CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
The recent growth of battery powered applications and low voltage storage elements
are increasing the demand of efficient step-up dc-dc converters.Considering the present trend in
power converters design to employ less iron and more silicon, the voltage gain required by
appliances like UPS(uninterruptible power supply)or systems operating with renewable energy
sources or fuel-cells has been increasingly achieved by step-up converters capable of high
voltage gain instead of step-up transformers.The reduced cost, reduced size, increase in the
efficiency and finally the possibility of achieving more accurate and flexible control in these
power converters are a few reasons for following this trend. Recently high step-up dcdc
converters that do not require isolation have been used in many applications,such as dc
back-up energy systems for uninterruptible power system, renewable energy systems, fuel cell
systems, and hybrid electric vehicles. Generally,the high step-up dcdc converter for these
applications has the following requirements.
1.High step up voltage gain. Sometimes the voltage gain could be more than 10.
2.High current handling capability
3.Higher efficiency at desired level of volume and weight
4.Low input current ripple
5.The classical boost converter is theoretically capable of reaching a high voltage gain,
in practise the gain declines as the duty cycle approaches unity due to parasitic components as
explained in Theoretically, the boost converter static gain tends to be infinite when duty cycle

also tends to unity.However, in practical terms, such gain is limited by the I2R loss in the
boost inductor due to its intrinsic resistance, leading to the necessity of accurate and high-cost
drive circuitry for the active switch, mainly because great variations in the duty cycle will
affect the output voltage directly The step-up stage normally is the critical point for the design
of high efficiency converters due to the operation with high input current and high output

1
voltage,thus a careful study must be done in order to define the topology for a high step-up
application.A lot of high step-up dcdc converter topologies have been presented to overcome
the problems.Converters with coupled inductors can provide high output voltage without
extreme duty cycle and yet reduce the switch voltage stress.The reverse recovery problem
associated with rectifier diode is also alleviated. High step-up dcdc converters based on the
switched capacitor circuit have been presented for low power applications.The switched-
capacitor converter does not employ any inductor making it feasible to achieve high power
density.However,the efficiency could be reduced to allow output voltage regulation.In the
switched capacitor circuits integrated within a boost converter to achieve output voltage
regulation without decreasing efficiency,but the numbers of components are high, and input
current ripple is considerable.The literature presents cascading of one or more boost
converters as an alternatively high voltage gain.Even though more than one power
processing stage exists, the operation in continuous conduction mode (CCM) may still lead to
high efficiency. The main drawbacks in this case are increased complexity and the need for
two sets that include active switches, magnetics, and controllers.In the last few years, some
converters based on the three state switching cell(3SSC) have been proposed, and will be
discussed as follows.The 3SSC is obtained by the association of two two-state switching
PWM cells (2SSCs) interconnected to a centre tap autotransformer, from which a family of
dcdc converters can be derived.This concept was first introduced in Some prominent
advantages can be addressed to such structures, e.g.,reduced size, weight, and volume of
magnetics,which are designed for twice the switching frequency; the current stress through each
main switch is equal to half of the total output current, allowing the use of switches with lower
current rating; losses are distributed among the semiconductors, leading to better heat
distribution and consequently more efficient use of the heat sinks; the drive circuit of the main
switches becomes less complex because they are connected to the same reference node.

1.2 ITERATURE SURVEY

1.S.V.Araujo,R.P.Torrico-Bascope,G.V.Torrico-Bascope,and,L.Menezes,Step-up
converter with high voltage gain employing three state switching cell and voltage multiplier,

2
In Proc.Power Electron.Spec.Conf.,2008, pp.22712277.

This work proposes a new non-isolated DC-DC converter with high voltage gain using a
three-state switching cell and voltage multiplier stages based on capacitors.The value of the gain
can be modified depending on the requirements of the application by means of the number of
multiplier stages and the duty cycle.The proposed converter can be employed in renewable
energy systems where commonly low input voltages(12 Vdc to 48 Vdc)are involved or in
uninterrupted power supply (UPS) systems in order to avoid the necessity of a step-up
transformer.One first advantage of the proposed solution is the reduced voltage stress across the
active switches that is lower than half of the output voltage,what allows the use of MOSFETs
with lower drain-to-source resistance.Moreover,by employing the three-state switching cell, the
size of the inductor is reduced because the operating frequency of the inductor is double of the
switching frequency.The current share between the active switches allows further reduction of
the conduction losses.A prototype was built for an input voltage range of 30-45 V,400 V output
voltage and 250 W output power.The operation was evaluated and the experimental waveforms
and experimental efficiency curves as a function of the output power are presented.

2.R.A.da Camara,C.M.T.Cruz and R.P.Torrico-Bascope,Boost based on three-state

switching cell for UPS applications,in Proc.Brazilian Power Electron.Conf.,2009, pp.313318.

This paper presents a novel boost topology based on three-state switching cells for
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) applications. The main features of this converter are:
reduced conduction losses on the controlled switches, magnetic components operating with the
double of switching frequency reducing weight and volume, reduced high-frequency current
ripple, simple control strategy that can be implemented with well know integrated circuits and
connection between input power supply and converter output enabling the use of UPS inverter
and by-pass. A theoretical analysis and experimental results from a 3 kW lab model are
presented.

3
 3.K.C.Tseng and T.J.iang,Novel high-efficiency step-up converter,EE ProcElectr.
Power Appl.,vol.151,no.2, pp.182190,Mar.2004.

As a result of the equivalent series resistor of the boost inductor, conventional boost
converters are not able to provide high voltage gain. A high-efficiency high step-up converter is
proposed, with low voltage stress on power switch, power diodes and output capacitors. The
circuit topology of the proposed converter consists of an energy clamp circuit and a voltage
boost cell. The boost converter functions as an active clamp circuit to suppress the voltage spike
on power switch during the turn-off transient period. The boost converter output terminal and fly
back converter output terminal are serially connected to increase the output voltage gain with the
coupled inductor. By serially connecting the secondary windings of the boost inductor, a high
voltage gain is achieved with less voltage stress on the power devices, such as power MOSFET
and power diodes. The operational principle and steady-state analysis are described. A 35 W
converter with simulation and experimental results is presented to demonstrate the performance.
It shows that the efficiency of the proposed converter is very high (nearly 93%) with four times
the voltage output.

4.M.Prudente,L.L.Pfitscher,G.Emmendoerfer,E F.Romaneli and R.Gules,Voltage

multiplier cells applied to non-isolated converters,IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,vol. 23,no.2, pp.
871887, Mar.2008.

This paper introduces the use of the voltage multiplier technique applied to the classical
non-isolated dc-dc converters in order to obtain high step-up static gain, reduction of the
maximum switch voltage, zero current switching turn-on. The diodes reverse recovery current
problem is minimized and the voltage multiplier also operates as a regenerative clamping circuit,
reducing the problems with layout and the EMI generation. These characteristics allows the
operation with high static again and high efficiency, making possible to design a compact circuit
for applications where the isolation is not required. The operation principle, the design procedure
and practical results obtained from the implemented prototypes are presented for the single-phase
and multiphase dc-dc requiring an output power of 100 W, operating with 12 V input voltage and
100 V output voltage, obtaining efficiency equal to 93%. The multiphase technique was tested

4
with a boost interleaved converter operating with an output power equal to 400 W, 24 V input
voltage and 400 V output voltage, obtaining efficiency equal to 95%t forward converter. It
consists of four synchronous switches in the secondary side for two outputs with the same
ground. The primary switches control the main output voltage, and the synchronous switches in
the transformer secondary side control the auxiliary output voltage. The main advantages of the
proposed converter are that the secondary regulation switch for auxiliary output can achieve the
zero-voltage switching at the entire load conditions and the secondary rectied voltage is a three-
level waveform, which can reduce the output lter. The operational principle, analysis, and
design considerations of the proposed converter are presented.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

VMC Based boost Converter output dc-dc converters with high voltage gain are usually
required in many industrial applications. So that the design a dc-dc boost converters based on 3-
ssc and vmcs is motivated by these observations, the objective of this project is
1.High voltage output with coupled inductor.
2.Increasing the conversion efficiency and voltage gain.
The operating principle of a proposed VMC based dc-dc converter is explained. It also
includes the circuit descriptions and parameters used.
It describes the proposed circuit diagram explanation and simulation circuit. It also
contains information about all the blocks used in the circuit.
It contains result of the simulation circuit and shows the outputs obtained
.
1.4 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
The outline of the project gives the brief description about the contents of the various
chapters .
Chapter 1 includes the concept used in the proposed converter with its objective and
literarure review which tells the concepts of other reference papers.
Chapter 2 contains the detailed voltage converters and the various types of dc-dc voltage
conversion methods.

5
 Chapter 3 explains the detailed study of the voltage multiplier cells and various
arrangements of voltage multiplier cells
Chapter 4 discusses about the simulation results which includes the overall view of
single input multiple output dc-dc converter simulation model and its output waveforms.
Chapter 5 contains the conclusion and also the reference papers

1.5 SUMMARY
The above chapter includes the overview of the project with its literature review
containing more than ten papers. It also includes the objective and outline of the project. The
outline of the project describes the content of each chapters and the objective contains the
modifications done in this project.

6
 CHAPTER 2

VOLTAGE CONVERTER

2.1 INTRODUCTION
A voltage converter changes the voltage of an electrical power source and is usually
combined with other components to create a power supply. The term "voltage converter" is
sometimes used as a generic term for a power supply. A voltage converter or a power supply
may be called a "transformer" even if it does not contain an actual transformer as the term is used
in electronics.
A common use of the term voltage converter is for a device that allows appliances made
for the voltage of one geographical region to operate from the power outlets of another area.[1]
Most single phase alternating current electrical outlets in the world supply power at 210 to 230
volts or at 100 to 125 volts. Converters usually can only double or halve the voltage, but some
can do both.
Often these are sold with plug end adaptors that provide physical compatibility of
normally-incompatible plugs and sockets.
There are a number of methods for converting voltage. For Alternating current (AC) a
transformer can be used to decrease or increase the voltage. The common power supplies for
small electronics usually have a transformer that drops the voltage down to relatively small
voltage ranging from 4.5 to 12 volts, a full-wave rectifier to convert the AC to a pulsed Direct
Current and some additional components to flatten the wave. Some devices have only a
transformer in the external power supply with any rectifier or additional power conditioning
provided inside the appliance. Voltage converters sold for use in cars with 12 volt Direct Current
outlets almost always have no transformer and instead use a zener diode to drop the DC voltage
with a relatively large power loss as heat. Converting a low DC voltage to a high DC voltage
requires conversion to AC, the use of a transformer to increase the voltage and then a rectifier
and conditioning circuit to convert it back to DC. Going through an AC step can also be used to
drop voltage. For example one might use an inverter to produce 110 AC current from a car's el

7
ectrical system and then use the conventional power supply that came with the device.
There are two types of voltage converters, step up and step down. Step up converts from
110 volts to 230 volts and step down will convert from 230 volts to 110 volts. Most voltage
converters convert both ways

2.2 DC to DC converter
In electronic engineering, a DC to DC converter is a circuit which converts a source of
direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a class of power converter.
DC to DC converters are important in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones
and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such electronic
devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement different
than that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes higher or lower than the
supply voltage, and possibly even negative voltage). Additionally, the battery voltage declines as
its stored power is drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a method to increase voltage
from a partially lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using multiple batteries
to accomplish the same thing.

2.3 Conversion methods

2.3.1 Electronic
Linear
Linear regulators can output a lower, but not a higher, voltage from the input. They are
very inefficient if the voltage drop is large and the current high as they dissipate as heat power
equal to the product of the output current and the voltage drop; consequently they are not
normally used for large-drop high-current applications.
The inefficiency wastes power and requires higher-rated, and consequently more
expensive and larger, components. The heat dissipated by high-power supplies is a problem in
itself as it must be removed from the circuitry to prevent unacceptable temperature rises.
They are practical if the current is low, the power dissipated being small, although it may
still be a large fraction of the total power consumed. They are often used as part of a simple

8
regulated power supply for higher currents: a transformer generates a voltage which, when
rectified, is a little higher than that needed to bias the linear regulator. The linear regulator drops
the excess voltage, reducing hum-generating ripple current and providing a constant output
voltage independent of normal fluctuations of the unregulated input voltage from the transformer
bridge rectifier circuit and of the load current.
Linear regulators are inexpensive, reliable if good heat sinking is used and much simpler
than switching regulators. As part of a power supply they may require a transformer, which is
larger for a given power level than that required by a switch-mode power supply. Linear
regulators can provide a very low-noise output voltage, and are very suitable for powering noise-
sensitive low-power analog and radio frequency circuits. A popular design approach is to use an
LDO, Low Drop-out Regulator, that provides a local "point of load" DC supply to a low power
circuit.

2.3.2 Switched-mode conversion

Electronic switch-mode DC to DC converters convert one DC voltage level to another,
by storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output at a different
voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components (inductors,
transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This conversion method is more
power efficient (often 75% to 98%) than linear voltage regulation (which dissipates unwanted
power as heat). This efficiency is beneficial to increasing the running time of battery operated
devices. The efficiency has increased in since the late 1980's due to the use of power FETs,
which are able to switch at high frequency more efficiently than power bipolar transistors, which
have more switching losses and require a more complex drive circuit. Another important
innovation in DC-DC converters is the use of synchronous switching which replaces the
flywheel diode with a power FET with low "On" resistance, reducing switching losses.
Drawbacks of switching converters include complexity, electronic noise (EMI / RFI) and
to some extent cost, although this has come down with advances in chip design.
DC to DC converters are now available as integrated circuits needing minimal additional
components. DC to DC converters are also available as a complete hybrid circuit component,
ready for use within an electronic assembly
9
2.3.4 Magnetic
In these DC to DC converters, energy is periodically stored into and released from a
magnetic field in an inductor or a transformer, typically in the range from 300 kHz to 500 MHz.
By adjusting the duty cycle of the charging voltage, that is the ratio of on/off time, the amount of
power transferred can be controlled. Usually, this is done to control the output voltage, though it
could be done to control the input current, the output current, or maintaining a constant power.
Transformer based converters may provide isolation between the input and the output. In
general, the term "DC to DC converter" refers to one of these switching converters. These
circuits are the heart of a switched-mode power supply. Many topologies exist. This table shows
the most common.
Hard switched - transistors switch quickly while exposed to both full voltage and full
current
Resonant - an LC circuit shapes the voltage across the transistor and current through it
so that the transistor switches when either the voltage or the current is zeroMagnetic DC to DC
converters may be operated in two modes, according to the current in its main magnetic
component (inductor or transformer):
Continuous - the current fluctuates but never goes down to zero
Discontinuous - the current fluctuates during the cycle, going down to zero at or before
the end of each cycle
A converter may be designed to operate in Continuous mode at high power, and in
Discontinuous mode at low power.,
The Half Bridge and Fly back topologies are similar in that energy stored in the magnetic
core needs to be dissipated so that the core does not saturate. Power transmission in a flyback
circuit is limited by the amount of energy that can be stored in the core, while forward circuits
are usually limited by the I/V characteristics of the switches.
Mosfet switches can tolerate simultaneous full current and voltage (although thermal
stress and electro migration can shorten the MTBF), bipolar switches generally don't so require
the use of a snubber (or two)

10
2.3.5 Capacitive
Switched capacitor converters rely on alternately connecting capacitors to the input and
output in differing topologies. For example, a switched-capacitor reducing converter might
charge two capacitors in series and then discharge them in parallel. This would produce an
output voltage of half the input voltage, but at twice the current (minus various inefficiencies).
Because they operate on discrete quantities of charge, these are also sometimes referred to as
charge pump converters. They are typically used in applications requiring relatively small
amounts of current, as at higher current loads the increased efficiency and smaller size of switch-
mode converters makes them a better choice. They are also used at extremely high voltages, as
magnetics would break down at such voltages

2.3.6 Electrochemical
A further means of DC to DC conversion in the kW to many MW range is presented by
using redox flow batteries such as the vanadium redox battery, although this technique has not
been applied commercially to date.

2.4 BOOST CONVERTER STEP-UP CONVERTER

The schematic in Fig. 2.1 shows the basic boost converter. This circuit is used when a
higher output voltage than input is required.

Fig. 2.1: Boost Converter Circuit

11
 While the transistor is ON Vx =Vin, and the OFF state the inductor current flows through
the diode giving Vx =Vo. For this analysis it is assumed that the inductor current always remains
flowing (continuous conduction). The voltage across the inductor is shown in Fig.1.2 and the
average must be zero for the average current to remain in steady state
VinTon+(Vin-Vo)Toff=0
This can be rearranged as
Vo/Vin=T/Toff=1/(1-D)
And for a loss less circuit the power balance ensures

Io/Iin=(1-D)

Fig. 2.2: Voltage and current waveforms (Boost Converter)

Since the duty ratio "D" is between 0 and 1 the output voltage must always be higher
than the input voltage in magnitude. The negative sign indicates a reversal of sense of the output
voltage.

12
 CHAPTER 3

Voltage Multiplier

3.1 Over View

As we have already discussed, when a filter capacitor is connected to the output
rectifier circuit, that capacitor charges to the peak rectified voltage during any half cycle that the
rectifier is producing an output voltage. The capacitor then provides energy to the load until the
rectifier produces another peak to charge the capacitor. But what happens if we rearrange the
circuit components a bit? Can we get the charge placed on the capacitor during one half-cycle to
be added to the rectifier output during the other half-cycle? How far might we extend such an
arrangement, and what would be the cost in both output ripple and available output current?
There are multiple possibilities, and we will examine the main ones on this page.

3.2 A Full-Wave Voltage Doubler

Fig:3.1 full wave voltage doubler circuit

Consider the dual-output half-wave rectifier circuit shown to the left. This is the same
circuit we looked at on the page on rectifiers. If we simply add two filter capacitors to the two
outputs, we'll have two output voltages: one negative, and one positive. Each output will have a

13
significant amount of ripple as soon as load current is drawn from it, but the peak output voltage
will be equal to the peak voltage of the whole transformer secondary winding Now, suppose we
make one change, as shown in the circuit diagram to the right. This change is simply to use the
negative output as our ground reference, and take the positive output voltage as our only output
from the power supply. Since each capacitor charges to the peak secondary voltage, the output
voltage from this circuit will be the sum of the two capacitor voltages, or twice the peak voltage
of the secondary winding.
This circuit, then, operates in such a way as to produce an output voltage that is twice the
transformer secondary voltage. Therefore, it is known as a voltage doubler. More accurately, it is
a full-wave voltage doubler, because it uses both half-cycles of the incoming ac wave.
Of course, doubling the output voltage comes at a price. Each capacitor is charged
individually from its rectifier, but they appear in series to the output. Therefore, the available
output current is only half the current that would be available from a half-wave rectifier by itself.
This makes intuitive sense as well: you cannot get more energy out of the circuit than you put
into it. Therefore, if you double the output voltage, you must cut the current in half to maintain
the same power level.The other factor is the ripple voltage. Each capacitor is recharged while the
other is discharging, so there is some cancellation of the ripple voltages. Nevertheless, the output
ripple of this circuit is significant, and will normally require either additional filtering or
regulation to be usable by most electronic circuits.

3.3 Rearranging the Doubler Circuit

Fig3.2; Rearranging doubler circuit

If we rearrange the diode and capacitor in the negative half of the voltage double circuit
above, we get the circuit shown to the right. This time, one end of the secondary winding is

14
grounded, so that is our reference point. The ungrounded end will be driven alternately negative
and positive with respect to ground.
This circuit operates in a manner that is not quite as straight-forward as the original
voltage doubler we examined. To understand the operation of this circuit clearly, we need to take
a detailed look at it during successive half-cycles of the ac input from the transformer. We will
initially assume ideal components and that C1 = C2
During the first negative half-cycle, D1 will be forward biased and will hold the right
end of C1 at ground. Therefore C1 will charge to a voltage equal to the peak voltage (v p) of the
transformer winding, with its left end being negative with respect to ground.
During the following positive half cycle, D1 will be reverse biased and therefore will not
conduct current. The voltage on C1 will add to the transformer output voltage, so a voltage of
2vp will appear at the left end of D2. Since C2 is not yet charged at all, this will forward bias D2
and allow the voltage at the right end of C1 to be applied to the top of C2. C2 will charge as C1
discharges, until the two capacitors can no longer forward-bias D2. For the first positive half-
cycle, the voltage on C2 will be equal to vp, and C1 will be completely discharged, so that all the
voltage at the left end of D2 comes from the transformer winding.
On the next negative half-cycle, C1 charges again to vp, through D1. If there is no load to
discharge C2, its output will remain at +vp.
On the second positive half-cycle, C2 is still charged to +vp, while the voltage at the left
end of D2 is again +2vp. Again, C1 transfers part of its charge to C2, but this time they stop
when C2 is charged to a voltage of +1.5vp.
This action continues, cycle by cycle, with C1 being fully recharged to vp on each
negative half cycle, and then charging C2 to a voltage halfway between its starting voltage and
+2vp. C2 will never quite charge to +2vp, but it will come very close
With real-world components, of course, there is a small voltage drop across each diode
when it is forward biased. Also, any load on this circuit will draw current from C2 at all times,
thus discharging this capacitor to some extent. However, on each positive half-cycle, C1 will
recharge C2 from the voltage it had at the start of the half-cycle halfway up to +2vp.
Note that the output current capacity of this circuit is still only half the current capacity
of a normal rectifier circuit. Any attempt to draw additional current from the voltage doubler will

15
simply cause C2 to discharge faster, thus reducing the output voltage. It is never possible to get
more power out of the voltage doubler than goes into it.
We can speed up the charging and recharging of C2 if we make C1 larger than C2. For
example, if C1 = 100f and C2 = 10f, C1 can transfer much more charge to C2 on each positive
half-cycle, and the voltage on C2 will increase much faster than the voltage on C1 will decrease.
Of course, this also means that the output current capacity is even more limited, since C2 will
discharge rapidly as well as charging rapidly
Voltage doublers are very useful in situations where the load current is relatively light,
and the required voltage is higher than is available from a standard transformer. For example,
many standard transformers have output voltages of 6.3 vac, 12.6 vac, and 25.2 vac. This dates
back to the days of vacuum tubes, before transistors and integrated circuits were developed.
Vacuum tubes require a heated filament, much like the filament in an incandescent light bulb,
and most such filaments were standardized to operate at either 6.3 vac or 12.6 vac. Hence, many
transformers were designed to provide power to these filaments, and the voltage ratings for
transformer secondary windings have remained standard even though most applications for
vacuum tubes have been turned over to semiconductor devices.
Therefore, if you find that you have an application that requires a 45 volt dc power
supply, you might well start with a 25.2 volt transformer and use a voltage doubler to obtain the
necessary voltage.

3.4 A Voltage Tripler And Beyond

Fig3.3: voltage tripler circuit

16
 One very useful feature of the modified voltage doubler circuit above is that it is
expandable. In the circuit to the right we have re-drawn the diodes and capacitors, and added a
third section. The result here is a voltage tripler the output voltage is triple the transformer
secondary voltage.
The first two sections, consisting of C1-D1 and C2-D2, still operate as a voltage doubler
exactly as described above. With the addition of C3-D3, however, we see an additionaleffect.
On the negative half-cycles when D1 is forward biased, D3 is also forward biased by the
voltage on C2. Therefore C2 and C3 are effectively connected in parallel by D1 and D3, while
D2 remains reverse biased and therefore does not conduct. As a consequence of this parallel
connection, C2 shares its charge with C3 and both capacitors get charged towards a voltage of
+2vp.
On the positive half-cycles, D1 and D3 are off, and D2 is on. This allows C2 to recharge
from C1, but it also connects C1 and C3 in series, thus increasing the output voltage even more
than the voltage doubler circuit.
The output voltage from this circuit will fluctuate on alternate half-cycles so that a
considerable amount of filtering will be required to produce a smooth dc output. Once all
capacitors are fully charged under no-load conditions, this output will vary from +2vp on
negative half-cycles to +4vp on positive half-cycles. The average output voltage will be +3vp, so
this circuit is a voltage tripler.
The story doesn't end here, either. If we add another C-D section with C4 in series with
C2 and D4 echoing the placement of D2, we will have a voltage qua drupler. Furthermore, since
C2's left end is connected directly to ground, the fluctuations applied by the transformer winding
to C1 and C3 do not apply.
Without a load, C4 will charge to almost +4vp and remain there. Of course, with a load,
C4 will discharge relatively rapidly. After all, when we quadruple the output voltage, the
available output current must be quartered to avoid the attempt to draw more power from the
output than is provided to the input.
With ideal components, there is no theoretical limit to how far this circuit can be
extended. In the real world, however, there are always practical limits. Between diode voltage
drops and charge lost in imperfect capacitors, any attempt to extend this circuit beyond about 10

17
sections will fail to provide any useful voltage increase. Also, the presence of any load will
drastically reduce the output voltage of a high-order voltage multiplier
Nevertheless, there are practical uses for such circuits. Consider a typical electronic
flashgun for photography. It is powered by a battery composed of two to four AA or AAA-sized
cells, at 1.5 volts each. When you turn it on, you hear a high-pitched whine for several seconds,
and then the circuit is ready to fire the actual flash tube.
What you hear is an oscillator circuit, which generates an ac output when powered from
a dc source. The whine is a harmless side effect. The ac output is applied to a high-order voltage
multiplier which builds up enough voltage to operate the flash tube. When the flash is triggered,
the capacitors all discharge through it, thus providing one momentary burst of light from the
flash tube. Then the voltage multiplier must recharge for several seconds before the circuit is
ready to fire the flash tube again.
Any application that calls for a brief application of high voltage at infrequent intervals is
a good candidate for a high-order voltage multiplier circuit.

3.5 Voltage Doubler

Fig3.4:voltage doubler ciruit

It's best to read the page on the half-wave rectifier, first Point A is doing the opposite of
point B. As A increases in a positive direction, B increases negatively, and vice-versa.

18
 Fig3.5: Voltage doubler circuit

When A is positive, D1 is forward biased and charges C1 to the peak voltage, as in

diagram2. D 2 is reverse biased and does not conduct. When A goes negative, D1 is reverse
biased and does not conduct. D2 is forward biased and charges C2 to the peak voltage, as in
diagram 3.

We now have two capacitors in series, each charged to the peak voltage. The voltage
across the load is. therefore, twice the peak voltage. The voltage has been doubled.

19
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 PROPOSED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig4.1: boost converter based on 3SSC and 5VMC circuit

The above circuit diagram boost converter based on 3 ssc and 5 Five multiplier cells
constituted by diodes and capacitors. The converter is able to operate in overlapping mode and
non-overlapping mode the proposed circuit showing the 5 multiplier stages. The composing
elements are: input voltage source Vi; boost inductor L, and windings with L1 and

20
L2 turns, controlled switches S1and S2; multiplier stage diodes D1- D10; multiplier stage
capacitors C1-C10; boost diodes D11 and D12; output filter capacitor Co and equivalent load
resistor Ro. In order to verify the claimed advantages of the converter family, the converter
shown in.

4.2 Modes Of Operation

4.2.1 Mode 1

Fig 4.2; Mode 1 circuit diagram

In mode1 operation Switches S1 and S2 are turned ON, while all diodes are reverse
biased. Energy is stored in inductor L and there is no energy transfer to the load. The output
capacitor provides energy to the load. This stage finishes when switch S1 is turned off

21
4.2.2 Mode 2

Fig 4.3: Mode 2 circuit diagram

In mode2 operation Switch S1 is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD9 is
forward biased. There is no energy transfer to the load as well. Inductor L stores energy,
capacitors C1 a C3,C5 and C7 are discharged, and capacitors C2 , C4 , and C6,C8,C10 are
charged.

22
4.2.3 Mode 3

Fig 4.4:Mode 3 circuit diagram

Switch S1 is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD7 is forward biased,
while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through
D11 .Inductor L stores energy, capacitors C1,C3 C5,C7, C9 are discharged, and capacitors C2 ,
C4 ,and C6,C8 are charged

23
4.2.4 Mode 4

Fig 4.5; Mode 4 circuit diagram

Mode 3 state Switch S1 is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD5 is
forward biased, while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the
output stage through D11. Inductor L stores energy, capacitors C1,C3,C5,C7,C9 are discharged,
and capacitors C2 , C4 , C6 are charged.

24
4.2.5 Mode 5

Fig 4.6 Mode 5 circuit diagram

Mode 5 operation Switch S1 is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD3 is
forward biased while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the
output stage through D11. Inductor L stores energy, capacitor C1, C3, C5, C7, C9 are
discharged, and capacitors C2, C4 are charged.

25
4.2.6 Mode 6

Fig 4.7 Mode 6 circuit diagram

In mode 6 state Switch S2 remains turned ON, diode D3 is reverse biased, and diode D1
is forward biased while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the
load through D11. The inductor is discharged, and so are capacitors C1, C3, and C5, C7, C9
while C2 is charged.

26
4.2.7 Mode 7

Fig 4.8 Mode 7 circuit diagram

Mode 7 Switch S2 is turned OFF and switch S1 is still turned ON. Diode D10 is forward
biased while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. The inductor is charged by the input
source, although capacitors C2, C4, C6, and C8 are discharged and the capacitors C1, C3, C5,
C7, C9 are charged.

27
4.2.8 Mode 8

Fig 4.9 Mode 8 circuit diagram

Mode 8 circuit Switches S1 turned ON, DiodeD8 is forward biased, while all the
remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D12. The
inductor stores energy and capacitors C1, C3, C5 and C7 are charged. Capacitor C2 is
discharged, and so are C4, C6, C8 and C10.

28
4.2.9 Mode 9

Fig 4.10 Mode 9 circuit diagram

Switches S1turned ON, Diode D6 is forward biased, while all the remaining ones are
reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor stores energy,
and capacitors C1and C3, C5, are charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4 and C6,
C8, C10.

29
4.2.10 Mode 10

Fig 4.11 Mode 10 circuit diagram

Mode 10 Switches S1turned ON, Diode D4 is forward biased, while all the remaining
ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor
stores energy and capacitors C1and C3 are charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4
and C6, C8, C10.

30
4.2.11 Mode 11

Fig 4.12 Mode 11 circuit diagram

Switches S1turned ON, Diode D2 is forward biased, while all the remaining ones are
reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor stores energy
and capacitors C1 is charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4 and C6, C8, C10.

32
 CHAPTER 5

SIMULATION MODEL AND OUTPUTS

5.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include

Math and computation.

Algorithm development.

Data acquisition.

Modeling, simulation and prototyping.

Data analysis, exploration, and visualization.

Scientific and engineering graphics.

Application development, including graphical user interface building.

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially
those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a
program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB
stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix
software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines
incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for
matrix computation
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-

33
productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB features a family of add-on
application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB,
toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive
collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve
particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing,
control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

5.2 SIM POWER SYSTEMS

Sim Power Systems and other products of the Physical Modeling product family work
together with Simulink to model electrical, mechanical and control systems. Sim Power
Systems operates in the Simulink environment. Therefore, before starting this user's guide, you
should be familiar with Simulink. For help with Simulink, see the Simulink documentation. Or,
if you apply Simulink to signal processing and communications tasks (as opposed to control
system design tasks), see the Signal Processing Block set documentation

5.3 THE ROLE OF SIMULATION IN DESIGN

Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical
devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly
improving the performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency
have forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated control
system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further complicating the
analyst's role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it is
through simulation .Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is
not the only use of power systems.
A common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control
systems to achieve their performance objectives. Sim Power Systems is a modern design tool
that allows scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power
systems.

34
 Sim Power Systems uses the Simulink environment, allowing you to build a model using
simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your
analysis of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other
disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the
extensive Simulink modeling library. Since Simulink uses MATLAB as its computational
engine, designers can also use MATLAB toolboxes and Simulink block sets. Sim Power Systems
and Sim Mechanics share a special Physical Modeling block and connection line interface.

5.4 SIMPOWER SYSTEMS LIBRARIES

The libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines,
machines, and power electronics. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and
their validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation
Laboratory of Hydro-Qubec, a large North American utility located in Canada, and also on the
experience of Evolve de Technologies superior and Universities Laval. The capabilities of Sim
Power Systems for modeling a typical electrical system are illustrated in demonstration files.
And for users who want to refresh their knowledge of power system theory, there are also self-
learning case studies. The Sim Power Systems main library, power lib, organizes its blocks into
libraries according to their behavior. The power lib library window displays the block library
icons and names. Double-click a library icon to open the library and access the blocks. The main
Sim Power Systems power lib library window also contains the Power gui block that opens a
graphical user interface for the steady-state analysis of electrical circuits.

5.4.1 BUILDING A CIRCUIT WITH POWERLIB LIBRARY

The graphical user interface makes use of the Simulink functionality to interconnect
various electrical components. The electrical components are grouped in a library called
powerlib. You can open these libraries to produce the windows containing the blocks to be
copied into your circuit. Each component is represented by a special icon having one or several
inputs and outputs corresponding to the different terminals of the component

35
 Figure 5.4.1 Pictorial representation of powerlib
Open the Sim Power Systems library by entering the following command at the
MATLAB prompt. This command displays a Simulink window showing icons of different block
libraries.
From the File menu of the powerlib window, open a new window to contain your first
circuit and save it as circuit1.
Open the Electrical Sources library and copy the AC Voltage Source block into the
circuit 1 window. C components have disappeared so that the icon now shows a single resistor.

5.4.2 INTERFACING THE CIRCUIT WITH SIMULINK

Figure5.4.2 Pictorial representation of sample circui

36
 The Voltage Measurement block acts as an interface between the Sim Power Systems
blocks and the Simulink blocks. For the system shown above, you implemented such an interface
from the electrical system to the Simulink system. The Voltage Measurement block converts the
measured voltages into Simulink signals. Similarly, the Current Measurement block from the
Measurements library of powerlib can be used to convert any measured current into a Simulink
signal. You can also interface from Simulink blocks to the electrical system. For example, you
can use the Controlled Voltage Source block to inject a voltage in an electrical circuit, as shown
in the following figure 5.4.2.
Measuring Voltages and Currents:
When you measure a current using a Current Measurement block, the positive direction
of current is indicated on the block icon (positive current flowing from + terminal to terminal)
Similarly, when you measure a voltage using a Voltage Measurement block, the measured
voltage is the voltage of the + terminal with respect to the terminal. However, when voltages
and currents of blocks from the Elements library are measured using the Multimeter block, the
voltage and current polarities are not immediately obvious because blocks might have been
rotated and there are no signs indicating polarities on the block icons.

5.5 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

A new file is opened in SIMULINK software. The complete process of simulating the
model can be subdivided into stage as follows.
1.Complete circuit
2.Simulating the model
5.5.1 COMPLETE CIRCUIT
Dc source
In Simulink all the blocks are taken from Simulink library browser. DC source is taken
from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > ELECTRICAL SOURCE > DC VOLTAGE SOURCE placed
inside the model.
Mutual inductance
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > ELEMENTS > MULTIWINDING MUTUAL
INDUCTANCE and placed in model.
37
Diode
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > POWER ELECTRONICS > DIODE and
placed in model.
Mosfet
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > POWER ELECTRONICS > MOSFET and
placed in model.
RLC Branch
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > ELEMENTS > BRANCHES and placed in
model.
Product
It is taken from SIMULINK > COMMONLY USED BLOCK > PRODUCT and placed
in model.
Logical operator
It is taken from SIMULINK > COMMONLY USED BLOCK > LOGICAL
OPERATOR and placed in model.
Voltage measurement
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > MEASUREMENTS > VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS and placed in model.
Current measurement
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > MEASUREMENTS > CURRENT
MEASUREMENTS and placed in model.
Scope
It is taken from SIMULINK > SINKS > SCOPE and placed in model.
All these blocks are connected to form a circuit and the results are obtained by doing
simulation.

38
5.5.2 SIMULATION MODEL OF PROPOSED CIRCUIT

Fig 5.5.2 dc-dc boost converter based on 3-ssc and 5- vmc simulation circuit

39
5.5.3 Input voltage

Fig 5.5.3 Input voltage given to the proposed circuit simulated in MATLAB
5.5.4 Gate pulses

Fig 5.5.4 Triggering pulse wave form

40
5.5.5 Current across diode D1&D2

Fig 5.5.5 Current across d1&d2 simulated wave form

41
5.5.6 Output voltage and current

Fig 5.5.6 Output voltage and current and simulated wave form

The above fig shows the simulated output current and voltage waveforms taken across the
load in single scope for power P=600Watts.

42
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed non isolated high gain voltage dcdc converters. To verify the
principle operation of the generated structures, the boost converter was chosen.and the topology
is adequate for several applications such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cell systems, and UPSs,
where high voltage gain between the input and output voltages is demanded.
The simulation results show that the proposed topology based on 3 ssc and 5 vmc has
increased voltage gain The proposed topology has higher current handling capability &low input
current ripple

6.2 future scope

In future work to change the boost converter and to increase the vmc level to optain high
voltage gain and improve efficiency

43
 REFERENCES

[1].S. V.Araujo, R. P.Torrico-Bascope, G. V.Torrico-Bascope, and L.Menezes,Step-up

converter with high voltage gain employing threen state switching cell and voltage multiplier, in
Proc. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2008, pp. 22712277

[2].R. A. da Camara, C.M.T.Cruz,and R.P.Torrico-Bascope,Boost based on three-state

switching cell for UPS applications, in Proc. Brazilian Power Electron. Conf., 2009, pp. 313
318.

[3].K.C.Tseng and T.J.Liang,Novel high-efficiency step-up converter,IEE Proc.

Electr.Power Appl.,vol.151, no.2, pp.182190,Mar.2004

[4].M.Prudente,L.L.Pfitscher,G.Emmendoerfer, E.F Romaneli,and R.Gules,Voltage

multiplier cells applied to non-isolated converters,IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2,
pp. 871887, Mar. 2008

[5].M. Berkhout and L. Dooper,Class-D audio amplifiers in mobile applications,IEEE

Trans.Circuits Syst.I,Reg.Papers,vol.57,no.5,pp.9921002,May 2010.

[6].E. K.Sato, M.Kinoshita, Y.Yamamoto,and T.Amboh,Redundant highdensity

high-efficiency double-conversion uninterruptible power system,IEEE Trans. Ind.Appl.,vol. 46,
no.4, pp.15251533,Jul./Aug. 2010.

[7].Z. Amjadiand, S.S.Williamson,Power-electronics-based solutions for plug-in hybrid

electric vehicle energy storage and management systems, IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron., vol. 57, no.
2, pp.608616,Feb.2010

[8].L.G.Junior,M.A.G.Brito,L.P.Sampaio,and,C.A.Canesin,Integratedinverter topologies
for low power photovoltaic systems,in Proc. Int.Conf.Ind.Appl.,2010, pp.15.

44
 [9].Rong-Jong Wai, Member, IEEE,and Rou-Yong Duan High Step-Up Converter With
Coupled-Inductor, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 5, Sep. 2005.

[10].C.Chae,H.Le,K.Lee,G.Cho-inductor step-up DCDC switching converter with

bipolar outputs for active matrix OLED mobile display panels, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.
44, no. 2, pp. 509524, Feb. 2009.

45