Solidaire avec Europe

M. N. G. Einstein

11. November, 2017 19. November, 2017

Pour Europe

Abstract

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall,
...

Another terrorist attack hit Europe; again! And again such an attack hit Lon-
don (the first was of course carried out on 07. July 2005). Afterwards, we took it
with our humor as usual:

Things you do not want to hear over the tannoy system:

We know there will be a bomb on the tube, but will it be today?

A quote from an old episode of Mock the Week
What else could we do? Nothing I beg to differ. We can celebrate what unites us
as Europeans, because there are a lot more things that we have in common then
we think. Hence, it is time to look into the future and praise all of Europe, for

If there are any questions, feel free to ask! Although I am usually not reachable.

1
what it stands for with its different cultures, languages and history. Therefore, I
prepared a couple of lists in order to do so, each one with the goal to make visible
how (inter)connected we are with each other, despite the geographic, economic and
other distances. I try to upload every list shortly before eight oclock. Nonetheless
I hope you learn something new and it will be worth your time as it does not
contain the usual stupidity from television, newspapers and or the internet, but
highly intelligent topics. Each list is constructed via six subjects, namely philoso-
phy, literature, languages, history, physics and mathematics, two points. Thus,
it contains exactly twelve facts. Until then.

With the allheartiest regards and greetings to everyone Mircea

2
Overview

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 England 4

2 Spain 12

3 France 20

4 Belgium 28

5 Germany 35

3
1 England
Solidaire avec Angleterre Jour I.

Solidaire avec Europe Premier Jour. As an easy entrance follows:

Numro douze
12. David Hume (07.05.1711 25.08.1776) A Treatise of Human Nature. In his
book A Treatise of Human Nature he brought up the induction problem, which
basically raises the question, when is it possible through induction of individual
cases to derive an universal valid law. This is so important, because it lead the
German philosopher Immanuel Kant to his conclusion in Epistemology.

Numro onze
11. Cynewulfs Christ An Eighth Century English Epic The only words nee-
ded are:

Eala earendel engla beorhtast,

Ofer middangeard monnum sended,
And sofsta sunnan leoma,
Torht ofer tunglas u tida gehwane,
Of sylfum e symle inlihtes,

Hail, heavenly beam, brightest of angels thou,

sent unto men upon this middleearth!
Thou art the true refulgence of the sun,
radiant above the stars and from thyself
illuminest for ever all the tides of time.

Numro dix
10. Old english very old indeed. The short quote from Cynewulfs Christ above
reveals (for the trained eye) already a deep connection within the (West) Germa-
nic branch of the indoeuropean language tree as modern English and Standard
German have a common ancestor. The word middan for example leads over the
centuries to middle in England and to mittel in Germany. Another word that
sticks right out is of course engla, which develops in English to angel and
Engel in German.

4
Numro neuf
9. Alfred the Great (848/849 26.10.899) the only English monarch to be given
the epithet the Great (there is one other the Scandinavian Cnut the Great).
During the reign of Alfreds brothers he fought by his side, especially in the time
of the Viking invasion, which had varying outcomes. After becoming king himself
he organized the defence against the ongoing Danish invasion, but had to make
peace with them, which the Danes betrayed. With luck Alfred escaped the massa-
cre in Chippenham and made his way through marshes and swamps back, where
he started his counterattack that lead to victory. The important lesson here is:
to not give up ever!

Numro huit
8. James Clerk Maxwell (13.06.1831 05.11.1879) the first person to unify two
physical forces: the electrical and the magnetic force to the electromagnetic
with just the four following equations:

~ E
~ ~
= div E = 4
0

~ H
~ = 0 ~
div H = 0

~
H ~
1 H
~ E
~ = ~
rot E =
t c t
~
E ~
1 E 4
~ H
~ = 0~j + 0 0 ~
rot H = + ~j
t c t c

In establishing those equations Maxwell proved, that light is an electromagne-

tic wave and thus linked electricity, magnetism and optics. This is so important,
because without Maxwells equations there would not be the special theory of re-
lativity.

5
Numro sept
7. Bertrand Russell (18.05. 1872 02.02.1970) Principia Mathematica. As the
foundational crisis hit mathematics at the beginning of the twentieth century,
Bertrand Russells achivement lies mostly in constructing a solid foundation for
the set theory of Zermalo and Fraenkel, which can be summed up in the following
way:

mathematics rests on an unshakable foundation that we call axioms,

independent of our subjective impressions.

M. N. G. Einstein

Here:

Theorem 1.1 54 43. `: . a, b 1. : a b = . . a b 2

Proof:

` . 54 26. `: . a = 0 x. b = 0 y. : a b 2. . x 6= y.

[51 231] . 0 x 0 y = .

[13 12] . ab= (1)

` .(1). 11 11 35.

`: .(x, y). a = 0 x. b = 0 y. : a b 2. . ab= (2)

` .(2). 11 54. 52 1. ` .

is an example of his work. It states that one plus one is two by pure logic.

6
Numro six
6. Sir Thomas More (07.02.1478 06.07.1535) Moriae encomium. He was known
for his intelligence and his incredible good counsel. Moreover he stood up for a hu-
manism, which influenced him to write his book De optimo statu rei publicae
deque nova insula Utopia, already foreseeing that communism cannot hold in way
without exploitation. The impact was so significant, that all novels based on an
invented and positive society is still called Utopia.

Numro cinq
5. Geoffrey Chaucer (1342/1343 25.10.1400) A Fourteenth Century Middle
English Classic. The only words needed are:

Whylom ther was dwellinge at Oxenford,

A riche gnof, that gestes heeld to bord,
And of his craft he was a Carpenter.
With him ther was dwellinge a povre scoler,
Had lerned art, but al his fantasye,
Was turned for to lerne astrologye,
And coude a certeyn of conclusiouns,
To demen by interrogaciouns,
If that men axed him in certein houres,
Whan that men sholde have droghte or elles shoures,
Or if men axed him what sholde bifalle,
Of every thing, I may nat rekene hem alle.

In Oxford there once lived a rich old lout,

Who had some guest rooms that he rented out,
And carpentry was this old fellows trade.
A poor young scholar boarded who had made,
His studies in the liberal arts, but he,
Had turned his fancy to astrology,
And knew the way, by certain propositions,
To answer well when asked about conditions,
Such as when men would ask in certain hours,
If they should be expecting drought or showers,
Or if they asked him what was to befall,
Concerning such I cant recount it all.

7
Numro quatre
4. British languages a testimony of history. There are quite a number of langua-
ges spoken around Britain, which are part of the indoeuropean language tree:
West (major part/branch of the Germanic arch)

. () Old Saxon
() Middle Low German
Low German
. AngloFrisian (a branch of the West Germanic arch)
() Old English
 () Middle English
 English
 Scots
 () Yola
() Old Frisian
 North Frisian
 Saterland Frisian
 West Frisian
. Old High German
..
.

Low Franconconian (a branch of the West Germanic arch)

. East (a subbranch of Low Franconconian)

..
.
. West (a subbranch of Low Franconconian)
..
.

Celtic (a separate branch of the indoeuropean language tree)

. Continental
() Celtiberian
() Galatian
() Gaulish
() Lepontic
() Noric

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 . Insular
Goidelic
 Irish Gaelic
 () Manx Gaelic
? Revived Manx Gaelic
 Scots Gaelic
Brythonic
 () British
 () Ivernic
 () Pictish

This is a direct consequence of the history of the Island of Britain. First the Celts
inhabited and build settlements, which then got into conflict with the Romans
as their conquest for Britain began. The collapse/withdraw of the Romans lead
then to the AngloSaxon settlement of Britain, a collection of various Germanic
people, which fought against the Franks/French, Vikings, Normans and Scots in
the years to come; and each one brought their own language with them. Hence,
those who succeed and stayed enriched the language tree a bit.

Numro trois
3. Magna Carta Libertatum the Great Charter of the Liberties. The birth of one
of the most important pieces of legislation. It was granted/agreed upon to by King
John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15. June, 1215. That lead later
to the demand by Locke in the year 1690 in his book The second Treatise of Civil
Government to separate the powers into two estates: legislature and executive.
But it was not until Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, who realised in
1748 as he wrote his book De lesprit des loix, that the freedom only exists, when
there is a (check and) balance between legislature, executive and judiciary, which
we know now as democracy.

&

Emmeline Pankhurst (14.07.1858 14.06.1928) what an incredible woman A

fight from 1872 (when Emmeline Pankhurst was only fourteen years old) to 02.
July, 1928 (eighteen days after her death) when women got finally the full right
to vote. Thus, we shall never forget her and the press who called her dismissively:
suffragette.

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Numro deux
2. James Watt (30.01.1736 25.08.1819) the father of the industrial revolution.
Although he is often perpetuated as the inventor of the steam engine, this is wrong.
He actually improved the steam engine to such a degree, that it was possible, that
all the work was done by a machine respectively by the steam. Thus, much more
powerful machines could be build. He also introduced the unity H(orse)P(ower)
(P(ferde)S(trke)) in order to being able to measure the power; and in his honor
the unity Watt is named after him.

Numro un
1. Isaac Newton (04.01.1643 31.03.1727) the father of modern science. Through
experiments he found out about the nature of light, he constructed the first te-
lescope, he came up with the idea that light is made of particles (finally settled
with Planck and Einstein E = m0 c2 = h), he found the three Newtons Laws of
Mechanics:
v = 0 F~ = 0

F~ = m~a

F~AB = F~BA

he found the Gravitational Law:

m1 m2
F~ = G 2
~r
and with it a new (physical) force, which was the first afterwards came the elec-
tromagnetic force, the weak and the strong interaction. Further, he established
together with Leibniz:

x+h x !
x+h
F (x + h) F (x) 1 1
lim = lim f (t) dt f (t) dt = lim f (t) dt
h0 h h0 h h0 h
x0 x0 x

which is the fundamental theorem of differential and integral calculus.

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.

PS: If you see a spelling mistake, please let me know. I will take instantly care of it.

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PPS: A fun fact is, that King Harald V. of Norway is actually number seventythree
in the line to the British Throne! On that list are also royals from Germany, Sweden
and Denmark. This is how interconnected we are.

11
2 Spain
Solidaire avec Espagne Jour II.

Solidaire avec Europe Second Jour. Now lets see how we can improve. Of course
it is an increase to last time! It does not matter! Spain was also hit hard with a
couple of terrorist attacks. Thus, today we remember what Espae stands for.

Numro douze
12. Jos Ortega y Gasset (09.05.1883 18.10.1955) La rebelin de las masas
The Revolt of the Masses. In his book The Revolt of the Masses he critisizes
the nationalism, in which people only stand for a national state with which they
can identify themselves via an ethnical or a linguistic reason, respectively a state
that defines itself over either one. He suggested instead of many European states
to create one European national state. This was in 1929, a time when Europe had
a realistic chance to avoid the catastrophe of the Second World War, which would
arrive ten years later.

Numro onze
11. El Cantar de Mio id A Twelfth/Thirteenth Century Spanish Epic. The
only words needed are:

Mo id Ruy Daz el que en buen ora inx espada

pos en la glera quando no lcoge nadi en casa,
derredor dl una buena conpanna.
Ass pos Mo id commo si fuesse en montanna.
Vedada lan compra dentro en Burgos la casa
de todas cosas quantas son de vianda;
non le osaren vender al menos dinarada.,

My Cid Ruy Daz, he who in a fortunate hour girded sword,

camped on the river bank because no one takes him in,
around him a goodly army,
the Cid camped this way, as if he were in the wilderness.
They have forbidden him purchase in the town of Burgos,
of all things that serve as food,
they wouldnt dare sell him even a pennys worth.

12
Numro dix
10. Old spanish very old indeed. The origin of Castellano lies in the absorp-
tion of many local dialects, that all influenced more or less the modern Spanish
language. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths took over and
were defeated by the Moor, leading to the wider spread of the local dialect: Ga-
lician, Basque, Aragonese, Leonese, Catalan, Castilian and Mozarabic, as they
were the dominant counties. As the power and influence of the Castilian kingdom
grew (and the Mozarabic declined), so did the Castellano, which was propagated
by some of their battle heroes of the Reconquista among them were Fernn
Gonzlez and Rodrigo Daz de Vivar better known as El Cid. The poetry about
those heroes were written in Castilian, even outside of the kingdom. Today almost
one tenth of the vocabulary of the Spanish language is of Arabic origin (most of
all European languages), which is the second most important influence after Latin.

Numro neuf
9. Pelayo ( 737) a Spanish hero of no Spanish descent. Pelayo was a Visigoth
aristocrat that arranged himself with the new Arabic invaders, after they con-
quered almost the entire Iberian peninsula. But a private dispute with the local
governor Munuza (probably over the marriage of his sister to him) lead to a rebel-
lion, which was the beginning of the Reconquista. Before organizing his uprising
he let his supporters vote him to become their prince. It followed the battle of
Covadonga, which was more than anything a symbolic win and affirmation of his
dominion, starting the kingdom of Asturias.

Numro huit
8. Jordi PratCamps The first person to create a magnetic wormhole. Worm-
holes are theoretical cosmological objects, that can connect two distant regions
of the universe. A magnetic wormhole is a device that transfers a magnetic field
from one point in space to another through a path (tunnel) that is magnetically
undetectable. More on this new scientific subject can be found here:

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep12488

It includes also information about the difficulties trying to construct such a device.

13
Numro sept
7. Luis Antonio Santal Sors (09.10.1911 22.11.2001) a master of Integral
Geometry. As a PhD student of Blaschke he came across the BlaschkeSantal
inequation for the two and three dimensional case, which he managed to prove
thirteen years later for all common cases. The BlaschkeSantal inequation states
that, if B denotes the Euclidean unit ball of RN . Then, for every convex body K
in RN the equality:
P (K) P (B)
holds if and only if K is an ellipsoid, which means nothing more, than that the
ellipsoid has the maximal volume product among all central symmetric konvex
bodies. He is one of the fathers of the theory of volume product.

Numro six
6. Baltasar Gracin (08.01.1601 06.12.1658) El Criticn. Most of his life he
was a preacher, who acquired some fame and showed quite a bit of defiance to-
wards his superiors, whom he disobeyed repeatedly. Almost at the end of his life,
he published the first part of the Criticn, which lead him into a lot of trouble as
this was without the permission of his superiors. In its satirical take on society,
the Criticn is of such high quality, because it stands the critical man and the
natural man next to each other in their common endeavour; revealing so a phi-
losophy of pessimism.

14
Numro cinq
5. Miguel de Cervantes (29.09.1547 22.04.1616) El ingenioso hidalgo Don Qui-
jote de la Mancha. The only words needed are:

En esto, descubrieron treinta o cuarenta molinos de viento que hay en aquel cam-
po; y, as como don Quijote los vio, dijo a su escudero:

La ventura va guiando nuestras cosas mejor de lo que acertramos a desear,

porque ves all, amigo Sancho Panza, donde se descubren treinta, o pocos ms,
desaforados gigantes, con quien pienso hacer batalla y quitarles a todos las vidas,
con cuyos despojos comenzaremos a enriquecer; que sta es buena guerra, y es
gran servicio de Dios quitar tan mala simiente de sobre la faz de la tierra.

Qu gigantes? dijo Sancho Panza.

Aquellos que all ves respondi su amo de los brazos largos, que los suelen
tener algunos de casi dos leguas.
Mire vuestra merced respondi Sancho que aquellos que all se parecen no
son gigantes, sino molinos de viento, y lo que en ellos parecen brazos son las aspas,
que, volteadas del viento, hacen andar la piedra del molino.
Bien parece respondi don Quijote que no ests cursado en esto de las
aventuras: ellos son gigantes; y si tienes miedo, qutate de ah, y ponte en oracin
en el espacio que yo voy a entrar con ellos en fiera y desigual batalla.

Y, diciendo esto, dio de espuelas a su caballo Rocinante, sin atender a las voces
que su escudero Sancho le daba, advirtindole que, sin duda alguna, eran molinos
de viento, y no gigantes, aquellos que iba a acometer. Pero l iba tan puesto en
que eran gigantes, que ni oa las voces de su escudero Sancho ni echaba de ver,
aunque estaba ya bien cerca, lo que eran; antes, iba diciendo en voces altas: Non
fuyades, cobardes y viles criaturas, que un solo caballero es el que os acomete.

Translation:

At this point they came in sight of thirty forty windmills that there are on plain,
and as soon as Don Quixote saw them he said to his squire:

Fortune is arranging matters for us better than we could have shaped our desires
ourselves, for look there, friend Sancho Panza, where thirty or more monstrous
giants present themselves, all of whom I mean to engage in battle and slay, and
with whose spoils we shall begin to make our fortunes; for this is righteous warfare,
and it is Gods good service to sweep so evil a breed from off the face of the earth.

15
What giants? said Sancho Panza.
Those thou seest there, answered his master, with the long arms, and some have
them nearly two leagues long.
Look, your worship, said Sancho; what we see there are not giants but windmills,
and what seem to be their arms are the sails that turned by the wind make the
millstone go.
It is easy to see, replied Don Quixote, that thou art not used to this business
of adventures; those are giants; and if thou art afraid, away with thee out of this
and betake thyself to prayer while I engage them in fierce and unequal combat.

So saying, he gave the spur to his steed Rocinante, heedless of the cries his squire
Sancho sent after him, warning him that most certainly they were windmills and
not giants he was going to attack. He, however, was so positive they were giants
that he neither heard the cries of Sancho, nor perceived, near as he was, what they
were, but made at them shouting, Fly not, cowards and vile beings, for a single
knight attacks you.

16
Numro quatre
4. Spanish languages a testimony of history. There are quite a number of lan-
guages spoken around the Iberian peninsula, which are part of the indoeuropean
language tree:

GalloIberian (major part/branch of the Italic arch)

. Gallic
Cisalpine (a branch of the Gallic arch)
 Emilian
 Ligurian
 Lombard
 Piedmontese
 Venetian
Langue Dol (a branch of the Gallic arch)
 French
 Gallo
 Norman
 Wallon
Occitan (a branch of the Gallic arch)
 Catalan
 Occitan
Arpitan
() Rhaetian
Friulian
Ladin
Romansh
. Iberian
Aragonese
() AsturLeonese
 Asturian
 Extremaduran
 Leonese
 Mirandese
() GalicianPortuguese
 Eonavian

17
  Fala
 Galician
 Portuguese
() Mozarabic
 () OldSpanish
? Ladino
? Spanish

This is a direct consequence of the history of the Peninsula of Iberia. First the Pu-
nics, a group of sea trader, build colonies along the coast, shortly followed by the
Greeks, which then got both into conflict with the Romans as their conquest for
domination in the mediterranean sea began, leading of course to the three Punic
Wars. The collapse/withdraw of the Romans lead, in the time of the great mi-
gration of people, then to the Visigoth conquest of the Peninsula of Iberia, which
fought later against the Moors/Berber (people of north Africa). Their caliphates
got reconquered step by step in the so called Reconquista that took until 1492.
Each of the occupants of the Peninsula of Iberia brought their own language with
them. Hence, those who succeed and stayed enriched the language tree a bit. This
is true for all but the Basque. Their language is not connected to any known lan-
guage today. Thus, we have no idea about their origin.

Numro trois
3. Crnica Albeldense (866 910) The Chronicle of Albelda. Although the
chronicle is deliberately forged and contains a lot of false statements, it is import-
ant, because from the eighth and ninth century there are no chronicle sources
available for the Peninsula of Iberia. Hence, without them we would have almost
no knowledge about the beginning of the Reconquista. The content goes beyond
that as the chronicle contains the name of kings, geographical statements, council
files, a directory of the general councils, affirmations about the canon as well as
the civil codex, decrees of the popes and a history. It also contains a collection of
laws of the Visigoth epoch.

18
Numro deux
2. Juan Bautista Villalpando (1552 22.05.1608) the father of the gravitational
theory. Although Isaac Newton is often perpetuated as the inventor of the gravi-
tational theory, he actually was highly influenced by Juan Bautista Villalpando,
who produced twentyone original propositions on the center of gravity and the
line of direction. Due to the lack of mathematics, as differential calculus was not
invented yet, it is associated with Isaac Newton who gave its final form.

&

Miguel Serveto y Reves (29.09.1509/1511 27.10.1553) he was the first Euro-

pean to describe the pulmonary circulation. His books were burned by the council
of Basel due to heresy, while his views later lead to his death, which sparked Sebas-
tian Castellio to be very critical about the persecution of Miguel Serveto y Reves
and later allowed him to establish a theory of religious tolerance, which manifested
itself in whole of Europe during the enlightenment.

Numro un
1. The School of Salamanca (1492 1600) The father of modern human rights,
the law of nations and economy. Although the Magna Carta Libertatum was the
birth of human rights, the scholars of the school of Salamanca set the final blow
on the concept of law of medieval time by simply demanding more rights (the
right of life, private property, freedom of opinion); especially the claim of the
right of private property came as a shock, as by law in the middle ages, this was
exclusive to the nobility, leading to an incredible exploitation of the majority of
people. The new point of view was that, since all people are part of human nature,
they should have part of the same rights as equality and freedom, which again was
by law reserved for the aristocracy. They went even so far to say, that the indians,
which were slaughtered, murdered and worse by the Spanish sea conquerors, had
the same rights. Thus, laying the foundation of the law of nations. Moreover, they
argued that the worst malady of humanity is war. The demand of private property
by the school of Salamanca lead to basic arguments of economy as for example
that the possession of private property stimulates the economic activity. It also
established a value theory, a forerunner of the quantitative theory of money by
Jean Bodin and theory of subjective value (the free market), where the price of
a good was established via offer and demand.

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.

19
3 France
Solidaire avec France Jour III.

Solidaire avec Europe Troisime Jour. I already made a French version So-
lidaire avec Charlie Hebdo after the terrorist act on their editorial office on 07.
January 2015. So I could have just copy and paste parts of it, or I could have come
up with new things about France. Here are twelve brand new things about France.

Numro douze
12. Pierre Bayle (18.11.1647 28.12.1706) the fathers of the Enlightenment.
Acquainted with the teachings of Ren Descartes, which lead him to found rational
skeptical arguments, he stated that all knowledge had to be critically examined
all the time. Hence, he differentiated between belief, opinion and knowledge. He
also concluded that atheists, despite having no faith, are not necessarily immoral
nor do they act immoral. When he lost his chair in 1693 he concentrated his entire
effort on Dictionnaire historique et critique, which was the starting point for a
dictionary (in an encyclopedia style) as he did limit himself to stock the contempo-
rary knowledge about historical characters and figures, but also tried to critically
examine this knowledge. He introduced a groundbreaking innovation that kept the
articles brief. Thus, limiting them only to the factual. In his Dictionnaire histo-
rique et critique and Commentaire Philosophique, he advanced arguments for
religious toleration.

&

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (18.11.1657 09.01.1757) the fathers of the

Enlightenment. In his Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes he discusses the
astronomical knowledge of that time and does not rule out the possibility that
outside of earth exist beings capable of rational thoughts. As Pierre Bayle he was
very critical of strict believes and the dogma of the catholic church as his Histoire
des oracles show. He was also implicated in the debate Querelle des Anciens et
des Modernes, where the question was, how could antiquity be the model for
contemporary literature and art.

20
Numro onze
11. Aucassin et Nicolette (1225) a medieval French chantefable. The only words
needed are:

et la dame lapela, si li dist: aucassins, or ne vos dements plus, mais

vens ent aveuques mi et je vos mosterai la riens el mont que vos
ams plus, car cest nicolete vo duce amie, qui de longes terres
vos est venue querre. Et aucassins fu lis.
Or se cante.

Quant or entent aucassins

De samie o le cler vis
Quele est venue el pas,
Or fu lis, ain ne fu si.
Aveuc la dame sest mis,
Dusqua lostel ne prist fin;
En le cambre se sont mist,
La u nicholete sist.
Quant ele voit son ami,
Or fu lie, ainc ne fu si;
Contre lui en pis sali.
Quant or le voit aucassins,
Andex ses bras li tendi,
Doucement le recoulli,
Les eus li baisse et le vis.
La nuit le laissent ensi,
Tresquau demain par matin
Que lespousa aucassins:
Dame de biaucaire en fist;
Puis vesquirent les mains dis
Et menerent lor delis.
Or a sa joie aucasins
Et nicholete autresi:
No cantefable prent fin,
Nen sai plus dire.

21
Translation by Eugene Mason:

and the lady called to him, and said

Aucassin, behave not so wildly; but come with me, and I will show
you that thing you love best in all the world; for Nicolette, your
sweet friend, is here from a far country to seek her love.
So Aucassin was glad at heart.
Now is sung.

When he learned that in Beaucaire

Lodged his lady, sweet and fair,
Aucassin arose, and came
To her hostel, with the dame;
Entered in, and passed straightway
To the chamber where she lay.
When she saw him, Nicolette
Had such joy as never yet;
Sprang she lightly to her feet
Swiftly came with welcome meet.
When he saw her, Aucassin
Oped both arms, and drew her in,
Clasped her close in fond embrace,
Kissed her eyes and kissed her face.
In such greeting sped the night,
Till, at dawning of the light,
Aucassin, with pomp most rare,
Cowned her Countness of Beaucaire.
Such delight these lovers met,
Aucassin and Nicolette.
Length of days and joy did win,
Nicolette and Aucassin,
Endeth song and tale I tell
with marriage bell.

22
Numro dix
10. Almost no traces of Greek in Old French but no mystery. While France was
inhabited from two sides almost simultaneously, in the north by the PreRoman
Gauls, Celtic inhabitants, and on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea by
the Greeks, which founded the oldest city within modern France, Marseille, among
many others, the Greek language has almost zero influence on the later develop-
ment of the French in contrary to the Gaulish language. There was an exchange
between the Gauls and Greeks in all sorts of manner from trade to serious conflicts.
The Celtic smiths even (re)produced coins retaining various Greek subjects. The
Helvetii were in possession of documents written in the Greek script. Nonetheless
there was no impact of the Greek , while Gaulish became a stratum of the
French language. The reason lies in the conquest of the Roman Empire, which ab-
sorbed the rest of the Punic and the Etruscan, which set an end to the Phocaean
expansion, before conquering the Gauls as well. Some linguists believe that Greek
had an influence on the dialects spoken in the southern of France. It was not until
the late MiddleAges and the Renaissance, that scholars introduced a number of
new words as it became common for scholars to learn ancient Greek in addition to
Latin. At that point many words of Greek origin entered the language, especially
in Medicine, Physics, Mathematics and for Philosophical Concepts, which is kind
of funny, as this procedure added to an already existing set of words the same
lexical meaning due to that the Romans had taken them from the Greek and thus
were introduced via Latin to the French language.

Numro neuf
9. Clovis I. (466 27.11.511) the father of France. After his fathers death in 481
Childeric I. Clovis succeeded him as king. Both served in the Roman military in the
Province of Belgica Secunda, but Clovis turned and defeated the GalloRoman
ruler in the Battle of Soissons (486), whereby he nearly doubled the realm of the
Franks in a single stroke. Other rivals he executed and secured an alliance with the
Ostrogoths through marriage, before he went east with his army to defeat in the
Battle of Tolbiac (496) other opponents; leading him to make Paris his capital and
conquering almost all the Frankish kingdoms in that region. In systematic military
campaigns he eliminate the other Frankish leaders one by one, until Clovis became
the first king of all Franks in 508 and solidifying so the Merovingian dynasty.

23
Numro huit
8. Gabriel Lam (22.07.1795 01.05.1870) one of the fathers of computational
complexity theory. He is most famous for theory of curvilinear coordinates and
the generalisation of ellipselike curves, which he managed to do with just one
equation:   n  n
x
  + y  = 1
 
a b
where n is any positive real number. This is actually a very powerful tool. Later
he managed to prove a special case of Fermats last theorem. Of one of the more
important findings he stumbled upon, when he run a time analysis of the Euclidean
algorithm, which was marking the beginning of computational complexity theory.

Numro sept
7. Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (10.02.1785 21.08.1836) the father of
structural analysis. Although Charles Augustin de Coulomb had achieved general
results in the EulerBernoulli beam theory, which remained unnoticed, it was Na-
vier who formulated the theory of elasticity in a mathematically usable form. That
included the results of Coulomb. Later he established, that the elastic modulus is a
property of materials, which is independent of the moment of inertia (second mo-
ment of area). He managed to synthesis static with strength of materials. Hence,
he is considered to be the founder of modern structural analysis. With his motion
equation equation:
   
~v 2
+ (~v )~v = p + ~v + + div ~v
t 3

for viscous liquids, which is central to fluid mechanics, he laid the foundation of
hydro dynamic.

24
Numro six
6. Denis Diderot (05.10.1713 31.07.1784) one of the fathers of the Encyclop-
die. Not only is he a prominent figure for the Enlightenment, but also an important
one as well. He wrote approximately six thousand articles for the Encyclopdie,
which started as a simple translation order that lead to a serious dispute with
the employer. But it got Diderot in charge of the project and he was committed
to the idea of establishing a summa of the entire knowledge of that time. This
lead to a whole variety of people contributing to the Encyclopdie from unknown
specialists to very prominent figures as Voltaire or Montesquieu. Diderot himself
was very productive as he wrote scientific papers, novels, stage plays, art critics
(which were celebrated) and much more, but he never expressed an uniform and
comprehensive system (this has not to be confused with a chaotic system!) This
is a direct result of his belives against any dogmatic thinking in any form, which
makes him one of the greatest proponent of the Enlightenment and most sophisti-
cated men ever.

Numro cinq
5. Eustache Deschamps (1345 1404) (probably) the father of the Ballad. Not
only was he an incredible funny satirist and is considered today the most import-
ant French poet of the second half of the fourteenth century, but he was also very
influential. He influenced Christine de Pizan and Franois Villon, two great French
poets, as well as Geoffrey Chaucer from England, which is ironic as his satire was
usually targeting the English. But nobody was actually safe from his remarks,
especially the morally wrongdoings at the court took his attention in his 1500 re-
maining poems, making him one of the most productive writer of all time. For the
French language he is very important as he was the first to write a compilation of
poetry teaching in French. What made him truly great though was his thematic,
formal and stylistic innovation of poetry.

25
Numro quatre
4. French a different Romance language but still no surprise. The influence of
so called substrate on the French was very severe, whereby the Gaulish lan-
guage is considered to be the most important substrate. At first the Celtic were
just neighbors with the Romans. Hence, the Gaulish language was nothing more
than an adstrate. Then of course, with the Roman dominion, Latin was intro-
duced and Celtish was abandoned, although some influences were preserved and
survived to this day inside the French language, especially phonological wise and
in toponyms. The Frankish language on the other hand is considered to be a su-
perstrate, where the grade of the influence from north to south decreased. In the
first four centuries, from the fifth to the nineth century, the Frankish language is
an adstrate and the Franks start to change to speak NorthGaulishRomance,
leading to the abandoment of Frankish after the Carolingian dominion (774 987).

Numro trois
3. Chronica Gallica Anno de 452 magnus chronica est. Although the Gallic
Chronicle of 452 is written in Latin, it is most important, as it is the oldest preser-
ved historical work from Gaul. Hence, the focus, from its beginning 379, with the
elevation of Theodosius I. as coemperor, to its end, with the attack of Attila the
Hun on Aquileia, Mediolanum (Milan), Bergomum (Bergamo), Patavium (Padua)
and others in Italy in 452, the focus lies mostly on Gaul; events in the eastern part
of the empire find little mention. It continues the Chronicle of Jerome, whereby
he translated and revised the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea. Afterwards he
continued the chronicle to the year 378.

26
Numro deux
2. AndrMarie Ampre (20.01.1775 10.06.1836) the father of electric current.
This seems a curiosity of history as Ampres contributions to science were almost
none until the age of forty five. But in 1820 he came in contact with the results of
the Danish physicist Hans Christian rsted. Immediately he started developing a
mathematical and physical theory to understand his own experiments, which laid
the foundation for electrodynamics and allowed him to invent the principal of the
electronical telegraphy. The equations:

B~ d~s = 0 I rot B~ = 0
S

~ d~s
H ~ = ~jext
= I rot H
S

establishing the laws bearing his name are part of Maxwells equations as he con-
cluded that Ampres law was not complete.

Numro un
1. Augustin Jean Fresnel (10.05.1788 14.07.1827) the father of the wave theo-
ry of light. His discoveries and mathematical deductions brought forward a large
class of optical phenomena. In an experiment using two plane mirrors of metal in
an angle of nearly 180 with each other, allowed him to avoid diffraction effects,
caused by wave of lights. This proved the phenomenon of interference in accor-
dance with the (his) wave theory as it could only be explained by light being a
wave. Another proof was given by Fresnel diffraction. He managed also to obtai-
ned circularly polarized light, leading to the FresnelArago laws, which describe
the properties of interference between light of different states of polarization. His
equally important findings were the integrals named today after him:
r
2 2
cos(t ) dt = sin(t ) dt =
8
0 0

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.

27
4 Belgium
Solidaire avec Belgique Jour IV.

Solidaire avec Europe Quatrime Jour. Here you can actually learn something!
This is a great increase in comparison to the last part! All the same!

Numro douze
12. Leo Apostel (04.09.1925 10.08.1995) an advocate of interdisciplinary rese-
arch. Despite being very unknown to the public, his work, especially the bridging
of the gap between exact science and humanities, is very important. His atheism
is also renown. As an advocate of interdisciplinary research he wrote the Oor-
sprong (Origin), where he states a metaphysical introduction (or a complete pic-
ture) about the beginning of the universe, mankind and life with the aid of physics,
astrophysics, biology, geology and anthropology.

Numro onze
11. Le Schtroumpfs The Smurfs smurfful little Smurfs. Their first appearance
was in a comic series Johan et Pirlouit with the title La Flte six trous set
in the Middle Ages in 1958. As being so adorable and so smurfful, they became
very fast very popular. Hence, the audience demanded more and so the little hel-
pers went on to have their own series, which we know today as The Smurfs. The
creator, Pierre Culliford, used the pseudonym Peyo.

Numro dix
10. Moselle Franconian dialects a bridge between French and German. Although
the name suggests in English, that the dialects are just spoken in France, while in
German (Moselfrnkische Dialekte) it implies that the dialects are only spoken in
Germany, in either case this is not true. Moselle Franconian is part of the West
Central German dialects and include Luxembourgish, Lorraine , Rhine Franco-
nian and Lothringish, languages that are spoken in France, Belgium and Germany.

28
Numro neuf
9. Hercule Poirot a godfather of logic or the Belgian Sherlock Holmes. His re-
sponse to mon Colonel Race statement:

It was a lucky find the knife in the chimney.

was always:

Luck? I exercise my little grey cells. The luck I leave to others.

The little grey cells are his characteristics and should be a warning as well as
an advice to all people as they make all the difference. But there is one major dif-
ference between Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes, as Hercule Poirot was willing
to act, by actually murdering a serial killer, when he could not prove the crimes,
while Sherlock Holmes only let some people get away when he felt that enough
justice was served.

&

Bruxelles Brussels Brssel one of the de facto capitals of the European

Union. The others are Strasbourg and Luxembourg. The name Bruxelles Brus-
sels Brssel is derived from the Old Dutch words bruoc, meaning marsh or
bridge, and sella, meaning home, but it also might be a curious way pronuncia-
ting the river Senne, which is not far fetched as the origin of the settlement were a
construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne, around 580 A.D. Hence,
the name of the city can mean either home in the marsh or bridge over the
Senne. Today Brussels has become one of the de facto capitals of the European
Union, a process started in the early 1960s as it hosts the European Commissi-
on (the executive branch of the government) and the Council of the European
Union (a legislative institution made up from executives of member states). It is
also home to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). In Strasbourg on
the other hand seats the European Parliament and the Council of Europe with its
European Court of Human Rights.

29
Numro huit
8. Franois Englert (06.11.1932) one of the father of the HiggsBroutEnglert
GuralnikHagenKibblemechanism. The mechanism explains why some gauge
bosons (W + , W and Z 0 ) have mass and other do not (Photons). It is simply a
result of the electroweak symmetry breaking. Only the two equations:
1
L = F F + |( igA )|2 U (||2 )
4
1 1 1
L0 = F F + g 2 2 A A + ( )2 h2 2 +
4 2 2
 ! !
1 2 2 1
+ + g A A h2 + 2
2 4

are really needed. The first equation is the starting point, describing a theory for
vector bosons without any mass and including a background field called Higgs.
In an interaction with itself, this field slides in a minimum
p 0 (becoming a sclar
field). Thus, it is everywhere in the universe = 0 = 2 /2h. Due to the inter-
action of the vector field A with the Higgsfield 0 , which is in a ground state,
the vector particles behave as they have a mass now. This stays true as long as
the momentum transfer (energy in the system) is small and the field is close
to the minimum. For high energies (high pulse transmission) the field does not
hook on itself. The fields fluctuate with great amplitudes over the minimum of
the potential U (||2 ). Hence, the symmetry is broken and the vector particles are
again without mass.

Numro sept
7. Charles Jean de la Valle Poussin (14.08.1866 02.03.1962) one of the fathers
of the Prime Number Theorem. Together with Jacques Hadamard he showed that
n
(n)
log(n)
which means nothing more, than that the prime number function (n) is asympto-
tically equal to n/ log(n) or that the amount of primes is approximately n/ log(n).
Later Poussin showed, that the integral logarithm:
n
dt
li(n) :=
log(t)
2

is an even better approximation. One of his students was Georges Lematre.

30
Numro six
6. Ulrich Libbrecht (10.07.1928) an advocate of comparative philosophy. Usually
comparative philosophy is the comparison of the conception in all cultural, lingui-
stic and philosophic domains. The differences are confronted via a dialog, whereby
the danger exists, that the own thought patterns affect the perception of the other
(philosophical) fashion (the same as in quantum mechanics where a measurement
affects the object that is measuared). Libbrechts indication was different as he
created a new philosophical theory to understand better the three philosophical
directions of Daoism (Chinese ), Buddhism (Indian ) and Rationalism (Greek
tradition).

Numro cinq
5. Les Aventures de Tintin The Adventures of Tintin ten thousand thundering
typhoons! Although the first two comics are very distasteful to say the very least,
as one is an antisocialist propaganda for children (Tintin au pays des Soviets)
and the other is just wrong as it is totally racist and worse (Tintin au Congo),
Les Aventures de Tintin became quite popular. Later scenes were either changed
or completely cut out of the comics. Before the fifth part, Le lotus bleu, Georges
Remi the inventor of Les Aventures de Tintin came in contact with the Chinese
student Zhang Chongren from the academy of arts, after he announced that the
next adventures will be located in China and he had received a letter from pater
Gosset, which warned him to be cautious about that subject, because he could
insult someone. From there on Georges Remi, who used the alias Herg, was very
meticulous about the details and accuracy of the drawings, which then became his
signature.

31
Numro quatre
4. Languages in Belgium were the Germanic and the Gallic languages meet,
since there exists no Belgian language. This seems rather strange, but it is true.
There are only a handful of languages spoken in Belgium, which are part of the
indoeuropean language tree:
Gallic (branch of the GalloIberian arc)

. Langue Dol
French
Gallo
Norman
Wallon

Germanic

. West
() Old High German
 Central German (branch of Old High German as part of the
West arc)
? Luxembourgish
? Ripuarian
? Thuringian
. Low Franconian (branch of the West arc)
West
 () Old Dutch
? Dutch
Afrikaans
 Flemish
East
 () Old East Low Franconian
 Limburgish
 Brabantish

To all of these languages are added an enormous amount of dialects. Where the
two branches, Germanic and Gallic, meet, there lies the so called Continental
West Germanic continuum, which is visibile especially at the Central German
arc with Luxembourgish as it is connected to the language Standard German.

32
Numro trois
3. Gerardus Mercator/Gerard de Kremer (05.03.1512 02.12.1594) Nova et
aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantium. As a student of geography,
philosophy, chronology and theology he created in 1569 a world map, which was
the first that was isogonal or equal of angle based on a new projection idea, whe-
reby the projection is distorted in such a way, that it makes the map isogonal
(this is necessary as the earth is a globe, a three dimensional , and a map is a
two dimensional object, which makes a projection rather difficult). To this day his
innovation is used in nautical maps. He also produced regional maps in a smaller
format, which were bounded then into his Atlas 1595, marking the first appearance
of the word Atlas in a geographical context.

Numro deux
2. Georges Edouard Lematre (17.07.1894 20.06.1966) one father of the Big
Bang theory. Alexander Friedmann found in 1922, as a solution of the Einstein field
equations, the possibility of a dynamic universe with equal distributed masses, but
without the presumption of a cosmological constant and a temporal changeable
space curvature, that was not allowed to become less or equal zero. Three years
later Lematre started to explore his ideas about the expansion of the universe, two
years before even Hubble did it, resulting in the FriedmannLematreequations:

R(t)2 8 c2 c2
= + 2
R(t)2 3 3 R

R(t)2 3p c2
 
4
= + 2
R(t)2 3 c 3

These equations describe the expansion of the universe in dependence of gravity

() and dark energy ().

33
Numro un
1. Simon Stevin (1548/1549 1620) a pioneer of practical application of ma-
thematics and physics. He was not only the first to use a gedanken experiment in
order to explain the force equilibrium on sloping ramps, but also invented the De-
cimal system for fractions, meaning of course he is the father of real numbers. His
hydraulic engineering improved the efficiency of windmills, used to pump water out
of the polders, dramatically, leading to his discovery of the hydrostatic paradox.
Later he explained as the first the tides using the attraction of the moon. Due to
Stevins philosophy, which was to come to a second age of wisdom, all of this was
done in the Dutch language and not in Latin, which was the predominant language
of science of the time. This lead to the introduction of a scientific vocabulary into
the Dutch language, while some words evolved others stayed the same.

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.

34
5 Germany
Solidaire avec Allemagne Jour V.

Solidaire avec Europe Cinquime Jour. The country I am living in. It was once
nicknamed the country of poets and philosophers. So lets get down to business
and see what remains of that.

Numro douze
12. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15.10.1844 25.08.1900) the one who killed
god. He was actually a classical philologist, who became posthumous a very famous
philosopher for his moral studies, in which he criticized especially the christian
and the uncritically adoption of the predominant moral by former philosophers.
The European nihilism of Hegel was continued by him, leading to the catch phrase
god is dead. With his ideas of the bermensch (superhuman), which originated
in the first century BC in the philosophy of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Wille
zur Macht (will to power), an original concept of Nietzsche influenced by Arthur
Schopenhauer, and ewige Wiederkunft (eternal recurrence), which originated in
ancient Egypt, he not only changed philosophy, but they also found their way in
a very disturbing and feculent perverted manner inside the national socialist po-
litical positions. While the concept of the bermensch is nothing more than a
person that reaches or strives above the average of a human in a lifetime, which is
a goal for humanity to set for itself, his Wille zur Macht is a dionsysic approval
of an eternal circle of life (and death). This shows the disgusting perversion by
the Nazis. Although his actions make it clearer what his status of mind was, as
he broke with his publisher Ernst Schmeitzner due to his anti semitic opinions, he
was definitely a child of his time and surrounded by anti semites, which made him
probably very susceptible to anti semitic slurs and outburst.

35
Numro onze
11. Les Nibelungen The Nibelungs the German mythology. The only words
needed are:

Bin ich nun frei?

Wirklich frei?
So grss euch denn meiner Freiheit erster Gruss!
Wie durch Fluch er mir geriet, verflucht sei dieser Ring!
Gab sein Gold mir Macht ohne Mass,
nun zeug sein Zauber Tod dem, der ihn trgt!
Kein Froher soll seiner sich freun,
keinem Glcklichen lache sein lichter Glanz!
Wer ihn besitzt, den sehre die Sorge,
und wer ihn nicht hat, den nage der Neid!
Jeder giere nach seinem Gut, doch keiner geniesse mit Nutzen sein!
Ohne Wucher ht ihn sein Herr; doch den Wrger zieh er ihm zu!
Dem Tode verfallen, fessle den Feigen die Furcht,
solang er lebt, sterb er lechzend dahin,
des Ringes Herr als des Ringes Knecht,
bis in meiner Hand den geraubten wieder ich halte!
So segnet in hchster Not der Nibelung seinen Ring!
Behalt ihn nun, hte ihn wohl, meinem Fluch fliehest du nicht!,

36
Translation:

Am I free now?
Truly free?
Then thus I give you my freedoms first greeting!
Since by curse it came to me, accursed be this ring!
Since its gold gave me measureless might,
now may its magic bring death to whoever wears it!
It shall gladden no happy man;
its bright gleam shall light on no one lucky!
Whoever possesses it shall be consumed with care,
and whoever has it not be gnawed with envy!
Each shall itch to possess it,
but none in it shall find pleasure!
Its owner shall guard it profitlessly,
for through it he shall meet his executioner!
Forfeit to death, faint with fear shall he be fettered;
the length of his life he shall long to die,
the rings master to the ring a slave,
until again I hold in my hands what was stolen!
Thus, in direst distress, the Niblung blesses his ring!
Keep it now, guard it well; my curse you cannot escape!

The dwarf Alberich in

The Ring of the Nibelung
by Richard Wagner

37
Numro dix
10. The Glottonym of the German language one definite surprise. Glottonym
means: the languages name of the one in use. The word deutsch (meaning Ger-
man) is a result of the Germanic root thioda (the stem of this word means peo-
ple, adjective thiodisk, diutschiu), which denoted those who were part of the
folk and developed to a name for the language of the Germanic tribes in middle
Europe, that stood in contrast to the adjoining Romance population and their La-
tin. The area, in which those language varieties occurred, that constructed a highly
coherent dialect continuum and that was called deutsch, was initially known in
the plural diutschiu lant. This became in the fifthteenth century Deutschland
(the modern name for Germany). Today we would call it German language area.
In Russian Germans are called nemez (in Romanian the word nemi is employ-
ed) and not as expected Germani. This has to do with the same Glottonym logic,
as Russian speakers called the outside people (those who did not speak the Russian
language) mute, foreign, which has the Slavic root Nemzi. The same applies
to the name of the city Niemcza in Poland as a result of the sixth century Slavic
settlements constructed there.

qui Theutonica sive Teutisca lingua loquimur

die wir Teutonisch oder Deutsch reden
those who we speak Teutonic or German

Notker: Gesta Karoli 1, 10, 2425

38
Numro neuf
9. Arminius the Cheruscan (17. B.C. 21 A.D.) the father of the end of the
Roman campaign for Magna Germania. Although today people seem to have for-
gotten about Arminius, he is one of the reason why in Germany the common
language is German and not French or any other sub or mixed form based on
Latin. Alongside his younger brother Flavus, he had lived in Rome as a hostage in
his youth, where he had served in the Roman army and received a military edu-
cation. As another rebellion broke out in the Balkans Tiberius sent eight legions
to deal with this problem, leaving three legions available to Publius Quinctilius
Varus, a perfect opportunity for Arminius to defeat him. Arminius set a trap, into
which Varus and his legions marched, leading to the annihilation of them all. As it
was one of the most devastating defeats Rome suffered in its history, the Romans
abandoned shortly after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest concerted attempts
to conquer and permanently hold the region east of the Rhine called Germania.

Numro huit
8. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22.02.1857 01.01.1894) the father of electromagne-
tic waves. With a special constructed oscillator he was able to demonstrate, that
Maxwells equation of electromagnetism and especially the theory, that light was
part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, was true. He further showed, that
those waves are moving with the speed of light and then he managed to trans-
mit electromagnetic waves from a source to a receiver, opening the door for the
wireless telegraphy and the radio. Hertz helped establish the photoelectric effect,
which was found originally by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel and helped Albert
Einstein later win his Nobel prize.

Numro sept
7. Bernhard Riemann (17.09.1826 20.07.1866) the father of analytic number
theory. As a mathematical genius he had an influence in many parts of mathema-
tics. In complex analysis he established the CauchyRiemann equations to descri-
be harmonic functions. With the Riemannian geometry he laid the mathematical
foundation for the theory of relativity. In real analysis he systemized the integral
term and brought into the form we know it today as a limit process of a sum. But
his most prominent result he made investigating the zeta function in a single short
paper, that was only seven pages long, due its importance for understanding the
distribution of prime numbers. This resulted in the famous Riemann hypothesis.

39
Numro six
6. Immanuel Kant (22.04.1724 12.02.1804) the father of modern philosophy.
As a promoter of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal
democracy and international cooperation, which would not be planned, but be
rather an outcome of history, he laid the foundation of the modern political ap-
proach intended by the leaders of the European Union and its members. With his
Critique of Pure Reason he closed the philosophical gap between rationalists and
empiricists, while history punished his critics wrong, as space and time possesses
a form which can be analyzed, as the theory of relativity states. His first Critique
as well as Critique of Practical Reason dealt with the four question of Reason:

1.) What should I do?

2.) What may I hope?

3.) What can I know?

4.) What is men?

leading Kant to claim that one ought to think autonomously (free of the dictates
of external authority), making him one of the masterminds of the Enlightenment.
Of course his influence is much wider than all of that.

40
Numro cinq
5. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe the godfather of German literature. The only
words needed are:

Mephisopheles.
Wozu der Lrm? Was steht dem Herrn zu Diensten?

Faust.
Das also war des Pudels Kern!
Ein fahrender Skolast? Der Kasus macht mich lachen.

Mephisopheles.
Ich salutire den gelehrten Herrn! Ihr habt mich weidlich schwitzen ma-
chen.

Faust.
Wie nennst du dich?

Mephistopheles.
Die Frage scheint mir klein, fr einen, der das Wort so sehr verachtet,
der, weit entfernt von allem Schein, nur in der Wesen Tiefe trachtet.

Faust.
Bei euch, ihr Herrn, kann man das Wesen
Gewhnlich aus dem Namen lesen,
Wo es sich allzu deutlich weist,
Wenn man euch Fliegengott, Verderber, Lgner heit.
Nun gut, wer bist du denn?

Mephistopheles.
Ein Teil von jener Kraft, die stets das Bse will und stets das Gute
schafft.

Faust.
Was ist mit diesem Rtselwort gemeint?

Mephistopheles.
Ich bin der Geist der stets verneint!
Und das mit Recht; denn alles was entsteht
ist werth da es zu Grunde geht;

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 drum besser wrs da nichts entstnde.
So ist denn alles was ihr Snde,
Zerstrung, kurz das Bse nennt,
mein eigentliches Element.

Faust.
Du nennst dich einen Teil, und stehst doch ganz vor mir?

Mephistopheles.
Bescheidne Wahrheit sprech ich dir.
Wenn sich der Mensch, die kleine Narrenwelt
Gewhnlich fr ein Ganzes hlt
Ich bin ein Teil des Teils, der anfangs alles war
Ein Teil der Finsternis, die sich das Licht gebar
Das stolze Licht, das nun der Mutter Nacht
Den alten Rang, den Raum ihr streitig macht,
Und doch gelingts ihm nicht, da es, so viel es strebt,
Verhaftet an den Krpern klebt.
Von Krpern strmts, die Krper macht es schn,
Ein Krper hemmts auf seinem Gange;
So, hoff ich, dauert es nicht lange,
Und mit den Krpern wirds zugrunde gehn.
Translation I:
Mephisopheles.
Do vient ce vacarme? Questce quil y a pour le service de monsieur?

Faust.
Ctait donc l le contenu du barbet? Un colier ambulant.

Mephisopheles.
Je salue le savant docteur. Vous mavez fait suer rudement.

Faust.
Quel est ton nom?

Mephisopheles.
La demande me parat bien frivole, pour quelquun qui a tant de mpris
pour les mots,
qui toujours scarte des apparences,
et regarde surtout le fond des tres.

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Faust.
Chez vous autres, messieurs,
on doit pouvoir aisment deviner votre nature daprs vos noms,
et cest ce quon fait connatre clairement
en vous appelant ennemis de Dieu, sducteurs, menteurs.
Eh bien! Qui donc estu ?

Mephisopheles.
Une partie de cette force qui tantt veut le mal et tantt fait le bien.

Faust.
Que signifie cette nigme?

Mephisopheles.
Je suis lesprit qui toujours nie;
et cest avec justice: car tout ce qui existe
est digne dtre dtruit;
il serait donc mieux que rien nexistt.
Ainsi, tout ce que vous nommez pch,
destruction, bref, ce quon entend par mal,
voil mon lment.

Faust.
Tu te nommes partie, et te voil en entier devant moi.

Mephisopheles.
Je te dis la modeste vrit.
Si lhomme, ce petit monde de folie,
se regarde ordinairement comme formant un entier,
je suis, moi, une partie de la partie qui existait au commencement de
tout,
une partie de cette obscurit qui donna naissance la lumire,
la lumire orgueilleuse, qui maintenant dispute sa mre la Nuit
son rang antique et lespace quelle occupait;
ce qui ne lui russit gure pourtant, car malgr ses efforts,
elle ne peut que ramper la surface des corps qui larrtent;
elle jaillit de la matire, elle y ruisselle et la colore, mais un corps suffit
pour briser sa marche.
Je puis donc esprer quelle ne sera plus de longue dure,

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 ou quelle sanantira avec les corps euxmmes.
Translation II:
Mephisopheles.
Why such a noise? What are my lords commands?

Faust.
This was the poodles real core,
A travelling scholar, then? The casus is diverting.

Mephisopheles.
The learned gentleman I bow before:
Youve made me roundly sweat, thats certain I

Faust.
What is thy name?

Mephisopheles.
A question small, it seems,
For one whose mind the Word so much despises;
Who, scorning all external gleams
The depths of being only prizes.

Faust.
With all you gentlemen, the names a test,
Whereby the nature usually is expressed.
Clearly the latter it implies
In names like Beelzebub, Destroyer, Father of Lies.
Who art thou, then?

Mephisopheles.
Part of that Power, not understood,
Which always wills the Bad, and always works the Good.

Faust.
What hidden sense in this enigma lies?

Mephisopheles.
I am the Spirit that Denies!
And justly so: for all things, from the Void
Called forth, deserve to be destroyed:

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Twere better, then, were naught created.
Thus, all which you as Sin have rated,
Destruction, aught with Evil blent,
That is my proper element.

Faust.
Thou namst thyself a part, yet showst complete to me?

Mephisopheles.
The modest truth I speak to thee.
If Man, that microcosmic fool, can see
Himself a whole so frequently.
Part of the Part am I, once All, in primal Night,
Part of the Darkness which brought forth the Light,
The haughty Light, which now disputes the space,
And claims of Mother Night her ancient place.
And yet, the struggle fails; since Light, howeer it weaves,
Still, fettered, unto bodies cleaves:
It flows from bodies, bodies beautifies;
By bodies is its course impeded;
And so, but little time is needed,
I hope, ere, as the bodies die, it dies I.

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Numro quatre
4. German language connection between English, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Nor-
wegian and Icelandic. Today of that origin is of course not much visible anymore,
although some words as for example woman, which is Frau in German, fr in
Icelandic, vrouw in Dutch and fru in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian preserved
their commen history, but all these languages are connected and German lies right
in the middle of it today. But it is much more than that, as it is a historic testim-
ony of the interconnection of the population of the entire European continent from
Portugal in the West to Russia in the East, from Iceland in the North to Malta in
the South, which is reflected by the variety of the languages.

Numro trois
3. Karl Marx the father of Das Kapital The Capital. No one else dominated
the Twentieth Century as much as his ideas stated in that same book. The Natio-
nal Socialists were in power from 30.01.1933 to 09.05.1945, while Lenin overthrew
the Tzar in 1917. But the Soviet Union lasted to 1991. For more than forty years
it was in the ideological Cold War with the United States. Mao Tse Tung, Fidel
Castro, every leader of the Soviet Union and, since the 1990s, also the leaders of
the South American countries, especially Hugo Chvez, were influenced by him.
The faults in the capitalistic system, which were cut out very precisely by Karl
Marx, are today more than ever visible. The idea of the basic income is a result of
his analysis. Hence, his shadow will lie ahead of us for a long time to come.

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Numro deux
2. Albert Einstein (14.03.1879 18.04.1955) the father of modern physics.
People have a great misconception about the work of Albert Einstein, although
all clues are in the name of the general theory of relativity, because due to the
relativity one has to drag in all equations along the so called Lorentz factor:
1
=r
v2
1
c2
which on the other hand reflects the relativity. Hence, the name of the theory.
This factor results in max v(elocity) = the speed of light, yielding new laws of
gravitation as space and time are not absolute nor static, but dynamic key players
in physics as the Einstein field equations:
1 8
Rik gik R = 4 Tik + gik
2 c
show and as one consequence is gravitational waves:

hki = 0

Thus, overthrowing the world view established by Isaac Newton. With the ex-
pansion of quantum mechanics this lead to high energy physics, mainly quantum
electrodynamics and chromodynamics. Albert Einstein got his Nobel prize for
the photoelectric effect and not as many believe for the general theory of relativity.
This proved that light was definitely made out of particles, settling a long debate
among physicists about the character of light.

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Numro un
1. Carl Friedrich Gau (30.04.1777 23.02.1855) Princeps Mathematicorum.
Although only a small amount, which merely serves as an example, all of the fol-
lowing theorems were established by Carl Friedrich Gau. You might ask, where
and what do I need them for? From modern electronic devices to maps and across
the fields, from mathematics to physics and economics, these theorems are imple-
mented and used in one way or the another.

The Divergence theorem states:

( F ) dV = (F n) dS
V S

Gau flux theorem:

Q
E = = E dA E =
0 0
S

GauBonnet theorem:

KdA + kg ds = 2(M )
M M

The probability density of the normal distribution is:

!
2
1 (x )
f (x|, 2 ) = exp
2 2 2 2

One field that is missing, from the to long list, is the NonEuclidean geometries,
which lead to Einsteins theory of general relativity.

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.

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