TOPIC: Temperature DATE: July 7, 2017

SUBJECT: Instrumentation and Control

PRESENTORS:
ABARCA, IVY CLAIRE P.
SENTIN, ROWELL J.

INTRODUCTION
Temperature and heat are not the same phenomenon. Temperature is a measure of the
intensity or degree of hotness in a body which is determined by getting the average speed of a
bodys molecule. On the other hand, heat is a measure of the quantity of heat energy present in a
body.

TEMPERATURE SCALES
A number of measurement scales have been invented to measure temperature. The most
commonly used scale for measuring temperature is the Celsius system. This Celsius scale was
developed by Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer year 1742. In this system, the melting
point was given a value of 0, the boiling point is 100, and the absolute zero is 273. Another
scale for measuring a temperature is Fahrenheit system. Fahrenheit system is a temperature
scale that is exclusively used in the United States. This system was created by a German
physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714. The melting point of this system has a value of 32, the
boiling point is 212, and its absolute zero has a temperature of -460. The last scale system is the
Kelvin scale which was proposed by British Physicist Lord Kelvin in 1848. This system is often
used by scientists because its temperature reading begin at absolute zero and due to the fact that
this scale is proportional to the amount of heat energy found in an object. The kelvin scale
assigns a value of 273 for the melting temperature, while the boiling point occurs at 373.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
Many physical processes are affected by temperature, such as:
1. Physical properties of materials including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma),
density, solubility, vapor pressure, electrical conductivity.
2. Rate and extent to which chemical reaction occur.
3. The amount and properties of thermal radiation emitted from the surface of an object.
4. Speed of sound is a function of the square root of the absolute temperature.

KINETIC THEORY APPROACH TO TEMPERATURE

Kinetic theory provides a microscopic explanation of temperature, based on macroscopic
systems' being composed of many microscopic particles, such as molecules and ions of various
species, the particles of a species being all alike. It explains macroscopic phenomena through the
classical mechanics of the microscopic particles. The equipartition theorem of kinetic theory
asserts that each classical degree of freedom of a freely moving particle has an average kinetic
energy of kBT/2 where kB denotes Boltzmann's constant. The translational motion of the particle
has three degrees of freedom, so that, except at very low temperatures where quantum effects
predominate, the average translational kinetic energy of a freely moving particle in a system with
temperature T will be 3kBT/2.
It is possible to measure the average kinetic energy of constituent microscopic particles if they
are allowed to escape from the bulk of the system. The spectrum of velocities has to be
measured, and the average calculated from that. It is not necessarily the case that the particles
that escape and are measured have the same velocity distribution as the particles that remain in
the bulk of the system, but sometimes a good sample is possible.

Molecules, such as oxygen (O2), have more degrees of freedom than single spherical atoms: they
undergo rotational and vibrational motions as well as translations. Heating results in an increase
in temperature due to an increase in the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules.
Heating will also cause, through equipartitioning, the energy associated with vibrational and
rotational modes to increase. Thus a diatomic gas will require more energy input to increase its
temperature by a certain amount, i.e. it will have a greater heat capacity than a monatomic gas.

The process of cooling involves removing internal energy from a system. When no more energy
can be removed, the system is at absolute zero, though this cannot be achieved experimentally.
Absolute zero is the null point of the thermodynamic temperature scale, also called absolute
temperature. If it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero, all classical motion of its
particles would cease and they would be at complete rest in this classical sense. Microscopically
in the description of quantum mechanics, however, matter still has zero-point energy even at
absolute zero, because of the uncertainty principle.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Temperature measurement using modern scientific thermometers and temperature scales goes
back at least as far as the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit adapted a thermometer
(switching to mercury) and a scale both developed by Ole Christensen Rmer. Fahrenheit's scale
is still in use in the United States for non-scientific applications.

Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature

scales. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the
Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. Most scientists measure
temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the Kelvin scale,
which is the Celsius scale offset so that its null point is 0K = 273.15C, or absolute zero. Many
engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and
military), also use the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely
upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related
disciplines such as combustion.

DATA ACQUISITION
The circuit of Figure 1 measures exhaust gas temperature in a furnace. The 10-bit LTC1091A
gives 0.5C resolution over a 0C to 500C range. The LTC1052 amplifies and filters the
thermocouple signal, the LT1025A provides cold junction compensation and the LT1019A
provides an accurate reference. The J type thermocouple characteristic is linearized digitally
inside the MCU. Linear interpolation between known temperature points spaced 30C apart
introduces less than 0.1C error. The code for linearizing is available from LTC. The 1024 steps
provided by the LTC1091 (24 more than the required 1000) insure 0.5C resolution even with
the thermocouple curvature.
EQUIPMENT:
Thermocouple Thermometer-a device that measures temperature on the basis of the
thermoelectric principle.

COMPONENTS:
SYMBOLS
TM - measurement junction temperature
TR - reference junction temperature
A - metal A
B - metal B
C - metal C
DIAGRAM

This shows that the measurement junction, TM, is exposed to the environment whose
temperature is to be measured. This junction is formed of metals A and B as shown. Two other
junctions are then formed to a common metal, C, which then connects to the measurement
apparatus. The reference junctions are held at a common, known temperature, the reference
junction temperature. When an emf is measured, such problems as voltage drops across resistive
elements in the loop must be considered. The voltage produced has a magnitude dependent on
the absolute magnitude of the temperature difference and a polarity dependent on which
temperature is larger, reference or measurement junction. Thus, it is not necessary that the
measurement junction have a higher temperature than the reference junctions, but both
magnitude and sign of the measured voltage must be noted.
MEASUREMENT

A thermocouple is a junction of dissimilar metal wires, usually joined to a third metal wire
through two reference junctions. A voltage is developed across the common metal wire that is
proportional, almost linearly, to the difference in temperature between the measurement and
reference junctions. Extensive tables of temperature versus voltage for numerous types of TCs
using standard metals and alloys allow an accurate determination of temperature at the reference
junctions. The voltage must be measured at high impedance to avoid loading effects on the
measured voltage. Thus, potentiometric, operational amplifiers, or other high-impedance
techniques are employed in signal conditioning.
TESTING AND MEASUREMENT ERRORS
i. Due to susceptibility to corrosion: Because thermocouples consist of two dissimilar
metals, in some environments corrosion over time may result in deteriorating accuracy.
Hence, they may need protection; and care and maintenance are essential.
ii. Due to susceptibility to noise: When measuring microvolt-level signal changes, noise
from stray electrical and magnetic fields can be a problem. Twisting the thermocouple
wire pair can greatly reduce magnetic field pickup. Using a shielded cable or running
wires in metal conduit and guarding can reduce electric field pickup. The measuring
device should provide signal filtering, either in hardware or by software, with strong
rejection of the line frequency (50 Hz/60 Hz) and its harmonics.
Measurement and Control of Non- Electrical Quantities
Temperature
The presence of thermocouple itself provides non- electrical quantities. Through a reference
temperature we can get the voltage difference and therefore that signal is amplified. Through the
use ICs it can display the temperature measurement.
Telemetering
Software reference
In computer-based measurement systems, the reference junction temperature can be measured by
a precision thermistor or another IC temperature sensor and provided as an input to the computer.
Software routines then can provide necessary corrections to the thermocouple temperature signal
that is also an input to the computer.