stress Checks node 4
F5 2042 node1 13.6 MPa < Rdmax 26.7 MPa Ok
stress in node 4 are verify. Node
F2 443 node2 7.4 MPa < Rdmax 20.0 MPa Ok
dimensions are summaries Table F5 2042 strut 13.6 MPa < Rdmax 28.3 MPa Ok
12 and Figure 20. Stress cheeks
are displayed in Table 13. The
maximum admissible tension is
for a nod with two ties. All
tension distributions are Ok
Table 12 Angle and dimensions Node 4
Node 4
Angles
1 90
Distances
a1 500 mm
a2 200 mm
Figure 20 Scheme of tensions Node 4

6.3. Distribution of forces as an arch

The tension in the node are verified according to the arch load distributions.
6.3.1. Node 1 Forces
In the following section, the stress in node 1 are verify. Node dimensions are summaries Table 14 and Figure 17.
Stress cheeks are displayed in Table 15. The maximum admissible tension is for a nod with one tie. All tension
distributions are Ok
Table 14 Angle and dimensions Node 1 Table 15 Stress Checks node 1
Angle Ra 740.0 node1 10.3 MPa < Rdmax 22.7 MPa Ok
46 F2 714.6 node2 11.9 MPa < Rdmax 22.7 MPa Ok
Distances F1 1028.7 strut 11.0 MPa < Rdmax 16.0 MPa Ok
a1 240 mm
u 200 mm
a2 311.6 mm

6.3.2. Node 2 Forces

In the following section, the stress in node 2 are verify. Node dimensions are summaries Table 16 and Figure 18.
Stress cheeks are displayed in Table 17. The maximum admissible tension is for a nod with two ties. All tension
distributions are Ok
Table 16 Angle and dimensions Node 2 Table 17 Stress Checks node 2
Angles Distances FT 1480 node1 12.3 MPa < Rdmax 20.0 MPa Ok
1 46 a1 400 mm cos(1)*F3 1281.7 node2 6.3 MPa < Rdmax 20.0 MPa Ok
2 30 a1.2 200 mm F2 715 strut,2 3.5 MPa < Rdmax 16.0 MPa Ok
a1.3 200 mm F3 1480 strut,3 8.0 MPa < Rdmax 16.0 MPa Ok
u2 709 mm
u3 709 mm
u4 680 mm
a2 689 mm
a3 616 mm
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

6.3.3. Node 3 Forces

In the following section, the stress in node 3 are verify. Node dimensions are summaries Table 18 and Figure 18.
Stress cheeks are displayed in Table 19. The maximum admissible tension is for a nod with no ties. All tension
distributions are Ok
Table 18 Angle and dimensions Node 3 Table 19 Stress Checks node 3
Angles Distances F5 1480 node1 9.9 MPa < Rdmax 28.3 MPa Ok
1 30 a1 500 mm cos(1)*F3 1282 node2 17.1 MPa < Rdmax 26.7 MPa Ok
2 30 a1.2 250 mm F3 1480 strut 14.4 MPa < Rdmax 28.3 MPa Ok
a1.3 250 mm
u2 354 mm
u3 354 mm
u4 250 mm
a2 342 mm
a3 342 mm

6.3.4. Node 4 Forces

In the following section, the stress in node 4 are verify. Node dimensions are summaries Table 20 and Figure 18.
Stress cheeks are displayed in Table 21. The maximum admissible tension is for a nod with two ties. All tension
distributions are Ok
Table 20 Angle and dimensions Node 4 Table 21 Stress Checks node 4
Node 4 F5 1480 node1 9.9 MPa < Rdmax 26.7 MPa Ok
Angles F2 690 node2 11.5 MPa < Rdmax 20.0 MPa Ok
1 90 F5 1480 strut 9.9 MPa < Rdmax 28.3 MPa Ok
Distances
a1 500 mm
a2 200 mm

7. Calculation of required Steel

The required steel for the strut and tie analysis is realize in the following section. The structure present 3 tie, bottom
tie (in the slab), top tie (in the top of the structure) and one vertical tie (next to the opening in the wall)
7.1. Distribution of forces as a beam
The required steel considering a distribution of forces as a beam are in Table 22, Table 23 and Table 24.
Table 22 Traction forces Table 23 Required Steel
Vertical Tie Fb 480 kN As=F/fyd
Top Tie F4 1325.7 kN Vertical Tie As- 1104 mm
Bottom Tie F2 443.1 kN Top steel As- 3049 mm
Bottom steel As+ 1019 mm

Table 24 Employed Steel Bars

Vertical steel Top steel Bottom steel
16 mm 20 mm 16 mm
Area 201 mm Area 314 mm Area 201 mm
Bars 5.49 Bars 9.71 Bars 5.07
Bars Selected 6 Bars Selected 10 Bars Selected 6
Area design 1206 mm Area design 3142 mm Area design 1206 mm
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

7.2. Distribution of forces as an arch

The required steel considering a distribution of forces as a beam are in Table 25 , Table 26 and Table 27.
Table 25 Traction forces Table 26 Required Steel
Vertical Tie Fb 480 kN As=F/fyd
Top Tie F4 567.1 kN Vertical Tie As- 1104 mm
Bottom Tie F2 714.6 kN Top steel As- 1304 mm
Bottom steel As+ 1644 mm

Table 27 Employed Steel Bars

Top steel Top steel Bottom steel
16 mm 16 mm 20 mm
Area 201 mm Area 201 mm Area 314 mm
Bars 5.49 Bars 6.49 Bars 5.23
Bars Selected 6 Bars Selected 8 Bars Selected 6
Area design 1206 mm Area design 1608 mm Area design 1885 mm
7.3. Selected Steel
The final design will be an enveloped of both designs. This means the highest required steel.
7.3.1. Vertical Tie Steel
Both condition required the same amount of steel. It is selected for the vertical tie
7.3.2. Top Tie Steel
The condition where loads are distributed as a beam present the most unfavorable condition. It is selected
for the top tie
7.3.3. Bottom Tie Steel
The condition where loads are distributed as an arch present the most unfavorable condition. It is selected for
the bottom tie
7.4. Minimum horizontal and vertical Reinforcement
The minimum vertical reinforcement for wall according to the Eurocode 2 is 0.002 . The wall has a section of
300 which gives a minimum reinforcement of 6002 . Employing 10200 in both faces, it is obtained
7862 . The minimum vertical reinforcement for wall according to the Eurocode 2 is 0.001 . The wall has a
section of 300 which gives a minimum reinforcement of 3002 . Employing 8200 in both faces, it is
obtained 5002 .
7.5. Reinforcement Scheme
In the following section, Figure 21 and Figure 22 are schemes included the steel reinforcement design.
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

Figure 21 Scheme of wall reinforcement

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Figure 22 Scheme of wall reinforcement

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8. Comparison with beam analysis.

In the following section, the realized design will be compared with the amount of required steel considering that the
element is behaving as a beam that is supported in 3 points. Realizing a unitary load analysis, it is possible to obtain
the distribution of the maximum moments. The moment values are indicated in Figure 23. The required steel is
calculated by the 0.9 level arm method. The design and amount of required reinforcement is summarized in Table
28. As it can be seen, the amount of reinforcement is 12242 and 10682 for the top and bottom, respectively.
With the strut and tie analysis, considering an arch load distribution, the amount of reinforcement, is equal to
13042 and 16642 , for the top and bottom section, respectively. The top reinforcement is down by a 6%,
while the bottom reinforcement is by down 36%. In conclusion, with this simple analysis, it is possible to understand
that classical analysis underestimates the amount of required steel in the bottom and top section.

Figure 24 Level arm scheme

Figure 23 Maximum moment according to unitary loads

Table 28 Design and required reinforcement
Moments for unitary Force Unitary Moments per Force Top steel Bottom steel
M-unitary load -1.10 kNm/kN M-unitary load -1628 kNm 14 mm 14 mm
M+unitary load 0.96 kNm/kN M+unitary load 1421 kNm Area 154 mm Area 154 mm
Level Arm Required Steel Bars 7.95 Bars 6.94
d 3400 mm As=M/(fyd*0.9d) Bars Selected 8 Bars Selected 8
0.9 d 3060 mm As- 1224 mm Area design 1232 mm Area design 1232 mm
+
Force As 1068 mm
F 1480 kN
9. Finite element analysis
In the following section, employing a finite element method program (FEM), it will be study the behavior of the
element. This is done to compare if the developed strut and tie model is comparable to the FEM.
The developed model is display in Figure 25 with the corresponding loads. Figure 26 displays the reactions on the
support of the structure. The loads are approximately distributed as the proposed arch model. The vertical reaction
in and (supports of the left and middle section, respectively) according to the FEM model is equal to 792
and 1375 versus the 740 and 1480 calculated in the previous section. The horizontal reaction in the bottom
2 according to the FEM model is equal to 545 versus the 714.
On the other hand, analyzing the distribution of the tensions in the elements, is possible to observe how the forces
travel through the section. Figure 27 shows the distribution of the tension in the element, from where Purple is
Compression and Blue is Traction. From it, is possible to appreciate the bottle shape of the Struts and how it
concentrates in the supports. In Figure 28 it is draw the proposed strut and tie model. It can be see that is representing
the behavior indicated by the FEM program.
In conclusion, in can be understood that the structure will behave as an arch that can be represented by the proposed
strut and tie model.
Homework 5 Felipe Alarcon Araya

Figure 25 FEM model

Figure 26 Reactions at the base

Figure 27 Reactions at the base. Compression are Purple arrows, Traction are Blue arrow

Figure 28 Stresses behavior. Dash line indicates compression, Bold lines indicates Traction