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Summary
These experiments were done to study the three related exothermic reactions involving sodium
system to the surrounding has a negative sign. We were reacted it with distilled water and
hydrochloric acid in different state of sodium hydroxide. In part A, a 25ml of water (H2O) was
measured and waits until it reached the room temperature and record as (Ti). Then measured 0.5g
of solid NaOH to dissolve it with H2O. After the entire solid dissolved the highest temperature
were recorded as (Tf). However in part B we use 25ml aqueous solution of 1M of NaOH to react
with 25ml of 1M of hydrochloric acid (HCl). In part B the heat neutralization takes place in
between strong acid and strong alkali. The (Ti) for part B we take HCl and (Tf) we take the
reaction between HCl and NaOH. In part C 0.5g solid NaOH will react with 0.5M of NaOH. We
measured 25ml of 0.5M of HCl and allow it reached room temperature and record as (Ti). Then
added solid NaOH and dissolved it with HCl and the highest temperature record as (Tf). After
finished all the calculation the three reaction are exothermic however they disobey the Hess' law
equation which is H1+ H2= H3. Therefore our experiment does not achieve the Hess' Law
where our H1+ H2 not equal H3. This is because of some errors such as inaccurate readings
Hesss law states that the heat liberated or absorbed during a chemical reaction is independent of
the route by which the chemical change occurs, provide the initial and final conditions are the
same. Hesss law is very important, especially for finding enthalpy changes that cannot be
When heat is supplied to a substance, the temperature of the substance increases. The magnitude
of the increase depends on the heat capacity of the substance. The heat capacity is the amount of
heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1C or 1 K (kelvin). The specific
heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by
1C or 1 K.
We must first know the heats of reaction for related reactions that add algebraically to give the
desired reaction. If it can be shown that reaction 1 + reaction 2 = reaction 3, then Hesss Law
states that H1 + H2 = H3. Thus, we know the heats of reaction for the first two reactions,
In this lab, we will perform three different experiments which are related to each other. From
your data, you will determine the heats of reaction for all three reactions by use of a calorimeter.
The calorimeter allows us to measure heat because all of the heat released by the reaction is
assumed to be used to heat up the solution in which the reaction takes place. We will then use
Hesss law and the first two heats of reaction to calculate the value for the third and compare it to
Thermometer
Lab apron
Spatula
Materials
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solid
1 M NaOH solution
Distilled water
Safety
Solid sodium hydroxide and concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide are highly
1. Measured exactly 25.0 ml of distilled water into a graduated cylinder. Poured the
Water into a clean dry beaker and allowed it to stand until it reaches room
temperature.
4. Added the solid NaOH to the water in the beaker. Used the glass rod to stir the
mixture until all the NaOH has dissolved and the temperature stops rised. Measured the
temperature using thermometer and record the highest temperature as Tf in Part A of the data
table.
5. Discard the solution. Rinse off the thermometer and dry beaker.
PART B
1. Measured out exactly 25.0 ml of 1.0 M HCl and poured it into the beaker. Allowed all the
Acid to stand until it reaches room temperature. Measured the temperature using thermometer
2. Added exactly 25.0 ml NaOH solution to the HCl solution. Stir with the glass rod.
3. Discard the solution. Rinse off the thermometer and dry the beaker.
PART C
1. Measured out exactly 25.0 ml of 0.5 M HCl and poured it into the beaker. Allowed
data table.
4. Added the solid NaOH to the acid and stir the mixture with glass rod and measured
temperature using thermometer. Record the highest temperature as Tf in Part C of the data table.
Results
Data recording for experiment part A and part C
Part A Part C
HCl, Ti (K)
HCl, Tf (K)
Difference temperature ( 6 7
t)(K)
Part B
=
Let the density of the H2O equal 1g 1. Then = so volume=mass. As conclude mass
=25g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 6K
=627.825J
627.825J
=
0.5g
=1255.65Jg 1
H1=
=0.5g40g 1
=0.0125mole
Therefore,
627.825J
H1=
0.0125mole
= -50226J 1 = -50.226kJ 1
1. Find the number of joules produced by the reaction of NaOH(aq) and HCl(ag)
=50g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 5K
=1046.375J
=25g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 5K
=523.19J
nNaOH=
(1M)(25ml)
=
1000
= 0.025 mole
H2=
523.19J
=
0.025mole
= -20927J 1 = -20.93kJ 1
Let the density of HCl = 1g 1. Then = so volume=mass. As conclude mass of HCl
25g. Thus,
=25g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 7K
=732.46J
732.46J
=
0.5g
= 1464.93Jg 1
= 0.5g40g 1
=0.0125mole
H=
732.6J
=
0.0125mole
= -58608J 1 = -58.61kJ 1
Discussion
In the experiment one we are needed to determine the heats of reaction of NaOH fewer than
three different of condition based on the Hess' Law. Heat of Reaction is the heat liberated or
absorbed when a chemical reaction takes place. . An exothermic reaction liberates heat,
temperature of the reaction mixture decreases. The units of heat of reaction are kJ mol-1 for a
specified reactant or product. In part A we dissolved the solid of NaOH with distilled water.
Then the highest temperatures were recorded. As far as we concern the exothermic reaction
take place. In part B the reaction occurs in between the strong acid which is 1M HCl solution
and strong alkali 1M NaOH solution. The heat of neutralization takes place. Lastly in part C a
solid of NaOH reacts with 0.5M NaOH solution. It triggers the exothermic reaction.
Supposed to be when we calculated the heat of reactions of all parts, they must obeys the Hess'
Law where the formula is H1+ H2= H3. The Hess' Law states that the overall enthalpy
change of reaction is independent of its pathway. Hess' law is another way of expressing the
law of conservation of energy, so that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. We cannot
directly calculate the change of enthalpy of experiment that's why we use Hess' Law.
However what we obtained on this experiment disobeys the Hess' law. H1+ H2 H3.
Where is our H3 = -58.61kJ 1 . This is due we used a simple beaker (open system) as
the system. So that, the heat energy to move out of the system and more spread to the
surrounding. That's why the thermometer reading to be inaccurate since the heat energy does
not stay inside the system but spread out the system. Other than that, we do not use same initial
temperature with each other. Supposed to be they have same temperature as we do the
experiments at the same place. Lastly the reason is we do no got accurate mass of solid NaOH
because some of it already melts even before it reacts with H2O and HCl.
Based on the result that we got, obviously the enthalpy change of the reaction disobeys the
Hess' Law. This is because we are using the open system which is a beaker. So that the heat
spread out the system. Then, we do not use same initial temperature of all the three parts. After
that, the actual mass of the solid NaOH might not be accurate because some of it had already
So that the recommendation that we can apply here are instead using the beaker we use
polystyrene cup. The polystyrene cup are more accurate because it use isolated system, so the
energy will not moved out and spreads towards the surrounding easily because no energy
transferred in isolated system. Another recommendation is use same initial temperature for the
entire solution wait the acid to cool down first until it reached the room temperature.
Tutorial
1. Write the ionic equations for the three reactions observed in this experiment.
Part A:
Part B:
Na+ (aq) + OH (aq) + H + (aq) + Cl (aq) Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O (l)
Part C:
The temperature we got from thermometer might not be accurate because the beaker is an
open system and the heat can be transferred to the surrounding. Besides that, the
temperature of surrounding also can give us an inaccurate reading because we were doing
Joules (J)
4. What is calorimeter?
A calorimeter is a device used to determine the heat changes for reactions in aqueous
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter
2. Pre-U Text STPM Physical Chemistry,Lim You Sie and Yip Kim Hong,Pearson