ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Measuring humidity is the same as Whirling Psychrometer.

1. WHIRLING PSYCHROMETER
It consists of a wooden frame with a handle attached to it. The handle is used for
rotating. Two thermometers are mounted in the wooden frame. They are mounted
such that they do not break when wooden frame is rotated. One of the
thermometers is directly exposed to atmosphere while the other has a muslin cloth
wrapped around the bulb. The muslin cloth has one end (lower) dipped in water
container. The water from container makes the muslin cloth wet by capillary
action. The former records dry-bulb temperature while the latter one records wet-
bulb temperature.
The muslin cloth, wrapped around the bulb of the thermometer, is made wet using
distilled water. Then the wooden frame is rotated at a uniform speed of around
200 rpm for a span of 1-2 minute, so that a steady reading is obtained. This rotation
provides the air-current causing water to evaporate. Due to this, the temperature
of the thermometer with wet-muslin cloth is depressed.
Shift the setting line on the hygrometer to the dry bulb temperature. Locate the
web bulb temperature and match the value on the relative humidity scale.
NB: DB temp are normally higher than WB temp.
3. MASONS PSYSCHROMETER
The mason type psychrometer is an instrument consisting of two thermometers,
used in the measurement of the moisture content (humidity) of air or other gases.
The bulb of one of the thermometers is covered by a thin piece of muslin cloth
(wick) wetted uniformly with distilled water. The temperatures of both the bulb
and the air contacting the bulb are lowered by evaporation which takes place when
unsaturated air moves past the wetted bulb. An equilibrium temperature, called
the wet bulb temperature, will be reached; it closely approaches the lowest
temperature to which air can be cooled by evaporation of water into that air. The
water vapor content of the air surrounding the wet bulb can then be determined by
calculating the difference between the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb
temperature. The final determination is known as relative humidity, or the amount
of moisture in the air as compared with the maximum amount that the air could
contain at the same temperature. Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage.
Where the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures are the same, the atmosphere is
saturated.
Hang in the desired environment for sometime (> 6 hrs) and read the dry and wet
bulb temperatures. Measuring humidity is the same as Whirling Psychrometer.

2. ASPIRATION PSYCHROMETER
When the fan is kept on, the air through inner sleeves (metal sleeves provided at
the bulb of each thermometer) and annular spaces enters the apparatus. The air
travels through the central tube and goes out of the apparatus through the slits
provided at the top near the fan. The fan is kept on for an interval of approximately
3 minutes. The fan should provide a velocity of more than 2m/s. This is done to
ensure that wet-bulb thermometer attains a constant temperature.
Wet the wick with distilled water using the aspirator. Tension the knob to suck in
air. Record the DB and WB temperatures
 4. POLYMETER
The polymeter is a hair hygrometer combined with a thermometer for measuring
of air temperature and relative humidity.
The treated hair is coupled with the pointer of the polymeter. Hang in the desired
environment. As the hair retains moisture, it deflects the pointer to give the
relative humidity.
7. VANE ANEMOMETER
Measures wind speed. It has eyelid (used to reset the pointer). Has a one-minute
timer. It has a definite source of flow. It has 10 pressure plates that rotate in the
clockwise direction. Has a big scale (100m) and a small scale. One complete cycle
on the big scale represents 1 on the small scale.

5. GLOBE THERMOMETER
Globe Thermometer is used to measure radiant heat. It consists of a
mercury-in-glass thermometer with its bulb located at the center of a matt-black
metal globe (or sphere).
A hollow metal globe coated on the outside with matt-black paint absorbs the
radiant heat from surrounding objects so that, after a time lag, the temperature at
the center of the globe is a measure of the radiant heat and not of the air
surrounding it. A temperature sensor inserted into the globe measures this
temperature 8. MINING ANEROID BAROMETER
It is used to measure atmospheric pressure. It has a bellow (like a balloon) attached
to the pointer which gets inflated with pressure and deflect the readings. It has
both a thermometer and a pointer.

6. CUP ANEMOMETER
Made up of three hemispheres fitted 120degrees from one another. They rotate in
the anti-clockwise direction and the pointer deflects to indicate the wind speed
[m/s].
 9. U-TUBE MANOMETER 11. DRAGER PUMP
The manometric fluid used is water. Pour water into the u-tube and make sure It is used in conjunction with colorimetric glass tubes for determining presence of
water levels at both ends are the same. Connect one end to the source of wind/air specific gases. The diaphragm (side) can take 100 cubic cm of air. A husk is used
(e.g blow air at one end). Measure the h (difference between new water level at to break the ends of the glass tube. Air is sucked in and the change in colour of
both sides). the colorimetric glass tube shows the presence of a specific gas in the air (the gas
reacts with the compound in the glass tube).
P = Pgh + atm
Where Pgh = guage pressure
Atm = atmospheric pressure

12. KATA THERMOMETER

It is used to measure the cooling power. Thermometric fluid used is Alcohol. It is
10. TYPE 4 MANOMETER
graduated at 38 and 35 deg. Celsius only.
It is used in conjunction with the pitot static tube (pressure tapping instrument).
Cooling power = Cooling factor / Time
The manometric fluid (stored in its reservoir) used is Alcohol.
Heat water to about 80 deg. Celsius and dip the bulb of the Kata thermometer in
Short tube can be used in four positions (Top inclined, Mid inclined, Bottom
it. Start timer to get time taken for the liquid to fall from 38 to 35 deg. Celsius.
inclined and Vertical inclined) while the long tube can be used in three positions
(Top inclined, Bottom inclined and Vertical inclined).
There is a scale multiplier for the various positions for the short and long tube.
At vertical position, it can measure large pressure differences while at the bottom
position, it can measure very small pressure differences.
 13. GRAVIKON DUST SAMPLER
It is AC-powered device used to measure the volume of concentration of dust.

Vol. of conc. of dust = 22.5

22.5 = Suction rate

It comes with a filter cassette case used to store filter cassettes which contains
filter papers.
Getting initial weight :- Heat the filter paper in an oven to about 105 deg. Celsius
and weigh in a sensitive weighing scale. Record weight as initial weight.
Getting final weight :- introduce the filter paper to the instrument. Cover with
the appropriate head and power the device for about 8 hours. Heat the used filter
paper in the oven to about 105 deg. Celsius and weigh again in a sensitive
weighing scale. Record weight as final weight.