Chapter:-1: Introduction of Project

Automatic Water Heater Controlling
CHAPTER:- 1
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
In this project we can control water heater automatically. It no needs manual

operation for switching OFF the water heater. In this heater we have place a temperature
sensor Which senses the seted temperature as the temperature reaches its critical value then
buzzer is ON and heater is turn OFF automatically. The Automatic Water Heater Control by
Using Microcontroller is so useful in day to day life because it save our electricity and man
efforts.
In this Water Heater can control the temperature of water by using temperature
sensor. In this project, LM35 senses the temperature of water and give output to the
comparator it will convert output of LM35 in to square wave as high and low logic level. Now
comparator will compare the measured value & the set point. Then it is given to the
microcontroller through port 2. Then its output is connected to driver IC ULN2003. These IC
drives the relay and buzzer . The heater is connected through relay to the driver IC.
1.2 Need of system

The need main of the system is to save the power and reduce man efforts. The
Automatic water heater control fulfill the need of systems.
It saves the energy and power of the system as well as it save the time and man efforts.
1.3 Our Aim

The main aim of our project is to save the energy and man efforts as well as it save the time.
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CHAPTER:- 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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2.1 Block Diagram
Fig 1: Block Diagram
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2.2 Circuit Diagram
Fig 2: Circuit Diagram
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2.3 EXPLANATION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Above figure shows the circuit diagram of automatic water heater control by using
microcontroller. In the above figure we us the LM35 (Temperature sensor), LM358
(Comparator), transistor, AT89C51 Microcontroller, Buzzer, ULN2003 Driver Ic, Heater,
Resistor, capacitor, Relay.
In this Water Heater can control the temperature of water by using temperature
sensor. In this project, LM35 senses the temperature of water and give output to the comparator
it will convert output of LM35 in to square wave as high and low logic level. Now comparator
will compare the measured value & the set point.Then it is given to the microcontroller through
port 1. Then its output is connected to driver IC ULN2003. These IC drives the relay and
buzzer. The heater is connected through relay to the driver IC.
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2.4 PCB LAYOUT
Fig 3: PCB Layout
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2.5 FLOW CHART
Fig 4: Flow chart
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CHAPTER:-3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
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3.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
Almost all basic household electronic circuits need an unregulated AC to be

converted to constant DC, in order to operate the electronic device. All devices will have a
certain power supply limit and the electronic circuits inside these devices must be able to supply
a constant DC voltage within this limit. That is, all the active and passive electronic devices
will have a certain DC operating point (Q-point or Quiescent point), and this point must be
achieved by the source of DC power. The DC power supply is practically converted to each
and every stage in an electronic system. Thus a common requirement for all this phases will be
the DC power supply. All low power system can be run with a battery. But, for long time
operating devices, batteries could prove to be costly and complicated. The best method used is
in the form of an unregulated power supply a combination of a transformer, rectifier and a
filter.
A small step down transformer is used to reduce the voltage level to the
devices needs. In India, a 1 supply is available at 230 volts. The output of the transformer is
a pulsating sinusoidal AC voltage, which is converted to pulsating DC with the help of a
rectifier. This output is given to a filter circuit which reduces the AC ripples, and passes the
DC components. But here are certain disadvantages in using an unregulated power supply.
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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY
Fig 5 :- block diagram of power supply
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3.3 Power supply (battery)
Fig:- Power supply (battery)
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to

an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical
energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into
larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found
in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical energy
transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells,
electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or
another power supply.
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Regulator:-
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative
feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components.
Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power

supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control
the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage
independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
7805 regulator:-
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of

fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations
and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output
voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed
to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can
be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
Pin Description:
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Pin No Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
LM 7812 :-
7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 12V voltage regulator circuits.
Truly speaking it is a complete standalone voltage regulator. We only need to use two
capacitors, one on the input and second one on the output of 7812 in order to achieve
clean voltage output and even these capacitors are optional to use. To achieve 12V 1A
current, 7812 should be mounted on a good heat sink plate. Thanks to the transistor like
shape of 7812 which makes it easy to mount on a heat sink plate. 7812 has built in over
heat and short circuit protection which makes it a good choice for making power supplies.
Features:-
Output Current up to 1.5 A

Available in Fixed 5-V, 12-V, and 15-V Options
Output Voltage Tolerances of 2% at TJ = 25C (LM340A)
Line Regulation of 0.01% / V of at 1-A Load (LM340A)
Load Regulation of 0.3% / A (LM340A)
Internal Thermal Overload, Short-Circuit and SOA Protection
Available in Space-Saving SOT-223 Package
Output Capacitance Not Required for Stability
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3.4 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER:-

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible
with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase
Cycles
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
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3.5 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 6:AT89C51
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3.6 PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC: Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
Port0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data
bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes
during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the
low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2:
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external
data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong
internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port
2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming
and verification.
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Port 3:
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also receives some control
signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
ALE Port Pin Alternate Functions P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external
input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD
(external data memory read strobe) 4 AT89C51 pulse is skipped during each access to external
Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin
is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.
PSEN
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external
data memory.
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EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt
VPP.
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2:Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1

and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively.
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3.7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Fig 7:- crystal oscillator
An electronic circuit or electronic device that is used to generate periodically

oscillating electronic signal is called as an electronic oscillator. The electronic signal produced
by an oscillator is typically a sine wave or square wave. An electronic oscillator converts the
direct current signal into an alternating current signal. The radio and television transmitters are
broad casted using the signals generated by oscillators. The electronic beep sounds and video
game sounds are generated by the oscillator signals. These oscillators generate signals using
the principle of oscillation.
There are different types of oscillator electronic circuits such as Linear oscillators
Hartley oscillator, Phase-shift oscillator, Armstrong oscillator, Clapp oscillator, Colpitts
oscillator, and so on, Relaxation oscillators Royer oscillator, Ring oscillator, Multivibrator,
and so on, and Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). In this article, let us discuss in detail about
Crystal oscillator like what is crystal oscillator, crystal oscillator circuit, working, and use of
crystal oscillator in electronic circuits.
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3.8 LM35 (TEMPERATURE SENSOR)
Fig 8 :- LM35 (Temperature sensor)
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature

devices with an output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35
device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade
scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of C at room temperature and C over a full 55C to 150C
temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
low-output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device
makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
Features
Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10-mV/C Scale Factor

0.5C Ensured Accuracy (at 25C)
Rated for Full 55C to 150C Range
Suitable for Remote Applications
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CHAPTER :-4
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4.1 LM358 (COMPARATOR)
Fig 9 :- LM358 ( comparator)
The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC.
It is designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally frequency
compensated, high gain, independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to operate
from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The LM358 IC is available in a chip
sized package and applications of this op amp include conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain
blocks and transducer amplifiers. LM358 IC is a good, standard operational amplifier and it is
suitable for your needs. It can handle 3-32V DC supply & source up to 20mA per channel. This
op-amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps for a single power supply. Its
available in an 8-pin DIP package
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Features :
The features of the LM358 IC are
It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated for unity gain
The large voltage gain is 100 dB
Wide bandwidth is 1MHz
Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies
Range of Single power supply is from 3V to 32V
Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V
The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 A
2mV low i/p offset voltage
Common mode i/p voltage range comprises ground
The power supply voltage and differential i/p voltages are similar
o/p voltage swing is large.
4.2 TRANSISTOR
Fig 10:- Transistor

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BC547 transistor
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of

resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger
current at collector & emitter terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of
its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the
transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is
amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications,
transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of
base signal, it gets completely off.
Specifications:
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR, NPN, 45V, TO-92
Transistor Polarity: NPN
Collector Emitter Voltage Vbr(ceo): 45V
Transition Frequency Typeft.: 300MHz
Power Dissipation : 625mW
DC Collector Current: 100mA
DC Current Gain hfe: 150
Straight-lead housing
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BC 547 transistor as a switch
Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which

can be either in an "on" or "off" state, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode
power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates. Important parameters for
this application include the current switched, the voltage handled, and the switching speed,
characterized by the rise and fall times.
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base
voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops
because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the
collector and emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by
the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because current
is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on.
Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as
switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the
collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these
currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies
depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is
chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.
In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the
properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition
between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage
currents too small to affect connected circuitry; the resistance of the transistor in the "on" state
is too small to affect circuitry; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to
have a detrimental effect.
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4.3 ULN2003
Fig 11:- ULN2003
Driver IC ULN2003
The relay driver uln2003 IC is a high voltage and current Darlington array IC, it
comprises of 7-open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. A pair of Darlington is
an arrangement of two bipolar transistors. This IC belongs to the family of ULN200x ICs and
various types of this family interface to various logic families. This ULN2003 IC is for 5V
TTL and CMOS logic devices. These ICs are used as relay drivers as well as to drive a wide
range of loads, line drivers, display drivers etc.
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This IC is also normally used while driving Stepper Motors. The pairs of Darlington
in ULN2003 is esteemed at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA.In the pin layout,
the I/Ps & O/Ps are provided reverse to each other. Each driver also has a suppression diode to
dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive load.
This project is designed for a three-phase-solid-state relay system. It incorporates

three single-phase units wherein each phase is controlled individually by power TRIAC with
RC snubbed network for a zero-voltage switching (ZVS).
Opto-isolators are used in each phase to receive switching signals from

a microcontroller of the 8051 family, loads are connected in series with a set of TRIACS driven
by an opto-isolator. The microcontroller is designed to generate output pulses after zero voltage
pulse to ensure that the load gets switched on at zero cross of the supply waveform.
The zero crossing feature of the TRIAC driver, (an opto-isolator) ensures low noise
generation thus avoiding sudden inrush of current on resistive and inductive loads. In this
project, two push buttons are used for generating the output pulses from the microcontroller
randomly, away from the ZVS i.e. not coinciding with zero voltage supply voltage of the
waveform.
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4.4 BUZZER
A buzzer is a mechanical, electromechanical, magnetic, electromagnetic, electro-

acoustic or piezoelectric audio signalling device. A piezo electric buzzer can be driven by an
oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source. A click, beep or ring can indicate
that a button has been pressed.
Types of Buzzers
There are several different kinds of buzzers. At Future Electronics we stock many of
the most common types categorized by Type, Sound Level, Frequency, Rated Voltage,
Dimension and Packaging Type. The parametric filters on our website can help refine your
search results depending on the required specifications.
The most common sizes for Sound Level are 80 dB, 85 dB, 90 dB and 95 dB We also
carry buzzers with Sound Level up to 105 db. There are several types available including
Electro-Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Electromechanic, Magnetic and Piezo, among others.
Applications for Buzzers:

Typical uses of buzzers include:
Alarm devices
Timers
Confirmation of user input (ex: mouse click or keystroke)
Electronic metronomes
Annunciator panels
Game shows
Sporting events
Household appliances
3. Ratings
* Operating Temperature Range: - 20C ~ + 105C
* Storage Temperature Range: - 40 C ~ + 105C
* Operating Voltage: 3.0 to 30.0 VDC Fig 12 :-buzzer
* Case material: PC UL 94HB
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4.5 RELAY
12V Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated
the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are
used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power
systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective
relays".
Features
High-sensitivity (250 mW) and High-capacity (16 A) versions.

Designed for cooking and HVAC controls: blower motor, damper, active air
purification, duct flow boost fans, etc.
Conforms to VDE (EN61810-1). UL recognized/ CSA certified
Meets EN60335-1 requirements for household products.
Clearance and creep age distance: 10 mm/10 mm
Tracking resistance: CTI>250
Coil Insulation system: Class F
RoHS Compliant
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NEED
Anytime you want to switch a device which draws more current than is provided by an
output of a switch or component you'll need to use a relay. The coil of an SPDT or
an SPST relay that we most commonly use draws very little current (less than 200
milliamps) and the amount of current that you can pass through a relay's common,
normally closed, and normally open contacts will handle up to 30 or 40 amps. This
allows you to switch devices such as headlights, parking lights, horns, etc., with low
amperage outputs such as those found on keyless entry and alarm systems, and other
components. In some cases you may need to switch multiple things at the same time
using one output. A single output connected to multiple relays will allow you to open
continuity and/or close continuity simultaneously on multiple wires.
Wiring diagram of relay:-
Fig 13:- relay

This is the diagram above to learn all the pin terminals of a Single Pole Single
Throw (SPDT) Relay. The 2 COIL terminals is where the voltage is placed in order to energize
the coil. Place the relay's rated coil voltage on these terminals. The polarity of the voltage does
not matter. A positive and negative voltage can be placed on either end. Polarity only matters
if a diode is used.
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The COM terminal is the common terminal. If the COIL terminals are energized with the rated
voltage, the COM and the NO terminals have continuity. If the COIL terminals are not
energized, then the COM and the NO terminals have no continuity.
The NO terminal is the terminal where you place the output. If there is no voltage to COIL
terminals or insufficient voltage, the output is open and receives no voltage. When the COIL
terminals receive the rated voltage or a little under, the NO terminal receives sufficient voltage
and can turn on the device on the output.
4.6 HEATER
Fig14:- heater
Coil heaters are high performance mini tubular heaters that have small rectangular,
square or round cross sections that are flexible and can acquire different shapes and
configurations.
The sheath material of standard cable heaters is stainless 304; their heating core is
coiled or straight solid Nickel Chrome wire. Cable heaters can transmit up to 35 W/in2 heating
capacity and can attain up to 1500 0F surface temperature.
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CHAPTER:-5
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5.1 ADVANTAGES:-
Saves Power
Using a water heater controller saves power. This is because water heater are controlled
automatically. When water is heated at specific temperature then heater is turned off.
Saves Money
Since a water heater controller conserves power, it saves money.
Works Automatically
Another big advantage is that these devices can work on their own. There is no need to operate
them manually.
Maintenance:-
It is an economical system that requires very less maintenance as compared to conventional
system as it has no complicated circuits and delicate mechanisms. This saves the additional
maintenance cost.
Cost:-
The main advantage of the water heater controller is it has very low cost than the conventional
one available in markets. For example, some commercial controllers use microcontrollers
which alone costs Some controllers even have a price range but for our system, the components
used are less in number and easily available. Hence losses will be less leading to a better
efficiency.
Construction: -
The construction of a water heater controller is very simple as it requires only a few
components. The circuit involved is also relatively simpler.
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Skill required:-
Since the system of water heater controller is simpler than the ones conventionally available,
it can be easily made at home. The controller can also be easily operated by anyone. Human
effort is reduced as the system is turned off automatically. This system consumes less power.
Simple and more reliable
5.2 APPLICATIONS:-
Used in industries to control the temperature of water automatically.

Automatic water heater controller will automatically OFF when water is heated at
specific temperature.
It is used in home applications.
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5.3 CONCLUSION:-
This system is very beneficial in rural as well as urban areas.

This Project Overcomes the Human Efforts to heating the water.
It Is Economical And Environmental Friendly.
Further Implementation Results In Time and Water Saving.
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5.4 REFERENCES:-
1. www.electronicshub.com
2. www.electronicsguarage.com
3. www.wikipedea.com
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Chapter:-1: Introduction of Project

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Chapter:-1: Introduction of Project

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Automatic Water Heater Controlling

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In this project we can control water heater automatically. It no needs manual

1.2 Need of system

1.3 Our Aim

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2.1 Block Diagram

Fig 1: Block Diagram

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2.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig 2: Circuit Diagram

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2.3 EXPLANATION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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2.4 PCB LAYOUT

Fig 3: PCB Layout

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2.5 FLOW CHART

Fig 4: Flow chart

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3.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Almost all basic household electronic circuits need an unregulated AC to be

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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Fig 5 :- block diagram of power supply

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3.3 Power supply (battery)

Fig:- Power supply (battery)

A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to

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A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of

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Pin No Function Name

Output Current up to 1.5 A

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3.4 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER:-

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3.5 PIN DIAGRAM

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3.6 PIN DESCRIPTION

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XTAL2:Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1

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3.7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Fig 7:- crystal oscillator

An electronic circuit or electronic device that is used to generate periodically

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3.8 LM35 (TEMPERATURE SENSOR)

Fig 8 :- LM35 (Temperature sensor)

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature

Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

Linear + 10-mV/C Scale Factor

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4.1 LM358 (COMPARATOR)

Fig 9 :- LM358 ( comparator)

Fig 10:- Transistor

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR, NPN, 45V, TO-92