GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Surat
Affiliated

C. K. Pithawalla College of Engineering and Technology,

Surat
A
Project Report
On
Low Cost Water purifier in Rural Area

Prepared as a part of the requirements for the subject of

DESIGN ENGINEERING II A (2150001)
B. E. III, Semester V
(Civil Engineering)
Submitted by:

Sr.
Name of Student Enrolment No
No.
1 Kavar Chiragkumar P. 150090106019
2 Gajjar Parth R. 150090106013
3 Kevadiya Hardik C. 150090106021
4 Desai Saurabh S. 150090106010
5 Naik Krishank R. 160093106006

Prof. Dr.Dipi A. Patel Dr. Priti A. Patel

(Faculty Guide) HOD, Civil
Academic year (2017-2018)
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ III
1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 1
2. Canvases ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 AEIOU Summary ........................................................................................ 2
2.2 Mind Mapping ............................................................................................. 3
2.3 Empathy Mapping........................................................................................ 4
2.4 Ideation Canvas............................................................................................ 5
2.5 Product Development Canvas...................................................................... 6
3. Feedback Analysis .......................................................................................... 7
4. Prior Art Search .............................................................................................. 9
5. Summary ....................................................................................................... 13
6. Rough Prototype ........................................................................................... 14
References ........................................................................................................... 16

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our project Guide Dr. Dipi
A.Patel, for providing precious guidance, inspiring discussions an constant
supervision throughout the course of this work. His timely help, constructive
criticism efforts made it possible to present the work contained in this project.

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Dipi A. Patel, Co-coordinator of

the Design Engineering 2 (A) for his timely help during the course of work.

We are grateful to Dr. Priti A Patel, Head of the Department of Civil

Engineering for providing us the necessary facilities in the department. We
are also thankful to all the staff members of the department of Civil
Engineering and to all our well-wishers for their inspiration and help.

We are deeply indebted to our parents for their inspiration and ever
encouraging moral support, which enabled us to pursue our studies.

We are also thankful to our friends and well-wishers, for their constant
support which helped us in successful completion of the work.

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 ABSTRACT
Water treatment technologies have evolved over the past few centuries to
protect public health from pathogens and chemicals. As more than a billion
people on this earth have no access to potable water that is free of
pathogens, technologies that are cost effective and suitable for developing
countries must be considered. Sustainable operation of these treatment
processes taking into consideration locally available materials and ease of
maintenance need to be considered. In this chapter, we consider natural
filtration for communities of various sizes. In natural filtration, slow-sand
filtration and riverbank filtration are considered. Slow-sand filtration is
suitable for small to medium size communities, whereas riverbank
filtration can be suitable for small to very large communities depending on
site and river conditions.
Membrane filtration is another technology that can have application to
individual households to moderately large communities. Both pressurized
and gravity-fed systems are considered. For the developing regions of the
world, small membrane systems have most applications. Solar distillation
is a low-cost technology for sunny regions of the world. Particularly, it has
the most application in tropical and semitropical desert regions. It can use
low quality brackish water or groundwater for producing potable water.
These systems can solely operate with solar energy. The scale of
application is for individual households to very small communities. Solar
pasteurization, like solar distillation depends on solar energy for purifying
small quantities of water for individual or family use. It is most suitable for
remote, sunny,
high mountain regions such as the Andean mountains, central Africa or the
Upper Himalayas where electricity is not available. Also, reliance on
firewood is not feasible due to barren landscape in many of these regions.
Also, case studies of natural (riverbank and lakebank) filtration, membrane
filtration, solar distillation, and solar pasteurization are presented.

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 1. Introduction
In most urban areas, water is treated at water treatment facilities before it is
distributed to the people who use it. This treatment method is referred to as
treatment at the source because contaminants are removed in these facilities
before water is distributed.

If water is not treated before it is distributed, it must be treated at the point of

use to ensure the quality of the water will not cause illness. One traditional
method of treating water widely used worldwide is boiling water to remove
contaminants. Water that is brought to a rolling boil for at least one to three
minutes (slightly more in mountainous areas) kills most pathogens.

A note of caution is due, however. Boiling water is generally not effective in

removing chemical contaminants. In fact, it generally increases their
concentration a bit. Boiled water also runs the risk of recontamination during
the cooling process if not properly protected and stored. Additionally, boiling
water requires a significant amount of fuel, which can exact a toll both
financially and environmentally. Despite these limitations, boiling is still a
standard treatment when any pathogen is at issue.

Over the last several decades, new and innovative household water treatment
systems have been developed by government agencies, NGOs, and the private
sector to bring low-tech, low cost, and user-friendly solutions to people who
must treat water in their homes.

Some of the most common household treatment systems used in the

developing world are chlorination, filtration, solar disinfection, combined
filtration/chlorination, and combined flocculation/chlorination.

Filtration systems treat water by passing it through porous materials like sand,
rock, and brick to remove and retain contaminants. For arsenic removal, these
systems involve multiple filtration chambers containing media specially
prepared to remove arsenic.

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2.1 AEIOU Summary
AEIOU is an interrelated framework that guides us in thinking through a problem
scenario from a variety of perspectives, activities environments, interactions,
objects, and users. They are useful in organizing thoughts, observations and ideas
into distinct categories AEIOU differs from our drawing ideas quick start
worksheets in its formality and strict adherence to these five dimensions of a
space designs.

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2.2 Mind Mapping
Drawing a mind map involves gathering in all your ideas about a particular
concept and organizing into a pattern that shows the relationships between the
ideas. You can order the information into important points and less important
points. You can compare and contrast different point, and show problems with
their solutions and causes with their effects. Mind maps let you see the big picture
of a topic as well as the details that make up the picture.

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2.3 Empathy Mapping
Empathy is the foundation of a humancentred design process. An empathy map
is a collaborative tool teams can use to gain a deeper insight into their customer.
Much like a user persona, an empthy map can represent a group of users, such as
a customer segment.

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2.4 Ideation Canvas
Ideations is applied design thinking. Ideation for design thinking is an Active, fast
moving collaborative group process for forming new design for any product.

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2.5 Product Development Canvas
The product canvas is a simple structure to help you visualize your product goals
alongside your business goals. The Product Canvas is a strategic product planning
tool that allows you to quickly capture, describe, challenge, and pivot your
product strategy on just a single page. The Product Canvas solves all these
problems via a one-page template that allows you to quickly capture the key
components of any product in a structured and concise way, and clearly
communicate your vision to stakeholders in a readily understandable format.

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 2. Feedback Analysis

Place:- Dumas ,surat

1) Maganbhai Rathod: - A Shopkeeper

He and his family drink Well water. They can not drink S.M.C water.

2) Umeshbhai Patel: - Worker

They also drink direct water from well without any purification.

3) Vinodbhai Mistry: - Small Scrap Business

His Family can drink water from bore well.

4) Pravinbhai Patel: - Job in mill

His family can drink water from purifier.

5) Balvantbhai Patel: - Small Business

His family can drink water from Ro system.

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 Source
http://freshlysqueezedwater.org.uk/waterarticle_reverseosmosis.php
http://www.achawater.com/activated-carbon-water-purifier.html
http://www.purewateroccasional.net/hwsedimentfilter.html
http://www.springer.com/978-94-007-1103-7
National Academies Press Release, accessed 5 Feb 2007.
Jump up^ Professor wins $1 million for arsenic filter, Associated Press,
2/3/07.

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 3. Prior Art Search

Author name:- S.S.Phuse

Abstract:-

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals ,biological

contaminants ,suspended solids and gases from contaminated water .Propose
water purification system for remote areas focus on providing a pure drinking
water at low cost with high reliability to the rural families. It involves the
research, design and manufacture of water purification system using renewable
energy . It consist of a combination of solar pasteurization, reverse osmosis (RO)
and ultraviolet (UV) lamp sterilizer system with power supplied by photovoltaic
(PV) modules. It is an effective method to deactivate bacteria ,viruses and
protozoan in contaminated water .This method can be made portable ,cost
effective ,user compliant and energy efficient enough to meet the drinking water
needs .Experimentation is carried out for testing six different water samples.
Water samples selected are tap water, well water, river water, lake water, muddy
water and colour water. All the water samples are analyzed and tested in a
laboratory for different parameters and found within the standard range .This
paper will be helpful for those who are working in the area of water purification
system and their use in remote areas.

Author name: Eric Harshfield Department of Chemical Engg.

Ana Jemec Senior, Department of Chemical Engg.

Abstract

This paper presents a sustainable development project in which University of

Virginia students collaborated with University of Venda faculty, Global
Sustainability Club students, and local community members to address water
problems in a village in the Venda region of the Limpopo Province, South Africa.
The cohorts goal was to implement a sustainable and contextually appropriate
water purification and distribution system. The authors present the design and
constructed process for a slow sand filtration system intended to provide clean
drinking water to most households in the community. They present and analyze
the successes, failures, and ethical dilemmas encountered throughout project
execution. Also, the authors assess the project based on three evaluation criteria

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for service learning projects and explore possibilities for follow-up through the
collaboration between the University of Virginia and the University of Venda.
The paper ends with a reflection examining aspects of engineering community
engagement projects including site assessments prior to project implementation,
project timeframes, and crosscultural institutional collaborations.

Author name : Susan Murcott

Abstract:-

A range of household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) product sare
available in Northern Region Ghana which have the potential to significantly
improve local drinking water quality. However, to date, the region has failed
to see significant HWTS product adoption and sustained use. Therefore, this
consumer preference study was conducted to give HWTS implementing
organizations a method and tool to help stimulate product uptake by tailoring
water quality interventions to local preferences and needs. Ultimately, this
work highlights a discrete set of HWTS products most likely to have the
greatest impact on local drinking water quality, based on product
effectiveness, adoption and sustained use. The research methodology included
a consumer preference survey and water quality testing in 237 households in
four rural and three urban communities around Tamale, Ghana in January
2008. Turbidity testing and total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E.coli)
removal were used to assess source water quality. The research confirmed that
local purchasing decisions are dominated by a desire for products that offer a
major health improvement and have a traditional durable product look, with
relatively less importance placed on water taste and look, treatment time and
price. The data was used to generate baseline consumer profiles based on a
combination of demographic characteristics, source water quality, HWTS
product preferences, ability to pay, and purchasing behavior. The consumer
profiles reveal that a traditional durable product such as Pure Home Waters
Kosim ceramic pot filter is a good fit for communities with turbid source
water; however, a portfolio HWTS approach will be required to meet the
diverse needs of the northern Ghana population. Specifically, there is a cross-
segment need for a safe storage product as well as a low-cost chlorine
disinfection option. There is an opportunity for revenue generation through a
sachet water business targeted to the high-income segment of the urban
market. Finally, continued investment in filtration and flocculation technology

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 options will be required to effectively serve rural communities that utilize
surfaces waters with average turbidities >200 NTU.

Author name:- saripalli bhavani sanker

Abstract:-

Universal access to safe drinking water still remains a goal to be achieved in

India. In spite of huge spending on development of water infrastructure, we have
not been able to arrest the spread of water borne diseases. The constraints faced
by the state Governments in supplying safe drinking water to their citizens and
ever increasing demand for drinking water is paving the way
for private players. Rural India with the concentration of a large percentage of
population and limited infrastructure faces serious problems in terms of
availability of safe drinking water. In this scenario, low cost water purifiers
produced by companies are making their inroads into villages either through
regular channels or through non-government organizations. Further, some
companies are setting up their own foundations, which propagate business
models, selling safe drinking water profitably. This article looks into such market
based solutions and analyses their strengths and weaknesses. It elaborates on the
challenges faced by marketers, while selling water
purifiers or safe water to large number of rural consumers. Finally, it suggests
that marketers need to sell the concept of safe water, change the behavior of
consumers, and focus on products or services which are acceptable, affordable,
and available continuously

Author name:- Carl Lilja

Abstract :-

The provision of clean water is an important issue to solve and there is no one
solution, thankfully. Different areas have different problems and resources
and no one solution can be applied to all. In developed countries, water is often
pumped from a nearby lake or from groundwater and extensively treated in
several stages in large plants to ensure safety. Water is commonly filtrated,
sometimes in several stages with chemicals added to completely eliminate the
smallest particles of pollutants and to speed up the process. Chemicals are then
filtered out again. Filtration in various forms is so far the only method to clean
water, apart from UV-purification, whether it be a traditional slow sand filter
or a reverse osmosis system or a modern, large scale filter in a water-
purification plant. In developing countries such large-scale infrastructure does
not exist, thus polluted water is a big problem. Charities are very active in
combating this problem, especially in rural areas, helping villages to install

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sanitation facilities and groundwater pumps or water purification technology.
The focus of this paper will be on smaller, household systems for purifying
water, looking at existing appropriate technology for purifying water in
developing countries, with a special focus on Zambia in sub-saharan Africa.
Background is also provided on water, the diseases associated with unsafe
water and their effect on a population.

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 4. Summary

The arsenic crisis in Bangladesh is one of the worst environmental disasters and
a public health crisis of unprecedented dimension. A major portions of northern
India where about 500 million people lives, may be affected by arsenic and
other groundwater contaminants. In Surat many people drink well water, bore
well water, or directly from river. The quality of water is very poor and it is also
contain the arsenic and other pollutants.

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 5. Rough Prototype

LOW COST FILTER DESIGN:-

IRON MATRIX

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Benefits:

1)Effective removal of arsenic

2)Made with indigenous raw materials
3)Does not use chemicals to filtrate
4)Produces 50 liters of clean water per day for household use

Drawbacks:
1)Should not be relied upon for removing pathogens.
2)User cannot independently determine if replacement is required.

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References
[1] Smith, A.H.; Lingas, E.O.; Rahman, M. Contamination of drinkingwater by
arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bull. World Health Org.
2000, 78(9), 10931103

. [2] Chatterjee, A.; Das, D.; Mandal, B.K.; Chowdhury, T.R.; Samanta, G.;
Chakraborti, D. Arsenic in groundwater in six districts of West Bengal, India:
the biggest arsenic calamity in the World. Part 1 arsenic species in drinking
water and urine of the affected people. Analyst 1995, 120, 643650.

[3] IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), IARC Monographs

on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Human, IARC,
Lyons. Arsenic in Drinking Water 2001 update. National Academy Press,
Washington DC, 2001, 1980; p 20.

[4] Performance Evaluation and Verification of Five Arsenic Removal

Technologies: ETVAM Field Testing and Technology Verification Program.
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka,
Bangladesh, September 2003.

[5] Grainger Challenge. http/www.nae.edu/nae/grainger.nsf.

[6] Rasul, S.B.; Hossain, Z.; Munir, A.K.M.; Alauddin, M.; Khan, A.H.;
Hussam, A. Electrochemical measurement and speciation of inorganic arsenic
in groundwater of Bangladesh. Talanta. 2002, 58(1), 3343.

[7] Report on the Arsenic PT TC Project BGD/08/018, IAEA, Analytical

Quality Control Services, Agencys Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
2005.

[8] Khan, A.H.; Rasul, S.B.; Munir, A.K.M.; Habibuddowla, M.; Alauddin, M.;
Newaz, S.S.; Hussam, A. Appraisal of a simple arsenic removal method for
groundwater of Bangladesh. J. Environ. Sci. Health 2000, A35(7), 10211041.

[9] Pfaff, J.D.; Hautman, D.P. Method 300.1: Determination of Inorganic

Anions in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography, Revision 1. National
Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. 1997.

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[10] Patent No. 1003935, 2002, Arsenic Removal Filter, Department of Patents,
Design and Trade Marks, Patents and Design Wings, Government of
Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh and U.S. Patent Pending, 2007.

[11] A simple and effective arsenic lter based on composite iron matrix:
Development and deployment studies for groundwater of Bangladesh - (PDF
file)

[12] DWC-Water: Arsenic filtration - description and test results.

[13] Invention description at GMU website

[14] Manob Sakti Unnayan Kendro (MSUK) - development and distribution.

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