Abnormal Psychology ch.

7: Mood Disorders and Suicide

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1. mood -severe alterations in mood for long periods 10. hypomanic episode -similar symptoms to manic
disorders of time-->soaring elation or deep episode
depression -4 days of persisting
-abnormal mood is defining feature abnormally elevated expansive,
-also called affective disorders elevated, irritable mood
-3 other symptoms (self-
2. mania intense and unrealistic feelings of
esteem inflation, decreased
excitement and euphoria
need for sleep, pressured
3. depression feelings of extraordinary sadness and sleep)
dejection -less impairment in
4. mixed-episode individual may have symptoms of mania and social/occupational functioning
cases depression during same time period in hypomania than manic
episode (hospitalization not
5. unipolar person experiences only depressive
required)
depressive episodes
disorders 11. True or False? Mild mood TRUE
disturbances are on the
6. bipolar person experiences both mania and
same continuum as the
disorders depressive episodes
more severe disorders.
7. customarily, 1) SEVERITY: number of dysfunctions
12. which is more common? UNIPOLAR
we experienced and relative degree of
Unipolar major depressive -it has increased in recent
differentiate impairment evidenced in those areas
disorder or bipolar major decades
among mood 2) DURATION: whether disorder is acute,
depressive disorder.
disorders in chronic, or intermittent
terms of these 13. True or False? Rates for TRUE.
two unipolar depression are
characteristics always much higher for
women than for men.
8. major -most common form of mood episode
depressive -markedly depressed (show marked loss of 14. Is there a difference in no
disorder interest in pleasurable activities) most of prevalence rates btwn
every day for at least 2 weeks sexes for bipolar disorder?
-must show 3-4 other symptoms that range 15. True or False? Normal TRUE.
from COGNITIVE (feelings of depression nearly always
worthlessness/guilt, thoughts of suicide) to the result of recent stress.
BEHAVIORAL (fatigue) to PHYSICAL
(changes in appetite/sleep patterns)
9. manic episode -other primary kind of mood episode
-markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive
mood, often interrupted by occasional
outbursts of irrationality or violence
-extreme moods persist for at least a week
-3 or more symptoms at same time period
like BEHAVIORAL (notable increase in goal-
directed activity, loosening of
personal/cultural inhibitions) to MENTAL
(self-esteem grossly inflated and mental
activity speeds up) to PHYSICAL (decreased
need for sleep)
16. 4 phased to normal NYDR 21.
response to loss of 1) Numbing and disbelief. May last
spouse/close family few hours to week. May be
member (grief) interrupted by intense
distress/panic/anger.
2) yearning and searching for
dead person (more similar to
anxiety than depression). May last
weeks-months. Typical symptoms
are restlessness, insomnia,
preoccupation with dead person.
3) disorganization and despair.
Person accepts loss as
permanent and tries to establish
22.
new identity. Criteria for MDD
may be met during phase.
4) Reorganization. People begin
to rebuild their lives, sadness
abates, zest for life returns.
17. T or F? DSM-IV-TR states TRUE.
that MDD can't be
diagnosed for first 2
months following loss,
even if all criteria are
met
18. T or F? symptoms and TRUE. marital dissolution,
impairment following unexpected economic
death can be identical to misfortunes, job loss
those following other
important losses? If true, 23.
name some losses.
19. True or False? FALSE. Postpartum blues are 24.
Postpartum depression common, but not postpartum
is common. depression.
20. symptoms of postpartum -emotional lability, crying easily, 25.
blues irritability, often liberally
intermixed with happy feelings
-occur in as many as 50-70% of
women within 10 days of birth,
usually subside on their own
26.
-hormonal readjustments play
role in postpartum blues
-especially likely to occur if new
mother lacks social support or 27.
has difficulty adjusting to new 28.
identity
dysthymic -mild to moderate intensity depression;
disorder primary hallmark is chronicity
-persistently depressed mood most of day,
for more days than not, for at least 2 years
(1 yr for kids/adolescents)
-must also have 2 of 6 symptoms when
depressed
-intermittent normal moods another
important characteristic distinguishing
dysthymia from MDD
-people with dysthymia show poorer
outcomes/as much impairment as those
with MDD
major -for this diagnosis, person must exhibit
depressive more symptoms than dysthymia &
disorder symptoms must be more persistent
-person must be in major depressive
episode (single or recurrent) and never
have had manic/hypomanic/mixed episode
-markedly depressed moods or marked
loss of interest in pleasurable activities most
of every day, nearly every day, for at least 2
consecutive weeks
-at least 3 or 4 additional symptoms during
same period (total of at least 5 symptoms)
-COGNITIVE (feelings of
worthlessness/guilt, thoughts of suicide),
BEHAVIORAL (fatigue), PHYSICAL (changes
in sleep patterns/appetites)
MDD is often anxiety
co-morbid with
MDD diagnosis -single
can be of 2 -recurrent
types
average 6-9 months
duration of
untreated
episode of
depression
chronic major ...
depressive
disorder
recurrence symptoms recurr at some future point
relapse -return of symptoms within fairly short
period of time
-relapses probably reflects the fact that
underlying episode of depression hasn't yet
run its course
-commonly occur when pharmacotherapy
is terminated prematurely; after symptoms
have remitted but before underlying
episode is really over
29. anaclitic a form of depression experienced by infants 36. major -SPECIFIER status applied when individual
depression if they are separated for a prolonged period depressive meets criteria for maj. dep. epis. and also has
from their attachment figure disorder with symptoms of MOOD REACTIVITY--mood
atypical brightens in response to potential positive
30. T or F? TRUE
features events--plus 2 or more of 4 symptoms:
Incidence of
1) significant weight gain or increase in
depression
appetite
rises sharply
2) hypersomnia (Sleeping too much)
during
3) leaden paralysis (heavy feeling in
adolescence
arms/legs)
31. specifiers -SPECIFIERS are additional patterns of 4) long-standing pattern of being acutely
symptoms that have implications for sensitive to interpersonal rejection
understanding course of disorder and most *disproportionate number of individuals
effective treatment w/atypical features are female and tend to
-ex: major depressive episode with show suicidal thoughts
melancholic features *linked to mild form of bipolar disorder
32. major -SPECIFIER designation applied when, in associated w/hypomanic rather than manic
depressive addition to meeting criteria for major episodes
episode with depress. epis. a patient has either LOST *those with atypical symptoms are more likely
melancholic INTEREST IN ALMOST ALL ACTIVITIES, or to respond to MAO inhibitors than
features DOES NOT REACT TO USUALLY nonatypical
PLEASURABLE STIMULI OR DESIRED 37. major -SPECIFIER applied if individuals meet
EVENTS depressive criteria for maj. dep. epis. and also show
-in addition, patients must experience 3 of episode with MARKED PSYCHOMOTOR DISTURBANCES
following: catatonic from catalepsy (immobility) to extensive
1) early morning awakenings features psychomotor activity, mutism to rigidity
2) depression being worse in morning
38. RECURRENT -SPECIFIER applied if individuals meet
3) marked psychomotor retardation or
major criteria for maj. depress. epis. plus SHOW A
agitation
depressive SEASONAL PATTERN
4) significant loss of appetite and weight
episode with -must have had at least 2 episodes of
5) inappropriate/excessive guilt
a seasonal depression in past 2 years occurring at same
6) depressed mood that is qualitatively
pattern time of the year (fall/winter most common)
different from sadness experienced during
(also known -full remission must occur at same time of
nonmelancholic depression
as year (most commonly spring)
* this subtype has higher genetic loading
SEASONAL *more common in people living at higher
*more associated w/history of childhood
AFFECTIVE latitudes and in younger people
trauma
DISORDER)
33. delusions false beliefs
39. Double -when major depression coexists with
34. hallucinations false sensory perceptions depression dysthymia
35. severe major -SPECIFIER status applied when, in addition -individuals are moderately depressed on
depressive to meeting critera for maj. depress. epis. a chronic basis, but undergo increased
episode with patient has psychotic symptoms like loss of problems from time to time when they meet
psychotic contact with reality, delusions, or criteria for Maj. Depress. Ep.
features hallucinations 40. Twin studies 31 to 42%
-delusions/hallucinations present are MOOD show
CONGRUENT (i.e. they seem "appropriate" to genetic
serious depression b/c content is negative in influence on
tone) variance in
*psychotic depressed individuals have liability to
longer episodes and poorer long-term major
prognosis than nonpsychotic depressives depression
41. Twin studies show 70 to 80% 47. monoamine theory that depression is at least
genetic influence on theory of sometimes due to absolute/relative
variance in liability to depression depletion of one or both
severe, early-onset, neurotransmitters (5-HT and NE) at
and/or recurrent important receptor sites in the brain
depression * research has shown that depression is
not this straightforward
42. True or False? Even more TRUE
variance in liability to 48. anhedonia inability to experience pleasure-
most forms of major important symptom of depression
depression is due to
49. DA dysfunction depression with atypical features
nonshared environmental
has been bipolar depression
influences (experiences
implicated in what
family members do not
mood disorders
share) than to genetic
factors 50. hyothalamic- -possibly cause/correlate to some forms
pituitary-adrenal of mood disorders, specifically the
43. adoption method method of genetic research that
(HPA) axis hormone CORTISOL
compares biological and
-human stress response associated
adoptive relatives with and
w/elevated activity of HPA axis, which is
without given disorder to assess
partly controlled by NE and 5-HT
genetic versus environmental
-in about 45% of depressed patients,
influences
potent suppressor of ACTH (plasma
44. is there a higher genetic Bipolar disorder has a higher cortisol), DEXAMETHASONE, either fails
factor for unipolar major genetic contribution entirely to suppress cortisol or fails to
depression or bipolar sustain its suppression
disorder?
51. hypothalamic- disturbances to this axis are linked to
45. gene implicated in -serotonin-transporter gene pituitary-thyroid mood disorders
genetic influences for -involved in axis -those w/low thyroid levels often
depression transmission/reuptake of become depressed
serotonin
52. damage to LEFT, depression
-2 kinds of alleles: short and
not right, -depressed people show relatively low
long
ANTERIOR activity in L hemisphere and relatively
-in animal studies, having ss
PREFRONTAL high activity in R hemisphere
(versus ll) may predispose
CORTEX can led **SHOWS PROMISE AS WAY TO
person to depression
to what? IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS AT RISK for
46. genotype-environment study from Caspi, Sugden, initial episode and recurrent episodes
interaction Moffitt suggests *individuals with
53. orbital prefrontal involved in responsivity to reward
ss were 2x as likely to develop
cortex is involved
major depressive episode
in responsivity to
following 4 or more stressful life
what?
events in the past 5 years than
individuals with ll who 54. prolonged hippocamus
experienced 4+ stressful life depression can
events in past 5 years lead to decreased
*individuals with ss 2x more likely volume in what
to develop MDE if had severe area of the brain?
maltreatment as children than 55. anterior cingulate -in depressed patients this area shows
individuals with ll who had cortex in the abnormally LOW levels of activation
severe maltreatment, or context of *this area is involved in SELECTIVE
individuals with ss who did not depression ATTENTION-->impt to prioritizing most
have maltreatment important info available, therefore in
self-regulation and adaptability
56. amygdala in context of
depression
57. suprachiasmatic nucleus
of the hypothalamus
regulates what activity
58. what 2 sleep cycle
abnormalities are
vulnerability markers for
major depression
59. depressed patients who
fit seasonal affective
disorder usually show:
______________ appetite
______________ sleep
60. independent life events
61. dependent life events
62. chronic stress/chronic
strain or difficulties
63. those at low genetic risk
for depression are more
_____________ to the effects
of major stressors
64. neuroticism or negative
affectivity
-involved in perception of threat
and in directing attention
-tends to show INCREASED
activation in individuals with
depression
**may be related to why
depressed individuals show
biased attention to negative
emotional information
the sleep-wake cycle
-reduced latency to enter REM
sleep (depressed individuals
enter REM sleep 20 minutes
before nondepressed)
-decreased amount of deep
sleep
INCREASED appetite and sleep
(hypersomnia)
stressful life events independent
of person's behavior and
personality (losing a job b/c
one's company is shutting down)
stressful life events may have
been at least partly generated
by depressed person's
behavior/personality
**poor problem solving
example: failing to keep up with
routine tasks like paying bills
associated with increased risk
for onset, maintenance, and
recurrence of major depression
invulnerable
stable/heritable personality trait
that involves a temperament
sensitivity to negative stimuli
*vulnerability factor for
depression (as well as anxiety)
65. Freud/Abraham's when loved one dies, mourner regresses
hypothesis on to oral stage of development (when infant
grief and can't distinguish btwn self and other) and
mourning introjects/incorporates lost person,
feeling all the same feelings toward self
as toward the lost person
-can include anger, as lost person has
power over mourner
-led to psyhodynamic idea that
depression is anger turned inward
66. behavioral people b/c depressed when their
theories of responses no longer produce positive
depression reinforcement OR when their rate of
believe that negative reinforcements increases
**Difficult to show that depression is
CAUSED by these factors, or if
depression leads to these factors, which
then MAINTAINS depression
67. Aaron Beck's -cognitive symptoms of depression often
theory of precede/cause the affective or mood
depression symptoms
68. depressogenic underlying DYSFUNCTIONAL BELIEFS
schemas that, in Beck's diathesis-stress theory of
depression leave someone vulnerable to
develop depression when activated by
the occurrence of some form of stress
69. negative -a NEGATIVE PATTERN of thinking when
automatic thoughts below the surface of awareness
thoughts involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions
-tend to focus on 3 themes, called
NEGATIVE COGNITIVE TRIAD
70. negative 1)negative thoughts about the self ("I'm
cognitive triad ugly", "I'm a failure")
2) negative thoughts about one's
experiences and the surrounding world
("No one loves me")
3) negative thoughts about one's future
("It's hopeless because things will always
be this way")
*NEGATIVE COG. TRIAD can be
maintained by negative cognitive
biases/errors
71. dichotomous or -negative cognitive bias/error
all-or-none -tendency to think in extremes
reasoning
72. selective -negative cognitive bias/error
abstraction -tendency to focus on one negative detail
of a situation while ignoring other
elements of the situation
73. arbitrary -negative cognitive bias/error
inference -involves jumping to conclusions based
on minimal or no evidence
74. positivity bias -tendency to process emotional 82. hopelessness -perception that one had no control
in attributions information in an overly optimistic self- expectancy over what was going to happen;
enhancing manner absolute certainty that important bad
-serves as protective factor against outcome was going to occur
depression -G/S attributional style: tend to make
negative inferences about other
75. learned -animal model of depression proposed by
negative consequences of event (this
helplessness Martin Seligman (1974,1975)
means more bad things will also
-when animals/humans find they have no
happen)
control over aversive events, they learn
they are helpless, which makes them 83. rumination intent focus on how you feel and why
unmotivated to try to respond in the future; you feel that way;
instd exhibit passivity and depressive involves a pattern of REPETITIVE and
symptoms relatively PASSIVE mental activity
76. attributions -the way people explain uncontrollable 84. Nolen-Hoeksema's a ruminative response to feelings of
negative events RUMINATIVE sadness and distress can leave one
-the way people make attributions can be RESPONSE STYLE vulnerable to depression
central to whether they become depressed cognitive theory of
depression
77. 3 critical 1) internal/external
dimensions on 2) global/specific 85. interpersonal theory -low social network can leave one
which 3) stable/unstable of depression vulnerable to depression
attributions are -lack of social skills may cause
made interpersonal problems that maintain
depression
78. a IGS
-women w/o close, confiding
depressogenic internal
relationship more likely than those
or pessimistic global
w/at least one close, confiding
attribution is stable
relationship to become depressed if
likely to have
they experienced severely stressful
what
event
dimensions?
86. what could act as a Criticism
79. pessimistic -IGS
powerful trigger for -capable of activating some of the
attributional -makes an individual vulnerable for
those vulnerable to neural circuits thought to be involved
style depression when faced with uncontrollable
depression, even in depression
negative life events
after full recovery?
-develops through social learning
87. bipolar disorders -presence of mania or hypomanic
80. reformulated postulates that depressed individuals may
episodes nearly always preceded or
helplessness use pessimistic attributional style when
followed by periods of depression
theory faced with uncontrollable, negative life
-extreme moods must persist for at
events that can lead to symptoms of
least a week for diagnosis to be
depression
made
**Doesn't postulate that pessimistic
-in addition, 3 of more symptoms
attributional style has a CAUSAL role
must be present
81. hopelessness -having pessimistic attributional style in -must be significant impairment of
theory conjunciton with 1+ negative life event not occupational and social functioning
sufficient to produce depression UNLESS (hospitalization is often necessary)
one first experienced state of
HOPELESSNESS
-internal/external dimension of attributions
not important to depression; instead
GLOBAL/STABLE important
88. cyclothymic disorder
89. bipolar I disorder (also called
manic-depressive illness)
90. mixed episode
91. even though a patient may be
exhibiting only manic
symptoms, it is assumed a
bipolar disorder exists and
that a depressive episode will
eventually occur
92. bipolar II disorder
93. which is more common,
Bipolar I or II?
94. True or False? bipolar
disorder occurs equally in
males and females.
-symptoms of cyclic mood
changes that persist for at
least 2 years
-defined as less serious
version of full-blown bipolar
disorder
-symptoms of depressed
phase similar to those in
someone with dysthymia
-symptoms of hypomanic
phase opposite of dysthymia
symptoms
-may be significant periods
between episodes in which
person functions in adaptive
manner
-distinguished from major
depressive disorder by at
least 1 MANIC EPISODE or
MIXED EPISODE
-characterized by symptoms
of both full-blown manic
and major depressive
episodes for at least a week
-symptoms can be
intermixed or alternate
rapidly
TRUE--meaning, there are
no officially recognized
"unipolar" manic/hypomanic
counterparts to dysthymia
or major depression
person doesn't experience
full-blown manic (or mixed)
episodes but has
experienced clear-cut
hypomanic episodes, as well
as major depressive
episodes
Bipolar II is equally or more
common than Bipolar I
diagnosis
*Bipolar II evolves into
Bipolar I only 5-15% of
cases, suggesting they ARE
DISTINCT FORMS of the
disorders
true
95. bipolar disorder with a recurrences of mood extremes
seasonal pattern are seasonal in nature
96. features of bipolar -duration of manic shorter than
disorder duration of depressive episodes
(3x as many days spent
depressed than manic)
97. differences in depressive BIPOLAR: more mood lability,
symptoms btwn more psychotic features, more
depressive episodes in motor retardation, more
bipolar and unipolar substance abuse
depressive disorders
UNIPOLAR: more anxiety,
agitation, insomnia, physical
complaints, and weight loss
*shared symptoms btwn bipolar
and unipolar are more SEVERE
for bipolar
98. how can some people they exhibit depressive
with bipolar disorder be symptoms, but no manic
misdiagnosed symptoms
99. rapid cycling -when individuals with bipolar
disorder experience at least 4
episodes (either manic or
depressive) every year
-sometimes precipitated by
taking certain kinds of
antidepressants
-usually temporary
phenomenon and gradually
disappears within 2 years
100. greater genetic BIPOLAR I has greater genetic
contribution to unipolar contribution
disorder or bipolar I -genes account for 80-90% of
disorder? variance in liability to develop
*This is higher than heritability
estimates for any other major
adult psychiatric disorder, incld
schizophrenia
-idea that those with bipolar are
genetically susceptible to both
depression and mania and that
these are INDEPENDENT
susceptibilities
101. what NT is related to DA (lithium reduces DA activity
manic behavior and is antimanic)
102. most common symptom very little sleep (out of choice,
to occur prior to onset of not because of insomnia)
manic episode
103. what is a psychological low social support
factor in bipolar
disorder?
104. what NT besides NE 111. tricyclic antidepressants -known to increase NT NE and
DA is increased to a lesser extent 5-HT
during manic -ineffective in about 50% of
episodes? cases
-unpleasant side effects which
105. cross-cultural some cultures, such as China and Japan,
means many patients won't
differences in psychological depressive symptoms are
continue
depressive absent, and instd somatic/vegetative
-highly toxic in large doses; so
symptoms manifestations such as sleep
there is risk in prescribing to
disturbance, loss of appetite, weight
suicidal patients
loss, loss of interest in sex are prevalent
-could be related to Asian belief in unity 112. SSRIs -fewer side effects and can be
of mind/body, lack of expressiveness tolerated better by patients
about emotions, or stigma attached to -not shown to be necessarily
mental illness more effective than tricyclics
-primary side effect is with
106. cross-cultural -similar across many countries for
sexual activity
differences in bipolar disorders
-example: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
prevalence rates -depression varies
for bipolar 113. bupropion/Wellbutrin -new atypical antidepressant
disorders that has become popular b/c
fewer side effects (especially
107. higher rates of SES leads to adversity and life stress
sexual side effects)
depression in that can create vulnerabilities to
-especially good for
lower SES groups depression
depressions with significant
is thought to be
weight gain, loss of energy, and
related to
oversleeping
108. elevated rates of -thought that mania/hypomania could
114. how long do 3-5 weeks
mood disorders facilitate creative process/intense
antidepressant drugs -if there's no improvement after
among negative emotional experiences of
require to take effect? 6 weeks, doctors should try
individuals with depression provide material for creative
another medication (50% who
high levels of activity
do not respond to first drug
accomplishment
respond to second)
in the arts
115. natural course of 6 to 9 months
109. what percent of about 40%
untreated depressive -so if patients have taken
people with -other 60% receive no treatment or
episode lasts how long? medication for 3 months and
mood disorders inadequate care
are feeling better, they
receive minimally
shouldn't discontinue
adequate
medication because symptoms
treatment?
could relapse
110. MAOIs -antidepressants that inhibit the action
116. True or False? Medication FALSE. medication CAN be
(monoamine of an enzyme (monoamine oxidase) that
is not effective in preventative
oxidase is responsible for breakdown of NE and
prevention, as well as
inhibitors) 5-HT
treatment, for patients
-can have fatal side effects if foods rich
subject to recurrent
in amino acid TYRAMINE are consumed
episodes.
-thus, not used unless other classes of
medication have failed 117. mood stabilizer used to describe lithium
-Depression with ATYPICAL features -has antimanic and
respond well to MAOIs antidepressant effects--exert
mood stabilizing effects in
either direction
118. True or False? Does taking Yes. So bipolar patients on
antidepressants antidepressants should also
precipitate manic take lithium to mitigate this risk.
episodes?
119. lithium -more widely used as treatment for
manic episodes than depressive
episodes
-used in preventing cycling btwn
manic/depressive episodes
-difficulty in compliance in taking drug
(because of side effects and also bc
patients miss energetic highs associated
with hypomanic episodes)
120. anticonvulsants -recently used in treatment of bipolar
disorder
-often effective in patients who don't
respond to lithium or develop
unacceptable side effects to lithium
-risk for completed suicide 2-3x higher
on anticonvulsants than on lithium
121. antipsychotic bipolar patients who experience signs of
medications psychosis may take antipsychotic
medications in addition to mood
126.
stabilizers
122. electroconvulsive -often used with severely depressed
therapy (ECT) patients (esp. among elderly) if they
-what patient present immediate/serious suicidal risk
populations use (since antidepressants take 3-4 weeks to
this treatment kick in)
-also used in patients who are resistant
to other medications
-treatments induce seizures
127.
-loss of memory and confusion can be
side effects
123. transcranial -alternative biological treatment for
magnetic depression
stimulation -noninvasive technique; brief but intense
pulsating magnetic fields induce
electrical activity in certain parts of
128.
cortex
-treatment occurs 5 days/wk for 2-6 wks
-no adverse memory side effects, as in
ECT
124. bright light -originally used in treatment of seasonal
therapy affective disorder; shown to be effective
in nonseasonal depressions
125. cognitive- -developed by Beck and colleagues
behavioral -10-20 sessions (relatively brief form of
therapy treatment)
(cognitive -focuses on here and now problems,
therapy or CBT) rather than potentially remote causal
issues
-highly structured, systematic attempts to
teach people w/unipolar depression to
evaluate systematically their dysfunctional
beliefs & negative automatic thoughts
-patients taught to identify/correct their
biases or distortions in information
processing & to uncover/challenge
underlying depressogenic assumptions &
beliefs
-relies on empirical approach: patients are
taught to treat beliefs as hypotheses that
can be tested through use of behavioral
experiments
what are two -it seems to have the ability to prevent
special relapse, similar to that of staying on
advantages of medication
CBT -brain-imaging studies show CBT results in
biological changes in certain brain areas
following effective treatment (versus
medication--idea that medication targets
limbic system, whereas CBT works on
cortical functions)
True or False? TRUE.
CBT is as
effective as
medication in
treating severe
unipolar
depression.
mindfulness- -variant of cognitive therapy
based cognitive -used to help prevent further recurrences
therapy -theory is that rather than trying to alter
content of their negative thinking, it may
be more helpful to change the way in
which these people relate to their
thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations
-MBCT trains patients to develop an
awareness of their unwanted thoughts,
feelings, sensations so they don't
automatically try to avoid them but learn
to accept them as thoughts occurring in
the moment, not a reflection of reality
129. behavioral -new treatment for unipolar depression 134. completed suicides -about 4x more men than
activation -focuses on getting patients to become women die from completed
treatment more active/engaged with their environment suicides in U.S.
& interpersonal relationships -difference in gender pattern
-techniques incld: scheduling daily activities with those w/bipolar disorder
& rating pleasure/mastery while engaging in -highest rate of completed
them, exploring alternate behaviors to reach suicide rates in elderly (65+)--
goals, role-playing to address specific high proportion are
deficits divorced/widowed and suffer
-if CBT focuses on changing cognition, BAT from chronic physical illness
focuses on changing behavior -women tend to use drug
-goal to increase positive reinforcement and ingestion; men tend to use
reduce avoidance/withdrawl methods more likely to be
-easier to train therapists in this technique lethal: gunshot
than in CBT
135. mood disorders, conduct attempted/completed suicide
130. interpersonal -not widely tested yet but appears to be as disorders, and substance
therapy (IPT) effective as medication or CBT abuse (esp. alcohol) are
-focuses on current relationship issues, trying risk factors for
to help patient understand/change
136. treatment of adolescent suicidal ideation (thoughts)
maladaptive interaction patterns
mood disorders with
-version called INTERPERSONAL AND
antipressant medications
SOCIAL RHYTHM THERAPY--used to treat
can produce slightly
bipolar episodes--patients taught to
increased for what
recognize effect of interpersonal events on
social/circadian rhythms and to regulate 137. what 3 personality traits impulsivity, aggression, and
these rhythms are associated with pessimism
increased risk for suicide?
131. suicide -taking one's own life
-50-90% who commit suicide do so during 138. what alteration in NT 5-HT
depressive episode or in recovery phase functioning is associated
-often occurs at point when person appears with increased suicide risk
to be emerging from deepest phase of 139. except among young HIGHER
depressive attack males, whites have (same for young males)
-suicide ranks among 10 leading causes of significantly ___________
death in Western countries rates of suicide than
132. suicide -used to be btwn 25 and 44 years old African-Americans
attempts are -now btwn 18 and 24 yrs old 140. suicide rates in what kind Catholic and Islamic countries
most of country are
common in correspondingly low?
people btwn
141. what tends to protect one involvement/identity with other
what ages
from suicide? people
133. who is more women -being married and having
likely to -about 3x as likely children
attempt
142. True or False? most FALSE. only 15-25% leave notes.
suicide?
individuals who complete They are usually brief.
women or
suicides leave notes.
men
143. 3 main thrusts of 1) treatment of person's current
preventive efforts against mental disorder(s)
suicide 2) crisis intervention
3) working with high-risk
groups