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, ,
, , ,
,
Korice.indd 1 5/30/2008 2:23:22 PM

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:

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,
,
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.
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1000
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.
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,
, 2008.
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...................................................................................................... 5
....................................................................................................... 7
................................................................................................... 9
................................... 10
......................................................................... 10
.................................................................................................................. 15
......................................................................... 16
........................................................................................................... 18
......................................................................................................... 20
........................................................... 21
........................................................................................... 25
..................................... 26

MYCOPHYTA .................................................................................................... 29
LICHENOPHYTA .................................................................................... 105
BRYOPHYTA ...................................................................................................... 143
PTERIDOPHYTA ................................................................................................ 241
SPERMATOPHYTA ............................................................................................ 259
G y m n o s p e r m a e .............................................................................................. 260
A n g i o s p e r m a e ................................................................................................ 262
Dicotyledones ...................................................................................................... 262
Monocotyledones ................................................................................................. 452
............................................................................................... 499
............................................. 500
.......................................... 500
................................. 502
ass. Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum ..................... 503
.................................................................................... 509
............................................................................. 518
..................................................................................................... 525
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 527
INDEX ALPHABETICUS .................................................................................. 540
..................................................................................................... 540
................................................................................ 545
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2005.
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2005. 2006. , .

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, 1956. (
, 385/56, 1-81). , ,
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, .

.
, 1964-1966. ,
,
,
,
.

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.

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2005. - 2006. . :
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,
-.
,
.
.
:
, ,

;
,
;
-
;
, .
,
: ( Pteri-
dophyta Spermatophyta),
( Mycophyta Lichenophyta).

.
uvod.indd Sec1:6 5/30/2008 1:02:49 PM

,
, , .
: , ass. Piceo-Abieti-
-Fagetum (7), Fagetum subalpinum (1),
, (1), ass. Adenostylo-Doroni-
cetum (1), Potentilletalia caulescentis (2),
,
Mesobromion (2)
(1).
,
.
,
: (
); ( )
( ).
, 0,5 1 ,
.
. ,

.
,
.
(1980, 1984), ,
.
(1992).
(Borhidi, 1963), (2001),
; ,
(Boros, 1968) .
e t a l . (1964-1980), (Hill)
(2006) (Grolle, 1983), (1984) .
,
(1959), (1986), (1973), (2004)
.
(1997), (Landolt,
1977).
.
, -
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
uvod.indd Sec1:7 5/30/2008 1:02:49 PM

, ,
.

, .

,
(Plantae) .
uvod.indd Sec1:8 5/30/2008 1:02:49 PM

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-
,
.
44 27 44 28
16 27 16
30 .
-
, -
. -
-
.
297,8 . -
130-
-136. -
- -
. -
-
-. IUCN
I (
),

I (
), I .
(
.)

,
1250-1521 m
. GIS-
- -
( ,
) ( )
-
1300-1400 m,
1400 1500
m, 1% 1500 m.

- (1521 m),
1476
(1467 m).
10
uvod.indd Sec1:10 5/30/2008 1:02:53 PM

,
(, ).

0-40, 10 25.
11
uvod.indd Sec1:11 5/30/2008 1:03:03 PM

, , . -
,

-
(, , -
.),
. -
-
.
,
-
, .
12
uvod.indd Sec1:12 5/30/2008 1:03:03 PM

-
40 m
13
uvod.indd Sec1:13 5/30/2008 1:03:07 PM

-

,

-
-
.
:
-

-
. -

, -
-
, -
,
. -
14
uvod.indd Sec1:14 5/30/2008 1:03:15 PM

,

.
,
:
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
(, , ,
) -
, ,

( 27.5.2007) (1967).
. . (m) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII .

1200 -3,2 -3,9 -1,0 3,2 7,7 12,3 14,1 14,3 11,8 6,5 2,6 -0,4 5,3
1300 -3,6 -4,2 -1,7 2,4 6,9 11,5 13,3 13,6 11,5 6,1 2,3 -0,8 4,8
1400 -3,9 -4,5 -2,4 1,6 6,1 10,7 12,6 12,9 11,1 5,7 2,0 -1,2 4,2
1500 -4,2 -4,8 -3,1 0,8 5,3 9,9 11,9 12,2 10,7 5,3 1,7 -1,5 3,7

,
.

1600
mm. -
, .
.
, ,
,
110 cm.

5 C 160 , ( )
10 C 100 .
15
uvod.indd Sec1:15 5/30/2008 1:03:19 PM

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. ,
, . 0-40,
.
, ,
-
-, -.

,
.
,
;
,
, (-
)
.

, -
.
,

16
uvod.indd Sec1:16 5/30/2008 1:03:23 PM

40-50 cm,
60-70 cm, .

-
,
-

().

-
,
-
, ,

. -

-
,

.
17
uvod.indd Sec1:17 5/30/2008 1:03:24 PM

,
e -
,
ass. Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum (
-
).
: -
, ,
. ( 1/2)

, 1/5 ,
5% . e

(,
).

Aceri-Fagetum
subalpinum,
Abieti-Piceetum
.

Adenostylo-Doronicetum. -
-

18
uvod.indd Sec1:18 5/30/2008 1:03:27 PM

Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum -
Potentilletalia cau-
lescentis, -
-

Brometalia erecti, -
.
Aceri-Fagetum subalpinum
Potentilletalia caulescentis fac. alliosum
19
uvod.indd Sec1:19 5/30/2008 1:03:28 PM

Aceri-Fagetum subalpinum fac. lunariosum

e t a l . (2005),
,
, - a, 727,8 m3/
ha. 6,8 m3/ha ( 9,2 m3/ha).
0,68,
0,32.
Aceri-Fagetum subalpinum -
20
uvod.indd Sec1:20 5/30/2008 1:03:36 PM

. . (m);
.
;

;

1270; R; 0-10;
44 27,610 N Piceo-Abieti-
1 -1 ; -
16 29,160 E -Fagetum
--.
1350; N, E, R;
0-20; ;
2 -2
( !) --
-
1440; N, NW;
44 27,105 N
3 20; ;
16 28,762 E
-
44 27,819 N 1340; E; 0-5;

4
16 27,561 ; .

4 *

44 27,044 N 1520; R; 0-20; Fagetum
5 -
16 27,044 ; subalpinum

44 27,362 N 1414; ;
6 Piceo-Abieti-
16 27,963
-Fagetum
1410-1420;
NNE; 40; Potentilletalia
7 *
; caulescentis

1
, ,

, . ,
,
21
uvod.indd Sec1:21 5/30/2008 1:03:39 PM

1450; ; Adenostylo-
8 1476 -
-Doronicetum
:
44 27,571 N
16 27,544
1476; ;
8
1476
SE 1450-1464;

1476: 25; ;
9 *
44 27,469 N

16 27,637
200 m
1430-1460;

10 -9: 30-40; ;
*
44 27,426 N
16 27,663
1465; 0-10;
Piceo-Abieti-
10 * -10 ,
-Fagetum

,
, 1260; ;
11 ;
() 44 27,861 N
16 28,504
11a 11 1262;
, 1310; SSW;
200 m 5-10; ;
12
--
-
1280; SE; 14;
(
13 ; -
132)
-

; -
14 .
-

Montio-
15
-Cardaminetea
22
uvod.indd Sec1:22 5/30/2008 1:03:40 PM

SE Adenostylo-
16
* 1501 -Doronicetum

Adenostylo-
17
* -Doronicetum
1501 -
-

; - Piceo-Abieti-
18 *
-. -Fagetum

;
* * e 1501

-

;
* *

1476
R
,
.
23
uvod.indd Sec1:23 5/30/2008 1:03:40 PM

SE - -

-10 -
,

-

- -

24
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P a bienn -
Ch a bulb -
Brch a caesp -
Brr - frut -
H a herb -
G a lig -
T a par -
NP - rad - (
S - )
rept -
rhiz -
ros -
scap -
semiros -
suffr - ,
tub - ()
Alp
Alp-karp -
Arkt
Balk
Bor-evra - ()
Bor-cirk -
Evra
Evroafr
Ilir
Ilir-apen -
Ilir-sk-pind. end -
Is. subm
Kosm
Mez-karp -
Pont-subm -
Se
Subalp
Subatl-subm -
Subbalk-apen -
Subbor-evra -
Subbor-subevra -
Subbor-cirk -
25
uvod.indd Sec1:25 5/30/2008 1:04:01 PM

Subevra
Subeuks
Subilir
Subj. sib
Subm
Subpont-subm -
Subpont-subca-subm --
Subpont-ca -
Subse
Subskpind
Subcirk
Cirk
( ):
Atl-med -
Evra-sjev. afr -
Evrop-med -
J. evrop-med -
Med-ilir -
Subok
A1 Adenostylion, Br.-Bl. 1925.

A2 Adenostyletalia, Br.-Bl. 1931.
A3 Betulo-Adenostyletea, Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943.
A.g.2 Alnetalia glutinosae, (Tx. 1937) Lki et al. 1978.
AP Abieti-Piceenion, Br.-Bl. 1939.
AQ.r.1 Alno-Quercion roboris, Ht. (1937) 1938.
Arct.1 Arction (lappae), Tx. 1937. et Siss. 1946.
Arr.2 Arrhenatheretalia, Pawl. 1928.
Arr.3 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Tx. 1937.
Art.2 Artemisietalia, Lohm. ap. Tx. 1947.
Art.3 Artemisietea (vulgaris), Lohm., Prsg. et Tx. 1950.
As.3 Asplenietea trichomanis, Br.-Bl. 1934. corr. Oberd. 1977.
Atr.2 Atropetalia belladonnae, Vlieg. 1937.
B1 Bromion erecti, Br.-Bl. 1936.
B2 Brometalia erecti, Br.-Bl. 1926.
26
uvod.indd Sec1:26 5/30/2008 1:04:01 PM

B3 Festuco-Brometea, Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943.

Calt.1 Calthion, Tx. 1937.
Cha.1 Chamaenerion (Epilobion) angustifolii, (Rbel, 1933) So 1933.
Che.3 Chenopodietea, Br.-Bl. 1951.
CM1 Cardamino-Montion, Br.-Bl. 1925.
Crat.1 Cratoneurion commutati, Koch 1928.
E3 Epilobietea angustifolii, Tx. et Preising 1950.
EP3 Erico-Pinetea, Ht. 1959.
F1 Fagion illyricum, Ht. (1938) 1950.
F2 Fagetalia silvaticae, Pawl. 1928.
F3 Querco-Fagetea, Br.- Bl. et Vlieg. 1937.
FS3 Festuco-Seslerietea, Barbero et Bonim 1969.
Mb Mesobromion
MC2 Montio-Cardaminetalia, Pawl. 1928.
Mo.2 Molinietalia (coeruleae), W. Koch 1926.
N2 Nardetalia, Prsg. 1949.
Or.2 Origanetalia vulgaris, Mller 1961.
P
Sph.3 Oxyccoco-Sphagnetea, Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943.
Pan.1 Paniion, Lki 1966.
Pl.3 Plantaginetea majoris Tx. et Preising 1950.
Pot.2 Potentilletalia caulescentis, Br.-Bl. 1926.
Q. p.2 Quercetalia pubescentis, Br.-Bl. (1931) 1932.
Q.r-p.2 Quercetalia robori-petraeae, Tx. (1931) 1937.
R. f.2 Rhamnetalia fallacis, Fuk. 1969.
RV Rhododendro-Vaccinenion, Br-Bl. 1926.
S. e.1 Salicion elaeagni, Aich. 1933.
Sec.2 Secalietalia, Br.-Bl. 1931.
S. f.1 Senecion fluviatilis, Tx. 1950.
S. j.1 Seslerion juncifoliae (tenuifoliae), Ht. 1930.
S. p.2 Salicetalia purpureae, Moor 1958.
SS1 Sambuco-Salicion capreae, Tx. 1950.
Th.2 Thlaspeetalia rotundifolii, Br.-Bl. 1926.
VP1 Vaccinio-Piceenion, Br.-Bl. 1938.
VP2 Vaccinio-Piceetalia, Br.-Bl. 1939.
VP3 Vaccinio-Piceetea, Br.-Bl. 1939.
27
uvod.indd Sec1:27 5/30/2008 1:04:01 PM

28
uvod.indd Sec1:28 5/30/2008 1:04:02 PM

Mycophyta
2
2
(1984), -
.
(1984), (2004) K e i z e r-
(1998).
Mycophyta.indd 29 5/30/2008 1:17:08 PM

TUBIFERA FERRUGINOSA (Batsch)

Gmelin
. Reticulariaceae

1-2,5 cm, - :
, .
.
a: ( -
, , , -
1 2),
, .
(

).
.
30

: Mycophyta
LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM (L.) Fr.

. Reticulariaceae
, :
, 2-6 cm, , -
, - .
. -
: (
, , .
).
.
2-5.
31

FULIGO SEPTICA Weber

. Trichiaceae

- .
, , .
2-20 cm 0,5-3 cm,
:
, ,
.
.
. : 2 3
, , . ( ).
32

: Mycophyta
CAMAROPHYLLUS NIVEUS
(Scop. ex Fr.) Karst
Hygrophorus niveus Scop. ex Fr.
. Hygrophoraceae

1,5-6 cm, - , -
, , - , , .
. - . .
. ,
: -
, .
, -
, ,
.
. 2-8 cm,
3-11 mm, , : (
, ).
, , .
33

TRICHOLOMOPSIS RUTILANS
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing.
Tricholoma rutilans Schff.
. Tricholomataceae
,

5-15 cm, , .
, . .
,
: -
, .
,
, .
.
5-12 cm, ,
, , : 3 ( -
. , . ).
34

: Mycophyta
TRICHOLOMOPSIS DECORA (Fr.)

Sing.
. Tricholomataceae

. , .
, , 5-15 cm, .
,
:
,
.
. -
, . : -
, , .
.
35

CLITOCYBE COSTATA Khn. ex

Romag.
. Tricholomataceae

, , .
, , . -
, , , 3-5 cm, , ,
; .
, , , .
, , -
, 4-15 .
cm. ,
: .
, ,
, a:
. , ( ).
36

: Mycophyta
CLITOCYBE DITOPA (Fr. ex Fr.)

Gill.
. Tricholomataceae
2-5 cm,
, ,
, ;
, . -
,
. 2-5 cm x 3-6 mm,
, . -
, .
.
:
, -
, , .
: (
13).
37

CLITOCYBE VIBECINA (Fr. ex Fr.)

Qulet s.s. Kuyper.
. Tricholomataceae

, - . .
2-5 cm, ,
: ,
, . -
.
,
. - : ,
3-6 cm, 3-8 mm, , .
. ,
38

: Mycophyta
LACCARIA LACCATA (Scop. ex Fr.)

Berk et Br.
. Tricholomataceae
,

2-5 cm, . -
, , , . . ,
, .
. , .
:
, ,
,
, .
.
, , ,
, : (
. ).
, ,
39

ARMILLARIA OSTOYAE Romagn.

. Tricholomataceae
, , . ,
4-20 cm, .
, -
: , -
,
,
. -
.
.
6-15 cm, 1-3 : (
cm, , - ).
. , , -
40

: Mycophyta
LYOPHYLLUM CONNATUM
(Schum. ex Fr.) Sing.
. Tricholomataceae

3-7 cm, . .
, , , .
, , , , .
,
: -
.
,
, ,
.
. 4-12 cm,
, , , , : ( -
. , . ).
41

OUDEMANSIELLA MUCIDA
(Schrad. ex Fr.) Hhn
. Tricholomataceae

3-10 cm, - . -
, , .
, . -
:
, , -
, .
. , .
, , , - : (
. , , , ).
42

: Mycophyta
OUDEMANSIELLA RADICATA
(Relhan ex Fr.) Sing.
Mucida radicata Qulet,
Collybia radicata Fries
. Tricholomataceae

4-10 cm,
,
,
,
.
. .
. .
, 7-15 cm, ,
,
, ,
, .
. ,
. .
, .
:
.
:

( ).
43

COLLYBIA DRYOPHYLLA (Bull. ex

Fr.) Kummer
. Tricholomataceae

, .
, 2-5 cm, , -
: -
,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
.
4-6 cm, 2-5 mm,
, , . : -
. , ( ).
.
44

: Mycophyta
COLLYBIA EXCULPTA Fries.

. Tricholomataceae

2-4 cm, , . , .
,
, - .
, ,
:
,
,
;
.
. -
, , , , - : 2
. - 3, (
4-8 cm, , , , ).
. ,
45

MARASMIUS ALLIACEUS (Jacq. ex

Fr.) Fries
. Tricholomataceae

1-4 cm, .
, - .
, .
. : ,
5-20 cm, 1- .
-3 mm, , , a:
. (
. , ).
46

: Mycophyta
MARASMIUS TORQUESCENS
Qul.
. Tricholomataceae
0,5-1 mm, - :
, (, ).
, -
: -
. , -
.
. 1,3-4 cm x 5 mm.
47

MYCENA STIPATA M. Grest et

Schwbel
. Tricholomataceae
1-3 cm, , , .
, - , .
, , .
. ,
: .
.
2-6,5 cm, 1-3 mm, . : ( -
, . - ).
48

: Mycophyta
MYCENA CALLOPODA (Fries) Cetto

. Tricholomataceae

3-5 cm, , -
, , , . -
, , , , -
, , . .
. , , .
;
: -
. ,
.
. ,
, , , : 2 3.
,
49

MYCENA EPIPTERYGIA (Scop.

ex Fr.) S. F. Grey var. lignicola A. H.
Smith.
. Tricholomataceae

1-1,5 cm, , , , -
, , , .
, .
, , . .
,
: .
.
, , : (
. , ).
. 5-8 cm,
50

: Mycophyta
MYCENA GALERICULATA (Scop.

ex Fr.) S. F. Gray
. Tricholomataceae

, . . .
2-6 cm, - , . -
, , .
,
: -
. , ,
,
,
.
. 2-10
cm, 2-8 mm, , : .
,
51

MYCENA GALOPUS (Pers. ex Fr.)

Kumm. var. galopus
. Tricholomataceae
1-2 cm, . .
,
:

; -
, .
.
, .
5-10 cm, 2-3 mm, : -
, , (
, ).
. .
52

: Mycophyta
MYCENA HIEMALIS (Osbeck ex Fr.)

Qulet
. Tricholomataceae
4-8 cm, , . .
, , .
,
:
, .
.
, .
5-15 x 0,5-1 cm, : (
, , , ).
53

MYCENA PURA (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.

Mycena pseudopura Cke.
. Tricholomataceae

2-6 cm, , , ,
, , ,
, , - . , ,
, , , .
. , .
, ,
: ,
, ,
.
. -
2-5 cm, , , : 2 3
, ( 12),
. .
54

: Mycophyta
STROBILURUS ESCULENTUS
(Wulf. ex Fr.) Sing.
. Tricholomataceae
,
1-2 cm, , - : -
, - .
. ,
: 3 -
. 4-6 cm,
( -
, , .
).
, .

.
55

AMANITA RUBESCENS (Pers. ex

Fr.) S. F. Gray
. Amanitaceae

, - , , , .
, 5-15 cm, , . .
, - .
. .
,
: -
. , -
,
. 7-12 x 1-2 cm,
.
, ,
, - : (
. - ).
56

: Mycophyta
AMANITA SPISSA (Fr.) Kummer var.

excelsa Fries
A. excelsa (Fr.) Bertillon
. Amanitaceae

6-25 cm, - : -
, ,
, - .
, ,
: -
. , -
( ).
,

. .
, ,
, .
10-20 cm, ,
, ,
.
, , . -
, ,
. ,
.
, .
57

AMANITA VAGINATA (Bull.) Viti

var. argentea Huijsman
A. mairei Foley
. Amanitaceae
,
,
, , , .
4-10 cm, , .
, , : -
; - Amanita panthe-
. rina!
, , .
: , -
6-12 cm, , , ,
.
, ,
, : (
. , , . ).
58

: Mycophyta
PLUTEUS ATRICAPILLUS (Scer.)

Singer
P. cervinus Qulet
. Agaricaceae

-
, 4-12 cm, -
. -
. 7-10
x 1-2 cm, , -
. . ,
.
. .
: , ,
.
:
7 (
).
59

PLUTEUS PLAUTUS (Weinm.) Gill.

P. depauperatus Romagn.
. Agaricaceae
2,5-3,5 cm, - .
,
, , . -
.
, .
. , -
: , ,
. 2,5 -
.
-3,5 cm x 3-4 mm,
, , : .
. ,
60

: Mycophyta
COPRINUS CONGREGATUS (Bull.)

Fr.
. Coprinaceae
, 8-12 mm, , .
5-20 mm, ,
:
.
.
.
2-8 cm x 1-4 cm, , a:
. (
. , . - ).
61

COPRINUS MICACEUS (Bull. ex Fr.)

Fries
. Coprinaceae

, ,
1-3 cm, 1-2,5 cm, . , -
, - .
, , -
:
.
, , -
, , ,
.
, .
5-10 cm, , : -
, . , - (
. , . ).
62

: Mycophyta
ENTOLOMA HIRTIPES (Schum. ex

Fr.) Mos.
. Entolomataceae
2-5 cm, , , .
, , , .
, , - . .
. ,
:
,
.
.
5-15 x 0,5-1 cm, , : .
63

ENTOLOMA VERNUM Lundell.

. Entolomataceae
20-45 mm, .
, , ,
, -
, . ; ,
, . .
. ; . .
,
: -
, . -
, ,
, ,
, Juniperus
, -
Calluna-.
, ,
.
.
3-7 cm x 3-6 mm, , :
, .
64

: Mycophyta
KUEHNEROMYCES MUTABILIS
(Schff. ex Fr.) Sing. ex Smith
. Strophariaceae

3-8 cm, - . , ,
, , , - , .
. - , .
,
: .
, ,
. : (
10 cm, 1 cm, ).
, .
65

PHOLIOTA AURIVELLA (Batsch. ex

Fr.) Kummer
. Strophariaceae

5-16 cm, , .
, , . ,
, ( - .
), .
: ,
, , -
, -
.
.
, , ,
, , . : (
. , ).
66

: Mycophyta
PHOLIOTA SQUARROSA (Pers. ex

Fr.) Kummer
. Strophariaceae

5-12 cm, , , -
, , . ,
, . ,
.
. ,
: ,
. 5-12 x

1-2,5 cm, , ,
.
,
. : (
, . , ).
. -
67

LEPIOTA VENTRIOSOSPORA Reid.

. Strophariacea

4-8 cm, ,
, , .
, , .
, 2-3
.
; .
: .
, , .
5-8 cm, , : (
, ).
; .
68

: Mycophyta
PHAEOLEPIOTA AUREA (Matt. ex

Fr.) Maire
. Strophariaceae

.
, 5-20 cm,
:
, ,
( ).
.
, .
8-15 x 1-3 cm, ,
,
,
. ,
, .
.
, , -
. .
. .
: , -
69

CORTINARIUS ALBOVIOLACEUS
(Pers. ex Fr.) Fries
. Cortinariaceae
,

3-8 cm, , ,
, - .
- , ,
, , , - , . -
, . ,
, , - . -
, - . , .
, ,
: .
.
5-10 cm, : (
( - ).
), , ,
70

: Mycophyta
INOCYBE FIBROSA (Sm.) Gill.

. Cortinariaceae
4-8 cm, .
, ,
:
.
, .
, , . -
, . - : -
. . - .
71

CREPIDOTUS APPLANATUS (Pers.)

Kumm.
. Cortinariaceae
1-4 cm, , ;
, , .
.
. ,
: .
,
. . : .
72

: Mycophyta
CREPIDOTUS MOLLIS (Schaeff. ex

Fr.) Staude
. Cortinariaceae

3-6 cm, , . ,
, , . ,
- .
.
:
, ,
.
.
, . : -
, , , .
73

RUSSULA CYANOXANTHA (Schff.

ex Fr.) Fr.
. Russulaceae

5-15 cm, : (
, , ).
,
: , ,
;
. , -
. 10 cm, ,
. , , ,
. ,
.
, .
: -
.
74

: Mycophyta
RUSSULA EMETICA Fries

. Russulaceae

3-8 cm, ,

, ,
; ,
. ,
, ,
. 5-8 x 1-2 cm,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
. .
.
. .
: -
.
: (
).
75

RUSSULA INTEGRA L. ex Fries s.s.

Mre.
R. fusca Quelt, R. polychroma (Sing.)
Hora
. Russulaceae
,

6-12 cm, : .
,
: -
,
.
,
; ,
. ,
, , , -
, . -
, , , -
. -
5-10 cm, ,
, , ,
. ,
. .
76

: Mycophyta
RUSSULA LAUROCERASI Melzer

. Russulaceae

,
. ,
, , , 7 mm.
, , ,
. , -
, . ,
. , - ; .
, , - .
.
:
, 6-15 x 1,5-2,5 cm, ,
.
,
, , : .
77

RUSSULA TURCI Bresadola

. Russulaceae

. -
3-10 cm,
,
, ,
, .
, .
3-7 cm, 1-2,5
cm, , ,
. -
.
, .
, .
: .
: .
78

: Mycophyta
LACTARIUS SALMONICOLOR
Heim. et Laclair
. Russulaceae

6-15 cm, - . ,
, , - . , ,
, .
. - .
; , ,
: ;
. ,
; , . .
3-6 cm, ,
.
, . ,
: .
79

LACTARIUS SCROBICULATUS
(Scop. ex Fr.) Fries
. Russulaceae
,

6-25 cm, , :
, , .
, ,
: .

-
; ,
. -
; ,
.
3-6 cm, ,
, . -
,
,
. , .
, .
,
. .
80

: Mycophyta
POLYPORUS SQUAMOSUS (Huds.)

Fries
. Polyporaceae
,
, . ,
, - . , .
. - .
5-60 cm, 1-5 cm. , .

: ,
,
-
, .
.
3-10 mm, .
0,5-1 mm, : (
, . - ).
3-10 x 2-6 cm, ,
81

POLYPORUS VARIUS Fries

. Polyporaceae
2-10 cm, , , .
, , , , .
; .
. ; , .
; , ,
: -
j . -
.
, -
, . : (
, - ).
82

: Mycophyta
TRAMETES GIBBOSA (Pers. ex Fr.)

Fr.
. Polyporaceae
15 cm, ,
, , , .
,
: , -
, ,
.
. -
. , , : (
, . ).
, .
83

FOMES FOMENTARIUS (L.ex Fr.)

Fr.
. Polyporaceae
, ,
, .
, 10- , .
30, 5-20 10-25 cm. .

: -
, , 1-2 mm

,
( ).
.
2-8 mm, . : ( 2)
0,2-0,4 mm, , - (
).
. , -
84

: Mycophyta
FOMITOPSIS PINICOLA (Fr.) Karst.

. Polyporaceae

, - . , ,
, 5-20 cm, - . .
3-15 cm. .

: ,
,

,
(, , , ).
.
1-2 mm, , 3-4 :
1 mm, , , ( ).
85

GANODERMA APPLANATUM
(Pers. ex Wallr.) Patouillard
. Ganodermataceae

, , .
( ), , . -
50 cm, ; , , .
.
,
:
, -
, .
. , . -
, , , : .
86

: Mycophyta
RAMARIA AUREA (Schaeffer ex

Fries) Qul.
. Ramariaceae

8-15 cm, .
,
: -

, -
. () ,
.
, . -
, : (
. , 13) .
.
87

RAMARIA TRIDENTINA Schild.

. Ramariaceae
- ,
, ,
; , -
, ,
.

, .
, . -
, , .
:
(, ).
: .
88

: Mycophyta
CLAVARIA CRISTATA Holm.ex Fries

Clavulina cristata (Fr.) Schroet
. Clavariaceae

2-10 cm, , , .
( , .
), , , .
;
: -
, , ,
.
,
. , : (
. . ).
89

CLAVARIA INVALII (Cott. ex Waker)

Donk.
. Clavariaceae

4-8 cm, . .
, -
:
, . -
, .
, , ,
. , - :
, .
, - ( ).
. . -
90

: Mycophyta
CLAVARIA RUGOSA Bulliard

Clavulina rugosa (Fr.) Schroet.
. Clavariaceae

, .
, 5-6
:
cm 0,5-1 cm. ,
, -
, ,
.
;
. : (
. , ).
. .
91

HYDNUM REPANDUM L. ex Fries

. Hydnaceae

5-13 cm, , , , -
, , .
, , ,
.
,
: .
. 5-8 cm, ,
, , : 13 -
, . , .
, , , .
92

: Mycophyta
SPARASSIS NEMECII Pilt

. Sparassisdaceae

, .
, 40 cm .
20 cm,
: (

). ,
.
.
, . ,
, , . : .
93

HERICIUM CORALLOIDES (Scop.

ex Fr.) Pers.
. Hericiaceae

30 cm, - , , .
, - , .
, - .
.
: -
,
, , ().
. -
, - : (
. . - ).
94

: Mycophyta
BOLETUS CALOPUS Fr.

. Boletaceae

4-10 cm, - ; , , -
, . , . ,
, , . -
. 4-10 cm, , .
1,5-3 cm, .
, ,
: -
. -
.
95

LYCOPERDON PYRIFORME Schff.

ex Pers.
. Lycoperdaceae

, - . ,
2-4 cm, 1-6 cm, . .
, ,
:
,
, -
. 1-3 cm,
.
, ,
. :
, . ( ).
96

: Mycophyta
GEASTRUM FIMBRIATUM Fries

. Lycoperdaceae

, . -
, 2-4 cm, 6-10 , .
.
: ,
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
. 6-18
mm, , , :
, , (
. ).
97

PHALLUS IMPUDICUS Linn ex

Pers.
. Phallaceae
, ,
- , .
- .
. .

:
3-6 cm,
, .
,
. : (
, 3-5 cm. ).
8-20 x 2-4 cm, ,
98

: Mycophyta
PSEUDOHYDNUM GELATINOSUM
(Scop. ex Fr.) Karst
T. crystallinum Qul
. Tremellaceae

3-6 cm, , .
, , , , , .
. .

:
.
.
,
. , : (
, , ).
99

TREMISCUS HELVELLOIDES (DC:

Fr.) Donk
. Exidaceae

: ,
, 3-10 2-5 cm, .
.
:
,
( ).
. , .
.
100

: Mycophyta
CALOCERA VISCOSA (Pers. ex Fr.)

Fries
. Dacrymycetaceae

, .
1-8 cm, .
.
:

.
. , , -
. , - :
. . ( ).
101

SARCOSCYPHA COCCINEA (Fr.)

Lamb.
. Sarcoscyphaceae

, .
, 5 cm, .
. -
:
, -
.
. 1-
-3 cm, , . : - ( -
, . ).
102

: Mycophyta
XYLARIA HYPOXYLON (L. ex

Hooker) Grev.
Xyloyphaera xypoxylon (L.) Dumortier
. Sphaeriaceae

, .
, .
, , 8 cm,
: -
.
.
,
. () 8 : (
, , ).
103

104

Lichenophyta

Lychenophyta.indd 105 5/30/2008 1:31:32 PM

CALOPLACA CITRINA (Hoffm.) Th.

Fr.
. Teloschistaceae

, -

(
). -
, -
. -
,
(), (C. citri-
na, C. flavocitrina, C. arcis, C. dichroa,
C. phlogina).
: , -
, -
.
,
.
a:
.
106

: Lichenophyta
XANTHORIA ELEGANS (Link) Th.

Fr.
. Teloschistaceae
3-10 cm, , :
. - ,
, 0,5 mm . - ,
- .
e , .
. -
: -
.
.
107

XANTHORIA PARIETINA (L.) Th.

Fr.
. Teloschistaceae
3(-10) cm,
-
, ,
-
. , -
, ,
.
:
, , ,
(,
).

.
:
. .
108

: Lichenophyta
COLLEMA FURFURACEUM
(Arnold) Du Rietz
. Collemataceae
. ,
() - 40-80 x 3-6.5 m, 5-6 .
.
:
,
, ;
,
, -
.
. -
5-10 mm,
( -
. (
).
)
. : 2 3.
109

NEPHROMA ARCTICUM (L.) Torss.

. Nephromataceae
; -
-
, , 2 5
. 7- cm ( !), -
8 cm, ; , - , .
(
: -
)
,
( )- (
,
),
; -
;
.
, -
, ( : ,
). - .
110

: Lichenophyta
PELTIGERA CANINA (L.) Willd.

. Peltigeraceae
, 30
cm , -
, -

. 1,5-2
cm. , ,
, ,
( , . cani-
na),
. ,
, .
: -
,
.
:
.
111

PELTIGERA COLLINA (Ach.)

Schrad.
. Peltigeraceae
, > 4 cm .

,
. ,
.
,
.
: (
!). ,
.
: ,
.
112

: Lichenophyta
PELTIGERA HYMENINA (Ach.)

Delise
. Peltigeraceae
,
,
.
,
, (
) ,
.

.
:
,
.
: -
.
113

PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA
(Ach.) Nyl.
. Peltigeraceae

. Peltigera-

, ()
,
. Lo-
baria- ,
,

.
: -
.
: (
13), .
114

: Lichenophyta
PELTIGERA POLYDACTYLA
(Neck.) Hoffm.
. Peltigeraceae
, , :
. 1-2 cm, . (
, , ). .
,
:
-
.
( ). -
.

,
.

Nos-
toc- () Discomy-
cetes ().
115

PELTIGERA SCABROSA Th. Fr.

. Peltigeraceae
.
2-4 cm,
, ,
( ),
,

. , -
, ,
.
: -
,
.
: -

(
, -,
).
116

: Lichenophyta
LOBARIA PULMONARIA (L.)

Hoffm.
. Lobariaceae

, 8-
18 cm, .
2-3 cm, -
. (
),
, .
, , -
.

. ,
19-30 x 6-8 .
: ,
, -
;
.
: ( -
1 2) .
117

LECANORA DISPERSA (Pers.) Som-

merf.
. Lecanoraceae
( - :
) ;
, ( Amandinea coniops,
. - Caloplaca johnstonii, C. sublobulata,
, (0.30.7 mm), - Candelariella aurella, Lecidella sub-
. lapicida, Verrucaria elaeoplaca).
, ,
, , .
( ); .
, -
:
, .
,
.
118

: Lichenophyta
PHYSCIA AIPOLIA (Ehrh. ex Humb.)

Frnr.
. Parmeliaceae
, , : .
.
, 1-2 mm ,
.

-
-
. -
;
,
.
, .
: -
(, -
, , ), .

.
119

VULPICIDA PINASTRI
Cetraria pinastri (Scop.) Ach.
. Parmeliaceae
,
, .
(Y) ,
, (
), (1,5)3-4(5) mm,
,
-
, .
,
-
, . -
.

.
: -
, ,
, , (-
, !).
.

. -
.
: -.
120

: Lichenophyta
MELANELIA FULIGINOSA (Fr. ex

Duby) Essl.
Melanelia glabratula (Lamy) Essl.,
Parmelia glabratula (Lamy) Nyl.
. Parmeliaceae
.
, . ,
. .
.
: -
, ,
,
, , -
.
, (>0.3 mm),
, : .
121

FLAVOPARMELIA CAPERATA (L.)

Hale
Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach.
. Parmeliaceae

,
, - , -
(). , 3-8 , .
mm ,
:
;
.
,
.
, ;
.
.
,
(
)
.
:
, .

,
122

: Lichenophyta
HYPOGYMNIA PHYSODES (L.)

Nyl.
. Parmeliaceae
. : -.
, (1-2 mm -
), ,
(
!), -
,
.
: -
;
, -

, .

.
,
.
123

PARMELIA SAXATILIS (L.) Ach.

. Parmeliaceae
. -
,
.

.
( ),
( -
, . Parmelia sul-
cata).
,
( );
, -
, .
.
:
,
,
.
: -
.
124

: Lichenophyta
PARMELIA SULCATA Tayl.

. Parmeliaceae
. ,
, 5-15 .
cm ( ).
:
, 1-3(4)
.
mm, 5-20 mm, .
.

, -
,
;
, -
-
. 2 cm,
, , .
: ,
,
125

PLATISMATIA GLAUCA (L.) W. L.

Culb. et C. F. Culb.
. Parmeliaceae
, : (
. 1-2 cm , ,
, - .).
, -
,
; , ,
.
, -
.
.
-
.
: -
,
.
, ,
, ( )
.
126

: Lichenophyta
PSEUDEVERNIA FURFURACEA
(L.) Zopf
. Parmeliaceae
, , : -
. (, , ) , -
, - . ,
, .
, ;
:
,
.
.
, -
.
127

EVERNIA PRUNASTRI (L.) Ach.

. Parmeliaceae

, -
, ,
2-8 cm, , .
,
(!); ,
. ,
,

.
: -
,
,
; ,
.
: .
128

: Lichenophyta
CETRARIA ISLANDICA (L.) Ach.

. Parmeliaceae

(7-8 cm), , : ,
,
, ; . .
;
: , .
.
,
(. Quer-
cus palustris); ,
( ).
,
, ,

().

,
,
.
129

ALECTORIA SARMENTOSA (Ach.)

Ach.
. Parmeliaceae

, 15-30 cm
, ,
. ,
,
- (-
). ,

(
) Usnea.
: ,
-
.
.
.
: , -
.
130

: Lichenophyta
BRYORIA FUSCESCENS (Gyeln.)

Brodo et D. Hawksw.
. Parmeliaceae

, . ,
- , - .
,
:
; -
, ,
. 5-15(-20) cm,
(
(0,2-)0,3-0,4(-0,6) mm,
),
,
Alectoria sp. .
,
-
Bryoria
.
lanestris. ,
. : -
( -),
-
,
-
Neckera crispa.

131

USNEA SUBFLORIDANA Stirt..

. Parmeliaceae
, - ,
; ,
.
, .
: , -
,
,

,
-
. ,
.
. .
-
: .

132

: Lichenophyta
RAMALINA FARINACEA (L.) Ach.

. Parmeliaceae
- : -
E. prunastri, - (
() - ).
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
:
. -

.
133

RAMALINA SUBFARINACEA (Nyl.

ex Cromb.) Nyl.
. Parmeliaceae
, : -
, .

: -
(1-2 mm),
, ,
() .
.
134

: Lichenophyta
CLADONIA BACILLARIS (Leight.)

Arnold
Cladonia macilenta subsp. bacillaris
(Genth) Boistel
. Cladoniaceae
Cladonia
cornuta, : 1-2 cm .
(mealy pyxie cup)

.
: ,
,
,
.
.
: , -
, , .

.
135

CLADONIA CHLOROPHAEA
(Flrke ex Sommerf.) Spreng.
. Cladoniaceae
. : -
. , ,
, 1-1,5cm ,
. ,
, , , . .
C. pyxi- .
data,
: -
;
-.
,
.
136

: Lichenophyta
CLADONIA CONIOCRAEA (Flrke)

Spreng.
. Cladoniaceae
, ()
C. ochrochlora, .
.
:
, C. co-
, , ,
niocraea ,
.
C. ochrochlora .
.

. () : (
).
137

CLADONIA CORNUTA (L.) Hoffm..

. Cladoniaceae
, :
3-5 cm ( . bighorn cla- , ;
donia = ), -
, , - .
, ,
:
,

.
( ).
138

: Lichenophyta
CLADONIA ECMOCYNA Leight.

. Cladoniaceae
, :
3-6 cm, ,
, ,
, , - . , .
;
: 2
,
3, (
.
).
139

CLADONIA FIMBRIATA (L.) Fr.

. Cladoniaceae
:
(15-20 mm), . ,
; , , -
,
. - .
, , , , - .
.
: ,
(
).
140

: Lichenophyta
CLADONIA PYXIDATA (L.) Hoffm.

. Cladoniaceae
, 1-1,5 m
, , ,
, ,

, ,

.
:
(, )
, ,
,
. ,
.
: -
.
141

CLADINA RANGIFERINA (L.)

Weber
. Cladoniaceae
, ,
5 - 8(10) cm, ,
, -
. , -
(
). -
.
: -
(-
), , -
,
.
.
(
).
: (
).
142

Pteridophyta

pteridophyta, spermatophyta.indd 241 6/2/2008 9:24:24 AM

LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM L.
a. Lycopodiaceae
ea
Ch herb; Bor-cirk; VP1.
aa ea, aa o 100 cm,

ooo aaaa, ae ae.
o aoee ao, -
eaoaea ea, e
oao aea, a, je-
oee jaj, a 5-10 mm.
oo e oe
e a, a oa oaaa,
aj e o oa oa.
o e e, ao,
a o 4 cm, ojea; VIII-IX.
aa: aoe e, a-
aee jeoe oe, o
o o jo ojaa.
aaa: Jaoa (aa 2)
jeo ae (aa 13).
242

: Pteridophyta
HUPERZIA SELAGO (L.) Bernh.

Lycopodium selago L.
a. Lycopodiaceae
a ea
Ch herb; Bor-cirk; VP3.
aa oa 5-30 cm, aa, ee je ae, oaje

ao ooo aaaa. ae a ooa. VII-X.
jee, jeae e, eo
aa: aoe ea-
oaj e. oa ea; o-
e jeoe e, a ea
o oo jea, -
aa, eeo a 1000 m . .
ao aoee, o oaj
a ae, a, e aa: aa 13 , ,
ooje, eo aoee, ,
a 6-9 mm, . oo Lycopodium annotinum.
243

THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS (L.)

Slosson
Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr.
a. Thelypteridaceae
oa aa
G; Bor-cirk; VP2.
o aa, e. o oje- a, , jeo a o

a, a 10-20 cm, o ae. o a
5-15 cm, oaojaja, ao a, e ja. VII-VIII.
ae, oo ea, a
aa: eoe jeoe
jeoee, e. eea -
e oo ojaa, aoo oo
a o e, eo ojea, ao
oa oj o, a aaa
a. e 1. ea aa,
oa, a e oa e-
aea, oeeo ae, o-
a.
a jee ae, ajoa 1-
-2 aa a aa, oa a aae: aoae (aa 11).
ooaa. ee o ea - a .
244

: Pteridophyta
ASPLENIUM RUTA-MURARIA L.
a. Aspleniaceae
a ea
Ch herb caesp; Cirk; As.3.
o aa, eo e, o- aa: eae ee-

e eaoaea, a- e jee o, o ja
e, o aa. - o ajo ojaa.
o o ae, oae,
aaa: .
oaojajae jajaoaeae
oe, a 3-15(20) cm, 2- o
3-o eao ee, oo
oa, o oee, a, e-
o e ea aa, oo
oa, ej. a o
ea o 3-5 a ae ae, a aa,
oo oo ea, aa
aje. oee
ea o 2-3 mm, eea o
o, a o ae
jee. o a a
oee ea, o 1-3.
245

ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES L.
A. trichomanes (L.) Huds.
a. Aspleniaceae
aaa, aa, oa
ea
G rhiz; Kosm; As.3.
o aa, e. e a -
o a ao eo o. :
o oo ea, a 4-
Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp.
20(35) cm, aoee, ej.
quadrivalens D. E. Meyer
e 0,25-1,2 cm, jaja
a, a aoe, o a eaoaea, o
jeo a eeao ae, 5 mm , aa a oeo
ojeee ae ooe. ee- eo o, a eo
a oo e e, oeaa e eaa. o 10-20
oea, ao a. o a, cm, o aea, a,
e, j a o. a ae ae a 16-30 a.
e 4-12 mm, a,
aa: eoe eo-
e oae, eo jej
e e, a ee, e-
e o a o ooje,
a, a aa,
ao o eo oo aoe
eeo a ae jea, o
jee.
ja o ajo ojaa.
aaa: jeo ae (ae
12 13); je.
246

: Pteridophyta
ASPLENIUM VIRIDE Hudson

a. Aspleniaceae
eea ea, ee aj
H herb semiros; Cirk; F2.
o aa, e; e a ae ooe, a oo 5 mm.

o e ae ee e. o , e. j
o e, a 5-15 cm, jeo a.
eo e ej. a e-
aa: e o o o
aoaeaa, jeoeea. e-
ajo ojaa, a ea
ea oo oeaa;
oo, jee a ee.
o o eee a ee;
a je oe. a o aaa: ae 11 12 je
30 a, a aoj ee, o- ae -
oa, ae, oo - .
247

PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM
(L.) Newman
Scolopendrium officinale Sm.
a. Aspleniaceae
Jee je, jeea
H; Cirk; F2.
o aa, oe je aa: jeoa, jea

oe aa. o oo aea jea aa o
ea, a 10-60 cm, o ao ojaa, a a eo-
3-5(7) cm, oo a, jeo o ooaa.
ao jao a, o, oa
aa: aoae
jaj, ee. eea oa
.
aa o e, oe je o
oaa a aaa. o
a aaea ea, VII-VIII.
248

: Pteridophyta
ATHYRIUM FILIX-FEMINA (L.)

Roth
a. Athyriaceae
ea aa, aaa
H ros; Kosm; F3.
o aa, eeo, a ao- aojeo ae o ee

e aa. o aooj, je oa, oo o. a
a 20-100 cm, e, je- aj ao ea oee
oee, oo o o ea o 3 e oa.
ea. eea o e
aa: eoe e, o
e, oea oo. e
ja o ajo ojaa, a
o ea o oj, o a
a eoo ooaa.
a o e. e o ea
3 mm () o 20 mm (ajo), aaa: Jaoa, aoae
a o aoaea, oo a je ae e
o o ae o eao a 3 .
ee. e oee ea
249

CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (L.) Bernh.

Cystopteris alpina (Roth) Desv., C. filix-
fragilis Chiovenda
a. Athyriaceae
a aa
H/G semiros/rhiz; Kosm; Pot.2.
o aa, oe aea- o e, je, ae

ae aa. o ee. o ee oo
e, a 5-45 cm, jeoe- ae. j ae.
e o oee. eea 1/3-2/3
aa: e aa ae-
e e, oa (e ). a
a aa, a aa, e-
aeaa, oa, 1-o o 2-o
a, ee oo-
eaa. Oa e oe a o
aa, o oae o aje
ea oe je eo ae.
oe.
a o ea 7-18 a, a
o 5 cm, aa, a o aaa: Jaoa, aoae
ooe oo aj. - (ae 7, 9, 10).
o ea a oo 15 mm, jaja
250

: Pteridophyta
CYSTOPTERIS MONTANA (Lam.)

Desv.
a. Athyriaceae
H semiros; Cirk; Pot.2.
aja. o e, aa, eo ae, , aj-

oe. o ojea, o ae. 3. ea eao
10-45 cm; a 1-3 a a o - jee. a. o .
e, eea 1,5 mm, a oea j o oo aa. VII-
aa. a 3-4-o eaa, -VIII.
aoeea, oaojajae o-
aa: a oe
e (o- o eoaa), oe ae
ea jea jeo,
o aaa. a oe ae o
a jeo aa
13, oo aa, a o a
ao ajo ojaa.
aa, o ojaja, o
ee j, ajo aae: aa 12 je a-
o eee. e a- e. .
e, ae ae, eo
251

POLYSTICHUM ACULEATUM (L.)

Roth
P. lobatum (Hudson) Chevall.
a. Aspidiaceae
a aa
H; Kosm; F2.
o e, a 30-90 cm, aaa: Jaoa, aoae

oo ea, oa, ooo jea je ae.
ao jaj, ej.
a (5)8-15(18) mm, a
aje, jee ao o
a a o aa,
eo jaja, eea, a
ao o oa. ao o
1(2) aa a a ea
o ea aj aeo ao
oee. ajo e
ao e o oa, e
o e. eea aa 6-20 cm,
oea, ao oa e, a
aa. o e.
aa: jeoe e, a
a eoo ooaa, o
o o ajo ojaa.
252

: Pteridophyta
POLYSTICHUM x ILLYRICUM
(Borbs) Hayek
P. illyricum (Borb.) Hahne, Dryopteris
illyrica G. Beck
a. Aspidiaceaae
H; Se; F2.
o a o 70 cm (oo aa: a jea je a

oo j), je jeoo oa oea.
ea, oo aj a ee
aaa: aoae (jeo
e; e o oa oje e
ae) aa 7.
ee (ao o P. aculeatum), a
oe je ao ae (ao :
o P. lonchitis). o ao eaa ,
oo aa. o a a , P. lonchitis.
a ea a aeo ao P. lonchitis
oee (ao o P. aculeatum-a).
a je a P. lonchi- ,
tis, oa a P. acuelatum! ao
.
253

DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS (L.) Schott

Nephrodium filix-mas (L.) Strempel,
N. filix-mas Rich.
a. Aspidiaceae
a aa
G rhiz; Kosm; F2.
o a o 150 cm. eea aaa: Jaoa, J- e-

eea, 2-4 a aa o e, oa eaa, a, aoae
je, aa, aa. a jea je ae,
e ao e, ooa o-ae,
aje ea. o ea .
aje. e oee
ea aoeo a, aojeo
ae o ao o ao
. o oe je
a, a ooj a a, a
ea oo ee ea. j
ea. Ooa a.
aa: jeoe eoe
e a ea, oo, -
aa, ee o-
oaa, o ja o ajo
ojaa.
254

: Pteridophyta
DRYOPTERIS DILATATA (Hoffm)

A. Gray
Nephrodium dilatatum (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs
a. Aspidiaceae
oa aa
H; Bor-cirk; VP2.
o aa. o a o a. e oee ea
10-150(180) cm, o 4-40 cm. a ae eaojeo, oo
eea oo e e, jee oo ( e aaaj ao),
a, ao a oea; eo a ao je oo a
e a ee jajaoaeae, aj. o , j
ooje: e o ao eao aa.
aj. a oaojajaa o
aa: jeoe e a-
aeaa, eo eo ojea,
o oj; aa aea
ea, ea, aoeea, oe
jea.
je 3-4-o, a oe je 2-
3-o eao jeea. o a aaa: Jaoa, aa 3,
a 1. ea aa a a a jeo ae.
255

GYMNOCARPIUM DRYOPTERIS
(L.) Newman
Nephrodium dryopteris (L.) Michx.
a. Aspidiaceae
aa aa
G rhiz; Subbor-cirk; VP2.
o aa, , jaja. oee ea a, jeo

ea, jeoee, aa 10-30 a o o ae.
(40) cm, oa, ojee a 3 o a ooj a e,
oo jeaa oaoa jea, a a. ja ea.
a . a a je aje
aa: jeoe e -
oe. eea ao
oe ea jea, o o
a, ao oo a ,
o ajo ojaa.
ao aa, 2-3 a a
o e. a o jea e je aaa: Jaoa, aoae
eao eao ojee a e .
2. ea, oj jee.
256

: Pteridophyta
BLECHNUM SPICANT (L.) Roth

B. spicant Wither.
a. Blechnaceae
eaa
G rhiz; Bor-cirk; VP3.
o aa, eeo, o, oe ae oo oe oa.

ae oe aa. ee o 1-2 mm.
o e, eo a-
aa: e, eeo a -
ea, oo e, eao
aoj oo, o a-
ee, a 8-70 cm, o
o, jee ajo oja.
3-7 cm. oo a ao -
o, ooao aje o- aae: oaa e
e, jeoee, oa, - aaa jea ae. -
ee. oo e ea,
a o o, a, o .
eea, aje oe, oe
257

POLYPODIUM VULGARE L.
a. Polypodiaceae
aa aa, oa
G rhiz; Subcirk; As.3.
o ooaa, e, eo aaa:
aea, oe aa, (Jaoa, a-
ao a. o oje ao oae, .).
a o, a ea, a 10-40
cm. a eea ao a
eeaa, oo aa o e.
a oao aeaa, oo
eao eea, a oo 25 a
aea, ae
eea, oaa. o a ea,
o, e ja.
aa: e, eea
ajeee jee, a a eo-
o ooaa, o ja o
ajo ojaa.
258

Spermatophyta


ABIES ALBA Miller

. Pinaceae
,
P scap; Se; AP.
65 m , ,
2 m, . -
. , . -
, . 10-20(30) cm,
, 5 cm, . IV-VI.
.
: -
. ,
, -
,
,
, 2
.
, 1,7-3 cm, 2-
2,5 mm, : .
. -
260

: Coniferopsida
PICEA ABIES (L.) Karsten ssp. abies

P. excelsa (Lam.) Link, P. vulgaris Link
. Pinaceae
, ,
P scap; Bor-evra; VP3.
50 m, - , ,
2 m. . , ,
. .
-
: ,
, .
.
,
. , , Picea abies (L.) Karsten var. alpestris
. 10-25 mm, (Bruegg.) Kruessm.
1 mm, ,
. -
, 1-4
. ,
.
,
2-2,5 cm, ;
.

.
, 4 cm.
10 cm. IV-VI. : 3
. .
:
, -
261

SALIX CAPREA L.
. Salicaceae

P scap/caesp; Evra; SS1.
12 m
50 cm, .
, ;
, . .
3-8(15) cm,
, ; ,
- ,
;
, ,
.
. .
, (
), 3-4,5 cm;
, .
. IV, V.
: , ,
,
.
:
.
262

: Dicotyledones
SALIX ELEAGNOS Scop. ssp.

elaeagnos
S. incana Schrank
. Salicaceae

P caesp; Se; S. e.1.
2-6 m, : (-
10 m. , . ).
, ,
, , .
, -
. 1
cm, 12 cm, 9-10
, ,
,
,
; -
. ,
. , IV, V.
:

,

.
263

SALIX PURPUREA L. ssp. purpurea

. Salicaceae

P caesp; Subevra; S. p.3.
5 m, , .
10 m. . ; .
, , , , III, IV.
,
: -
,
,
.
,
.
.
, .
1-2 cm, , : -
.
,
, ,
,
10
, 5
; ,
264

: Dicotyledones
CORYLUS AVELLANA L.
. Corylaceae

P caesp; Subse; F3.
, 7 m . :
, , .
.
. -
, , 3 mm.
, ,
.
0,5-1,5(2) cm.

( ).

8 cm, 5-6 mm. 1-4
. ,
,
. (I) II, III.
: ,
, ,
.
265

FAGUS SYLVATICA L.
. Fagaceae

P scap; Se; F2.
40 m, . -
2 m. , . 16
. - mm. IV, V.
-
:
. ,
( , , ,
, , -
.), ,
.
,
,
-
, . -
,
, , ,
.
, 5-9 (12)
, , : .
266

: Dicotyledones
ULMUS GLABRA Huds.

U. montana With., U. scabra Mill.
. Ulmaceae

P scap; Subse; F2.
35 m. : 11 -
. .
-
. ;
8-17 cm,
,
, ,
13-20
,
, , .
, 5-6,
. 5-6.
,
. III, IV.
: ,

.
267

URTICA DIOICA L.
. Urticaceae
,
H scap; Evra; Art.2
: -
, 30-150 cm. 2 3, -
, 4-, - .

. (
3 ), , -
, -
,
,
.
.

,
; VI-XI.
: , -
, ,
, ,
.
268

: Dicotyledones
THESIUM ALPINUM L.
. Santalaceae

H scap; Se; S.j.2, N2.
,
10-30(50) cm. ,
, . -
, 0,7- 2 mm,
, 1(-3) , .
, .
4-, . ,
, -
, , .
VI.
: ,
,
.
: .
269

ASARUM EUROPAEUM L.
. Aristolochiaceae

Ch herb-rept; Evra; F3.
, 4-10 : , -
cm. , . - .
, , 3-5
2(3-4)
. ,
, , -
. 1,
, , ,
3(4) , -
, -
. 12. 6- ,
. . III-V.
.
: ,
,
.
270

: Dicotyledones
RUMEX ACETOSA L.
. Polyginaceae
, ,
H scap; Evra; Arr.3.

, 1 m, -
. -
. ,
, ,
. ,
, ;
,
, 3,5 mm.
, . V-
VIII.
: ,
.
: .
271

RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L.
. Polygonaceae

H scap; Subse; Art.2.
, 1 m.
, ,
. -
, ,
,
. ,
.
, 2,5
, -
.
4 mm, ,
. ,
. VI-IX.
: ,
,
2000 m.
:
.
272

: Dicotyledones
ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA L.
ssp. serpyllifolia
. Caryophyllaceae

T scap; Evra; B3.
: , -
, 3-30 cm. , ,
, , .
, . -
: .
, , ,
3-5 , , 2,5-8
mm, ,
. , -
.
. 5-
.
, 3-4,5 mm,
, 3 ,
.
, ,
, , .
10. ,
2-4,5 mm. V-VIII.
273

MOEHRINGIA MUSCOSA L.
. Caryophyllaceae

Ch herb-rept (caesp); Se; F2.
, - , ,
. , .
, , , , .
: -
,
.
3(5) cm,
, 0,5-1,2 mm,
, .
, 3-6, 1-4
cm , 4-;
, ;
8. ,
. V-IX.
: , -
,
274

: Dicotyledones
MOEHRINGIA TRINERVIA (L.)

Clairv.
Arenaria trinervia L.
. Caryophyllaceae

T scap; Evra; F3.
: -
, 30(40) cm. , .
, , ,
, -
. ,
,
, ,
3-5 , .
1 , 5-
. ,
,
. .
10. 2-3 cm,
, . V-VII.
:
, .
275

STELLARIA GRAMINEA L.
. Caryophyllaceae

H/Ch scap/herb-scap-re; Evra; Arr.2.
, . 5-
, 15-50 cm. , ,
, 4- 2
, , . - . ,
5 cm, - . V-VIII.
-
: , ,
,
, ,
, .
.
. -
. - : .
276

: Dicotyledones
STELLARIA NEMORUM L. ssp.

nemorum
S. montana Pierrat
. Caryophyllaceae

H scap; Subse; F2.
: , -
- .
. -
: J, -
, , 20-
, , K
60 cm, , , ,
.
.
,
,

, ; -
-
. , ,

. ,
. .

,
, . -
10. V-IX.
277

CERASTIUM BRACHYPETALUM
Pers. ssp. brachypetalum
. Caryophyllaceae
T scap semiros; Subatl-subm; B3
, 40 2-4 -
cm, . , . -
, , ,
, . ,
20 mm, . IV-VI.
,
: -
, ;
, , ,
,
,
. ,
.
. ,
. : .
278

: Dicotyledones
SILENE DIOICA (L.) Clairv.

Melandrium dioicum (L.) Cosson et
Germ., M. rubrum (Weigel) Garcke
. Caryophyllaceae

T scap; Subse; A2.
, - : ,
0,5 m. .
.
: J, --
, ,
K .
, ,
, . -
. -
. , -
. -
,
;
. 5 5
. 10
. IV-IX.
279

SILENE HEUFFELII So
. Caryophyllaceae
H scap-bienn; Mez-karp; A2.
J : -
, - ,
.
, 0,5-1 m.
: .
, ,
. -
, -
, ,
. ,
, -
. , -
; -
. V, VI.
280

: Dicotyledones
SILENE NUTANS L. ssp. nutans

. Caryophyllaceae
P
H scap; Subevra; Or.2.
0,5 m .
.
,

( , var. glabra DC),
; ,
.
3 , .
,
. ,
.
, ;
; -
5-8 mm,
. -
. . V-VII.
: ,
,
.
: (-9).
281

SILENE VULGARIS (Moench) Garcke

S. inflata Sm., S. latifolia (Miller) Brit-
ten et Rendle, non Poiret
. Caryophyllaceae
,
H/G scap/rad; Subevra; Pan.1.
, 10-100 :
cm. ,
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
. ,
ssp. commutata (Guss.) Hayek
. ,
. S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke ssp. an-
. telopum (Vest) Hayek
. , ,
60 cm. o-
, .
4-9 cm, 2-4 cm,
;
-
.
, , .
. VII, VIII.
.
: , , . 10
, mm, 2-3 mm.
.
: K
.
282

: Dicotyledones
RANUNCULUS ACONITIFOLIUS L.
. Ranunculaceae
H semiros; Subse; A2.
(15)20-50 cm. : ,
, . , , ,
. ,
. .
, 3-5(7)-
: , -
.
-.
, 2-3-
,
, -
, .

,
. .
.
,
,
. V-VII.
283

RANUNCULUS LANUGINOSUS L.
. Ranunculaceae

H semiros; Subse; F2.
, 30-70 , .
cm. . , ;
, . , ;
, , .
, . V-VIII.
3-5 ,
: ,
, 2-3-. -
.
,
, : , -
; , - , .
284

: Dicotyledones
RANUNCULUS REPENS L.
. Ranunculaceae
,
H rept; Evra; Arr.3.
:
, ,
.
. 20-40(50)
: , -
cm, , .
.
, 3-
, ,
,
.
, -
; ,
. -
, , .
5, .
, ,
. VI-VIII.
285

HELLEBORUS MULTIFIDUS Vis.

. Ranunculaceae
G rhiz; Ilir; P, QP2.
50 cm. -
, .
7-12 , ,
2-3(5) ,
. - . .
,
: -
. 3-5
.
cm.
, , . III-V. :
( -

).
,
286

: Dicotyledones
ACTAEA SPICATA L.
A. nigra Gaertn.
. Ranunculaceae
,
G rhiz; Evra; F2.
, .
, 30-65 cm. , ; , , -
, , . . V-VII.
, .
: ,
, , -
.
,
. , : , -
4-6-, ( ,
), - .
, , .
287

CALTHA PALUSTRIS L.
. Ranunculaceae
, ,
H scap; Cirk; Calt.1.
- :
, 15-30 cm. .
, ,
: .
, ,
, -
. -
, -
, , .
5 -
,
, ,
. ,
5-8. ,
,
1 mm. IV-VII.
288

: Dicotyledones
ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM L. ssp.

vulparia (Reichenb.) Nyman
. Ranunculaceae
,
G(H) rhiz/scap, Evra, F2.
0,5-1,5 m. , : , --
. . .
. -
, , 5-7 -

3 .
.
,
,
, , .

. -
, ,
; -
, . VI-VIII.
: , -
, ,
.
289

ANEMONE NEMOROSA L.
. Ranunculaceae

G rhiz; Cirk; F3.
6-30 cm. : .
, .
: , -
.
,
1, , 3-
, -, -
( 5-);
, .
, , -
. -
3 , -
1-2 cm; 3-5-
-, . -
, -
, -
( -
). (5)6,
,
, . -
, 10-20; III-V.
290

: Dicotyledones
THALICTRUM
AQUILEGIFOLIUM L.
. Ranunculaceae

H scap; Subse; F3.
30-150 cm.
, ,
, . 2-3- -
, -
.
2-4 cm, , ,
,
, -
, . -
, , 4-;
. ,
.
3 . IV-V.
:
, ,
.
: -, -
.
291

CORYDALIS BULBOSA (L.) DC.

C. cava (L.) Koerte, C. cava Schweigg.
. Papaveraceae
, ,
G tub; Subse; F2.
, 10- : -
35(50) cm. ( ,
), . , .
, , ,
: 2 3,
2 ,
- .
. ,
3-, , ;
, ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
, .
2-2,5 cm, .
, . IV-V.
292

: Dicotyledones
CARDAMINE BULBIFERA (L.)

Crantz
Dentaria bulbifera L.
. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

G rhiz; Subse; F2.
, 30-70 cm. , ,
, . - , -
, , . . -
7-, , 2,5-4,5 cm.
; , . IV-VII.
5(7)-, ;
: , ,
3-5-, .

-
.
().
, . : , ,
, -,
5 mm. - .
293

CARDAMINE ENNEAPHYLLOS
(L.) Crantz
Dentaria enneaphyllos L.
. Brassicaceae
,
G rhiz; Se; F1.
, 18- , 12-16(20) mm, .

30 cm. , , - , ,
. , (40)50-75 mm, 3,5-4
. mm. , . V-
(2)3(4) , VII.
, .
:
,
,
, .
,
, . -
.
, ,
. : , -
, , ,
, - , -.
294

: Dicotyledones
CARDAMINE FLEXUOSA With.

C. sylvatica Link
. Brassicaceae

H semiros-scap; Cirk; MC2.
, 7- , 1,5-3
30(40) cm. mm, .
, , , ,
. , .
, 5-9-, - , ,
, 12-24 mm, 1 mm. IV-
, - VII (IX).
.
: -
, 5-11
, -
.
.
. -
. - : .
295

CARDAMINE IMPATIENS L.
. Brassicaceae

H scap-bienn; Evra; F2.
, - ;
10-85 cm. . , .
, - , . -
. , , 1,5-2
, mm. ,
, - , .
. - , 15-30 mm,
, 1 mm. . (IV) V-
, , 6-9 VII (VIII).
.
: -
,
, -

.
.
, : .
, 2
296

: Dicotyledones
CARDAMINE KITAIBELII Becherer

C. polyphylla (Waldst. et Kit.) O. E.
Schulz, Dentaria polyphylla W. et K.
. Brassicaceae

G rhiz; Ilir; F1.
20-30(60) cm. - :
. - ,
, . .
.
: .
3-4
, 7-9 .
,
. .
, -
. -
, -
. 15-20
mm, . -
, 40-65 mm,
2,5-5 mm. IV, V.
297

CARDAMINE TRIFOLIA L.
C. trifoliata Baumg.
. Brassicaceae

G rhiz; Subilir; F1.
(12)20-30 cm. - : , - -
. , - , ;
. .
, 3-, , -
,
,
, ,
-
. 1-2
,
. .
.
9-11 mm, (
). 20-27 mm,
2 mm. .
IV-VI.
:
,
.
298

: Dicotyledones
CARDAMINE WALDSTEINII Dyer

Dentaria trifolia Waldst. et Kit.,
C. savensis O. E. Schulz
. Brassicaceae

G rhiz; Ilir; F1.
, 12- : , -
35(50) cm. , , .
. ,
, , .
.
. (2)3(4)
, -
; , -
, , -
. -
, .
10-12(16)
mm, . -
. , 20-35 mm,
2 mm. ,
. IV-VI.
:

.
299

ARABIS ALPINA L.
. Brassicaceae

Ch caesp-subsufrutt; Arkt; Th.2.
- : ,
.
.
: , -
40 cm, ,
-
, ,
.
. ,
, -
; -
, . . -
4-8 mm.
, 14-18 mm,
. -
,
.
, ,
. III-IX.
300

: Dicotyledones
ARABIS HIRSUTA (L.) Scop.

. Brassicaceae
H ros-bienn/ros; Cirk; B3.
: , -
, 4-120 cm. - , , -
, . , ,
, . .
; ,
: .
,
, -
. -
, , -
, -
. .
,
2,5-3 mm; ,
, 5 mm, .
-

, , 1,5-5 cm,
1 mm. ,
, . III-VII.
301

ARABIS MURALIS Bertol.

. Brassicaceae
H; Subm; As.3.
30 cm
. , .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
. , -
. .
8-12 mm, .
, 25-45 mm.
. V.
: -
, .
: .
302

: Dicotyledones
ARABIS SCOPOLIANA Boiss.

. Brassicaceae
Ch subsuff; Ilir3 ; S. j.1.
, :
3-12 cm. , ,
, . .
, ;
: .
,
, , ;
1-4, ,
.
. -
4 mm, -
.
, 10-11 mm, -
, . -
, 5-10 mm,
1,5-2 mm. ,
. V-VI (VII).
3
e t a l. (1979): Din, 303

LUNARIA REDIVIVA L.
. Brassicaceae
, ,

H scap; Subse; FrA1.
, 5-140 cm. :
. ,
, . .
, , ,
: , ,
, , ,
-, .
, .
, , 4-
. 5-6
mm, ,
.
,
( ).
,
, -
, 4-7 cm.
. V-VII.
304

: Dicotyledones
SEDUM ALBUM L.
. Crassulaceae

Ch herb-rept-succ; Subse; Sed.2.
, - : , ,
, 5-18 cm. - ,
, 4-12 mm, - .
(
: .
)
, , -
. , ,
. 5-.
, .
2-4 mm,
,
, ,
. 10. -
5, . VI-VII (IX).
305

SAXIFRAGA PANICULATA Mill.

S. aizoon Jacq.
. Saxifragaceae

Ch ros-caesp; Arkt; Pot.2
, 2-45 : , -
cm, . ,
, .
.
: -
-
.
, , -
0,3-5 cm, ,

.
.
.
,
,
, 2-3 .
V-VII.
306

: Dicotyledones
SAXIFRAGA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
. Saxifragaceae
,
H ros; Subm; A2.
, (10)
15-70 cm. , -
.
, -
, -
,
.
2-3 ,
, , -
. VI-
VIII.
: ,
-
.
: ,
.
307

CHRYSOSPLENIUM
ALTERNIFOLIUM L.
. Saxifragaceae
,
T scap; Cirk; A2.

, 5-20 cm.
, .
, ,
, -
, ,
. -
;
. ,
.
, .
, 4(5)-, . -
8; IV-VII.
:
-
, , .
: , -
, -.
308

: Dicotyledones
RIBES ALPINUM L.
. Grossulariaceae

P caesp; Bor-evra; VP3.
, 2,5 m.
. -
, , -
; -
, . -
, ; ,
, , -
.
. ,
. IV-VI.
: -
, ,
-
.
: ,
-.
309

ROSA CANINA L.
. Rosaceae

P caesp; Subse; P, Prun.2.
1,5-3 m. , ,
, .

. ;
:
(5)7(9), 1,5-4 cm,
, Rosa canina L. ssp. lutetiana (Lem.)
, , . Hay.
, .
.
3-5, ;
. -
;
(
,
), .
.
, , .
. 1-2 cm,
. -
, ,
,
4-5 mm. VI, VII.
.
: , , .
, ,
: .
,
310

: Dicotyledones
ROSA PENDULINA L.
R. alpina L.
. Rosaceae

Ch frut; Se; A2.
0,5-1 m. - ,
; .
, , ,
: , -
2-6 mm. .
, , -,
7;9(11) .
3 .
,
, 2-6 cm, -
, ,
; , .
, 2-3,
,
. -
;
. , 1,5-2,5
cm, , ,
. VI-VII.
: -
, ,
311

RUBUS IDAEUS L.
. Rosaceae

NP caesp; Cirk; E3.
1-1,5 m. - -, ,
, , , .
.
, (3)5-7 .
( -
, ), e-
,
. , .
5-, -

, .
. . V.
: , -
, -
.
: , -
, ,
312

: Dicotyledones
RUBUS SAXATILIS L.
. Rosaceae

H scap; Subbor-subevra; VP3.
, 10-50 cm. . ,
, - . V.
,
: ,
, . -
.
.
3-10 . : -
, , ; .
313

RUBUS HIRTUS Waldst. et Kit.

. Rosaceae

NP caesp; Se; F3.
1 m. ,
; , ,
, ; ,
. (
5-, 3-
); ,
, ,
, ,
;
;
.
. ,
, ;
, ; ; V.
: -
.
: , 3, -
, .
314

: Dicotyledones
FILIPENDULA ULMARIA (L.)

Maxim. ssp. ulmaria
Spiraea ulmaria L.
. Rosaceae

, - . .
0,5-2 m. 5
. , 6, , .
, , , 2 mm, , ,
. - . VI-VIII.
, 2-5 -
: -
. ,
,
-
.
, ,
, - : .
315

AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA L. ssp.

eupatoria
. Rosaceae
, ,
H scap; Evra; B3.
, (10) : ,
30-100 cm. . , -
, - .
. 3-
: .
6 ,
.
, ,
.
, , -
. ;
5-, . -
. -
;
. -
10-20. 7-10
mm, .
,
, .
VI-VIII(X).
316

: Dicotyledones
AREMONIA AGRIMONIOIDES (L.)

DC. ssp. agrimonioides
. Rosaceae

H ros; Is. subm; F1.
, 5-35 cm, - : ,
. .
, , -
: , -
.
,
, .
, -,
,
.
, 3 5 2
4 ,
, ,
.
(
.)
, 2-5.
5 .
. 5-10. 1-
-2 , -
. V, VI.
317

GEUM URBANUM L.
. Rosaceae
,
H scap; Evra; F3.
- 3-5-, .
, 20-60 cm. , 5(6)-.
-
, , , , . -
. - ,
, , 1-5 ; V-X.
, -
: -

. . -
, 2-5- -
.
,
2-10 cm. : -.
318

: Dicotyledones
POTENTILLA ERECTA (L.) Ruschel

P. tormentilla Stokes
. Rosaceae
,
, (5)10-30(50) cm. : , (
, , ) .
,
: .
. ,
, . ,
3(4,5)-,
;
, 3-;
,
,
. -
.
. -

. -
4-, ,
. V-VIII.
319

POTENTILLA MONTENEGRINA
Pant.
(P. montenegrina Pan.)
. Rosaceae

H semiros-scap; Ilir-sk-pind. end; Arr.3.
, 30-80 : .
cm. , ,
,
, .
, -
.
( 10 mm),
, (
3,5-8 cm), 2-4 cm, 5-9
, .
.
-
. , -
. VII, VIII.
: -
,
.
320

: Dicotyledones
FRAGARIA VESCA L.
. Rosaceae

H semiros-rept; Evra; E3.

, 5-20(30) cm. .
. 3-, - , ; V,
, , VI.
. ,
: ,
, . -
, .
,
, : , --
, , , -
. .
. . -
321

FRAGARIA MOSCHATA Duchesne

F. elatior Ehrh.
. Rosaceae

H ros-rept; Subse; F3.
40 cm, :
. .
;
, .
, -
, . -
,
, -
. 5-12, . -
.
.

.
; V, VI.
: , , -
, -
.
322

: Dicotyledones
ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS L.
. Rosaceae

H ros; Cirk; Arr2.
, 10- : -
-40(50) cm. , - , .
.
-
, -
:
, ,
. Alchemilla vulgaris L. ssp. praten-
. - sis (Schmidt) E. G. Camus
, 7-11 1/4-
,
1/3(1/2) ,
20-50 cm.
, .
, ,
.
9-11 ,
, , -
1/2-1/3 .
(
). , ; V- : .
IX.
323

SORBUS ARIA (L.) Crantz ssp. aria

Aria nivea Host.
. Rosaceae

P scap-caesp; Se; F3.
14 m. - : , -
, ,
. , ,
, . .
.
:
, .
.
12 cm, ,
, ,
,
.
(8)10-14 , .
. ,
1-1,5 cm;
. -
, , -
-
, 1,5 cm. V-VI.
324

: Dicotyledones
SORBUS AUCUPARIA L. ssp.

aucuparia
. Rosaceae
,
P scap-caesp; Subse; VP2.
16 m. : , -
, , - ,
. - ,
, , .
, -
: , ,
.
,
, , ,
-, .
, .
,
, ,
. 9-15 .
, 5
cm, 1,5 cm,
, ,
;
1-2 mm. ,
,
.
,
,
. ; -
, .
, ,
9-10 mm, , . V.
325

ARUNCUS DIOICUS (Walter) Fernald

A. sylvestris Kostel
. Rosaceae
,
H scap; Cirk; F2.
, - : -
0,5-2 m. . - ,
, . - .
1 m,
: .
. ,
.
, 50
cm, . -
, , 5 -
,
, . -
( ) -
. , -
3 mm, -
. V-VIII.
326

: Dicotyledones
VICIA INCANA Gouan

V. cracca ssp. gerardii Gaudin,
V. gerardii All.
. Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)
H scap; Subm; B3.
20- 20-30 , ,
-100 cm. , ,
, .
. .
, , 10- .
-20 . . VI,
, 10-26 mm, VII.
3-7 mm, -
: -
, ,
, -
(
, .
), .
, . - : .
327

VICIA OROBOIDES Wulf.

. Fabaceae

H scap; Ilir; F1.
40-50 cm. ,
.
,
. 2-3(4)

. , ,
.
. ,
3-7(12) ,
. , ,
. .
3-4 cm, , .
. V, VI
(VII).
: ,
.
:
.
(1992)
.
328

: Dicotyledones
LATHYRUS PRATENSIS L.
. Fabaceae

H scap; Subevra; Arr.3.
, : o
30-60(120) cm , .
,
.
, , 4-
, , .
, -
, 0,5-3 cm 1
,
, 2-6(9)
mm, 15-30 mm,
.
, 3-6
mm, 10-30 mm.
. .
, , -
6-12. VI.
: ,
, -
.
329

LATHYRUS VERNUS (L.) Bernh.

Orobus vernus L.
. Fabaceae
,
H scap; Subse; F2.
, 20-30
(60) cm. .
, ,
, .
, ,
2-4 , , -
, , -
. , 1-2
cm, . 3-5(10)
; . -
;
, .
, .
, . IV, V.
: , -
-
.
: 3, -
, -.
330

: Dicotyledones
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.
. Fabaceae

H scap; Subevra; Arr.3.
, 20-40 . 1 2 ,
cm. , , ,
, , - , .
, , ,
, , , -
. . ,
15-20 cm, . V-IX.
.
: ,
, ,
,
,
.
. .
, , : .
331

TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.
. Fabaceae

H rept; Subevra; Arr.3.
: , -
, , ,
. , ,
30 cm , ,
, . .
, 20 cm. -
:
0,5-3 cm ,
.
, -
,
,
.
.
, , , -
.
.
( ),
. V-X.
332

: Dicotyledones
LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.
. Fabaceae
, ,
H scap; Subevra; B3.
.
, -
5-40(60) cm, . -
, 5-
. -
,
, 2
.
6 .
, ,
.
10-14 mm, ,
. IV-IX.
: ,
.
: .
333

OXALIS ACETOSELLA L.
. Oxalidaceae
, , ,

G rhiz; Cirk; VP3.
, 15 cm. , ,
, , - , -
, . . . IV.
. -
:
, 3-, , -
, , ,
. -
, ,
, , ,
.
. ,
5-, : , 3,
. - ,
. , .
334

: Dicotyledones
GERANIUM PHAEUM L.
. Geraniaceae
, ,

H scap/semiros; Se; F2.
, -
30-70 cm. , - .
. , 2-2,5 cm. VII-X.
.
: -
, . -
, ,
,
,
5-7-; -
.
, :
, 3-5-; - :
, . 1501 -,
, , .
335

GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM L.
. Geraniaceae

H semiros; Subcirk; F2.

, -
, 15-40(70) cm.
, ,
.
, , 3-5--
, .
,

.
. -
, .
2 cm. -
. V-VIII.
: -
, -
.
:
(, ,
, -, .).
336

: Dicotyledones
GERANIUM SYLVATICUM L. ssp.

silvaticum
. Geraniaceae

H scap; Bor-evra; A2.
- . ,
, , ,
20-70 cm. , .
, , , . V-
. VII.
90% ;
: ,
.
, , -
,
.
-,
5-7 : -
.
. -,
, ;
. .
337

EUPHORBIA AMYGDALOIDES L.
ssp. amygdaloides
. Euphorbiaceae
,
Ch sufrut; Subatl-subm; F3.

, ; -
- 2.
, 15-50 cm. IV-VI.
.
: (-
, , ,
), , ,
.
., ,
, -
.
, .
, : , -
. - , ,
, , , .

, 4-9
. .
5-, -
2- ; -
338

: Dicotyledones
EUPHORBIA CARNIOLICA Jacq.

. Euphorbiaceae

H scap; Subilir; F1.
,
, 20- , .
40 cm. , 3-5-,
, , . , ,
. - 3-4 mm,
(2-5 mm), 5-15 mm. IV-VI.
-
: ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
.
, - : -
, .
339

EUPHORBIA DULCIS L.
. Euphorbiaceae
H scap; Subse; F2.
15-60 cm. . , -
, - , .
, .
: -,
-
, .
,
,
.
3-5-;
; -
,
,
. V, VI.
:
( , ),
, , -
340

: Dicotyledones
MERCURIALIS PERENNIS L.
. Euphorbiaceae
,
H scap; Subse; F2.

, 20-40 cm.
4-, , .
, -
5-45 mm, ,

(2-3 ), ,
, -
. -
, .
, -
. ,
. .
, . IV-
VI.
: ,
.
: 3, -
.
341

ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS L.
. Aceraceae
,
P scap; Se; F2.
25-30(40) m,
1(2,5) m. , -
, . ,
,
.
. -
, ,
. ,
5-, -
, -
. -
.
. -
, , -
. .

, -
.
. IV, V.
: ,
, -
.
: .
342

: Dicotyledones
EUONYMUS LATIFOLIUS (L.)

Miller
. Celastraceae

NP caesp; Subm; F3.
o : .
6 m. -
. , -
. (
), 5-20 mm,
, .
, ,
, 14
cm, .
, ,
. 5(4)-,
. 5(4)-
, 2 cm. ,
-
. V.
:
.
343

ILEX AQUIFOLIUM L.
. Aquifoliaceae
, ,
P caesp/scap; Subatl-subm; F2.
, : (
10 m , ,
30 cm. , 1 2, 1300 m . .).
, . ,
, . Ruscus hypoglossum
, .
(
( , 1992).
), , ,
.
, , ,
(
), , 4-.
.
,
1 cm, ,
. V, VI.
:
-
.
344

: Dicotyledones
RHAMNUS ALPINUS L. ssp. fallax

(Boiss.) Maire et Petitmengin
R.. fallax Boiss., Oreoherzogia fallax
(Boiss.) Vent.
. Rhamnaceae
,
P caesp; Balk; R. f.2.
, 1-4 m. ( ; ,
, ),
, - .
, .
: , -
, -
, -, -
.
3, .
.
, 10-15
cm, -
, ,
, ,
, -
10-20 . 3-7
, , , 4-
, . ,
, 5-6 mm. V, VI.
: -
,

345

MALVA MOSCHATA L.
. Malvaceae

H scap-bienn; Subatl-subm; Arr.1.
, 20- : -
-100 cm. . ,
. .
, -
: .
, -
; -
5-
7-, -
. .
,
1-3 ,
, 5-.
,
( ),
. VI, VII(X).
346

: Dicotyledones
DAPHNE MEZEREUM L.
. Thymelaeaceae
, ,

NP caesp; Subj. sib; F2.
,
30-150 cm. .
, -
, , ,
7-9 cm, ,
, -
. . -
, 2-4
, , -
;
. -
, ,
. II-IV.
:
,
.
: .
347

HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L.
ssp. perforatum
H. noeanum Boiss.
. Hypericaceae (Guttiferae)
,
H scap; Subevra; B3.
. . -
, ,
.
, ,

,
. ,
. 5-.
2-4 ,
,
. VI-VIII.
: ,
, , -
, , .
: ,
.
348

: Dicotyledones
VIOLA BIFLORA L.
. Violaceae
H scap; Arkt; A3.
. . .
, - ,
5-25 cm, , , 2-3 ;
, 2-4 1-3 . , , ; .
1-3(4), , V, VI(-VIII).
, ,
: a -
, ,
a a -
, ,
.
.
, , : J ( 2)
. , - .
, ,
349

VIOLA RIVINIANA Reich.

V. sylvestris Lam. var. riviniana
. Violaceae

H scap-semiros; Subse; F3.
5-45
cm, , . -
,
, .
2-3 cm,
, ; -
( 2-3
mm);
; .
IV-VI.
: -
, -
, .
: , ,
, -, -
.
350

: Dicotyledones
CIRCAEA ALPINA L.
. Onograceae (Onotheraceae)
H scap; Subbor-cirk; A2.
, 4-15 , 2-2,5 cm, 1

(25) cm. , - 1 . -
. , ,
- 1 . VI-VIII.
, -
:
, , -
, ,
, , , ,
, -
3 cm. -
.
. -
, , . : -
, . (1992)
;
. - .
351

CIRCAEA LUTETIANA L.
. Onograceae (Onotheraceae)
,
H scap; Cirk; F3.
, 20-60 cm. .
, ; - , 2-4 mm,
- ; .
. , 3-4 mm, 2 2 ,
, . - ,
, 1 . VI-VIII.
, ,
: ,
, 10
,
cm, ,
, ,
. ,
.
. -
, . : -
, .
, , -
352

: Dicotyledones
EPILOBIUM ALPESTRE (Jacq.)

Krock.
Epilobium trigonum Schrank
. Onagraceae
H scap; Se; A2.
, 20-
-70(80) cm, , - , .
. , . , . ,
. ,
. , . VII-IX.
3-4 ,
:
, ,
,
4-7 cm,
,
; ;
.
, -
, . : ( -
15 mm, ).
353

EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM L.
E. spicatum Lam., Chamaenerium an-
gustifolium (L.) Scop.
. Ongraceae
, , ,
,
H scap; Cirk; E3.
, -
50-150(200) cm. - . VI-VIII.
. -
: , -
,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
, ,
.
4-20 cm, 7-40 mm,
, : ( 1)
, - .
, -
,
. , .
.
( ).
,

, -
354

: Dicotyledones
EPILOBIUM MONTANUM L.
E. hypericifolium Tausch
. Ongraceae

H scap; Evra; F2.
, 10- , 8-10(12) mm;

80(100) cm. , , -
. . ,
, 5-9 cm, .
, , . VI-IX.
.
: , , ,
,
,
, ,
.
.
, , : -
, 3-10 cm, , ,
. , 4- .
355

SANICULA EUROPAEA L.
. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
,
H scap-semiros; Evroafr; F2.
- ,
, 20-50 cm. 1 mm;
, , . ,
1-2 . 4-5 mm. V-VII.
,
: , -
, 3-5
,
, .
.

, . : , -
, 3-5 . , -, ,
, 3 .
. , .
, .
356

: Dicotyledones
CHAEROPHYLLUM AUREUM L.
Ch. maculatum Willd
. Apiaceae
T scap; Subse; Arct.1.
-
, 30-130 cm,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
, -
.
10-15 .
,
, . 6-11 mm.
VI-VIII.
: -
, ,
.
: , -
-,
.
357

CHAEROPHYLLUM HIRSUTUM L.
Ch. cicutaria Vill.
. Apiaceae
H scap; Se; A2.
, , .
, 20- . 10-20
120 cm. . 1-
, , , -2 .
, , , , ,
, ; V-VIII.
,
: , -
. ,
.
, 3-4
, ; : .
358

: Dicotyledones
ANTHRISCUS NITIDA (Wahlenb.)

Garcke
A. sylvestris ssp. alpestris (Wimmer et
Grab.) Gremli
. Apiaceae

H scap; Subse; F2.
. ,
, .
;
,
,
,
, , .
. 8-15
. ;
5.
, . , -
, 5-7 mm. V-VII.
: , -
,
.
: 2 3, -
, , ,
.
359

AEGOPODIUM PODAGRARIA L.
. Apiaceae
,
G rhiz-scap; Evra; F3.
, .
, .
0,3-1 m. , , 15 ,
, . . .
, ( ).
. () , 3
mm. V-VII.
,
: -
(7-
,
); ,
.
,
. : ,
, , .
,
360

: Dicotyledones
PHYSOSPERMUM VERTICILLATUM
(Waldst. et Kit.) Vis.
Dana verticillata (Waldst. et Kit.) Janchen
. Apiaceae

H scap; Ilir-apen; B3.
, , ( ). -
, . 2-3- , 5-9 mm. VII, VIII.
, ,
: , -
, -
,
,
.
, ( )
, - : -
. - -. (1992) -
, . -
4- . (1927)
-10, , . .
, . -
361

ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS L.
incl. A. illyrica K. Mal, A. elata Velen.
. Apiaceae
,
, ,
H scap; Evra; F2.
, - :
, , - , ,
, 0,5-1,5 ( .
2) m. , ,
: , -
, ,
,
, .

,
.
. 2-3-
, ,
60 cm, ,
,
. ,
, .
, -
, ,
, .
.

. ,
, 20-30 -
.
1-3 .
. ,
. -
, , 3 2
, 3,5-5
mm. VI-IX.
362

: Dicotyledones
PEUCEDANUM AUSTRIACUM
(Jacq.) Koch
. Apiaceae

H scap; Is. subm; B3.
, - : ,
60-120 cm. , - , -
, , - ,
. - .
, 35 cm, 2-
: .
3- ,
,
, (
) ,
.
12-30 , -
.
.
;
, 1,5 mm,
. 6-9 mm,
. VII.
363

PASTINACA SATIVA L. ssp. sativa

. Apiaceae
, ,
H scap bienn; Evra; Arr.3.
- : -
( ,
), 30-100 cm. - .
, , ,
: .
, , .
,

.
, 2-7 .
,
, 1-
-2 , 3-,
.
.
7-20 ,
.
. -
, .
; ,
. VII, VIII.
364

: Dicotyledones
HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM L.
. Apiaceae
,
- :
, , -
Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp.
, 30-150 cm. ,
montanum Schleicher4
. , ,
, ,
. : , -
; - . 12-25(30).
, , -
3-5 , - .
; .
e: .
,
; , . Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. ter-
, 10-30 , natum (Velen.) Brummitt
.

, , ,
, .
.
. 5-6 mm.
; VI-IX.
a: -,
: ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
ssp. montanum
ssp. ternatum
4
- . 365

LASERPITIUM KRAPFII Crantz ssp.

krapfii
L. krapfii Crantz marginatum
Thellung, L. marginatum W. et K.
. Apiaceae

H scap; Subilir; F3.
, 35-150 cm. - . ,
, , - (5)7-15(20) .
,
. , 2-5 .
, 3- . ,
, . 7-8 mm.
, - .
, , - VI, VII.
.
: , , -
,
,
,
, -
, ; -
.
, -
. : -, 3,
.
366

: Dicotyledones
PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
. Pyrolaceae

Ch herb; Subbor-cirk; VP2.
6-40 cm, .
. , -
, 1-2 , . 2,3-2,8 mm. -
, - 6-10 mm. VI, VII.
. -
: ,
, ,

, , ,
,
, , -
.
, . -
, 5-. : -
4-8 mm. 3,5- .
-4,5 mm, , - , (1992)
, , . (1967)
, .
367

ORTHILIA SECUNDA (L.) House

ssp. secunda
Pyrola secunda L., Ramischia secunda
(L.) Opiz
. Pyrolaceae
,
Ch suffrut; Subbor-cirk; VP3.
.
, 10-30 cm. . 1,5
, mm. 4,5-6 mm.
. , 2-5 cm, , . VI, VII.
, ,
: -
, , -

, . 5-
.
,
. : ( 2),
; -
, - .
; , ,
368

: Dicotyledones
VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.
. Ericaceae (Vacciniaceae)

Ch frut; Subbor-cirk; VP3.
, 30 , ,
(-50) cm. , , , , VII-IX.
. ,
:
,
,
. -
,
, , 5-;
.
,
, (4)5- , - : , -
. V, VI. , .
369

PRIMULA VERIS L. ssp. columnae

(Ten.) Ldi
. Primulaceae

H ros; Evra; F3.
. 9-12 mm,
, - , , 5
- ; ;
. . IV, V.
, -
: -
, , -
.
; .
:
. 8-15 mm, .
,
370

: Dicotyledones
GENTIANA ASCLEPIADEA L.
. Gentianaceae
,
H scap; Se; F2.
, , : ,
, 15-60(100) , ,
cm. , . .
, ,
: 3, -,
. , ,
,
, ,
.
, 5 ,
5-8 cm.
, . 5-
; 5 -
, ,
( ,
),
. , ,
. ,
, 2 mm. (VII)VIII-X.
371

GALIUM MOLLUGO L.
G. mollugo ssp. turolense (Willd.) Hayek
. Rubiaceae
,
H scap; Subse; Mb.
, 25-100 cm. : -
, . .
, 4-,
, ,
, .
,
, 8-26 mm, -
3-7 mm, ,

.
, 2-3 mm,
; 2-4
mm. , 1
mm. V-IX.
: , , ,
, .
372

: Dicotyledones
GALIUM ODORATUM (L.) Scop.

Asperula odorata L.
. Rubiaceae

H scap; Subevra; F2.
, 10-30 . ,
cm. , . 11-15 mm; .
, 4-, - 3 mm, . V, VI.
-
: , -
, .
.
, 6-9, -
, , 3 , :
(, ,
. - , , - ).
. ,
373

GALIUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM L.
G. scabrum auct., non L.
. Rubiaceae

H scap; Se; AP.
, 10-40 ; -
cm. , 4- ,
, , . . VI, VII.
, 4, ,
: , -
, ,
.
3 ,
, : -
. , , (, , -
. 3 mm. - ,
, , - .).
374

: Dicotyledones
GALIUM SYLVATICUM L.
. Rubiaceae
,
H scap; Se; F3.
,
30-140 cm. ,
. -
, , 4 ,
. , 6-
-8,
, , -
4-10 mm, ,
. -
. ,
1,5-2,5 mm; VII, VIII.
: .
: 3, ,
-
.
375

CRUCIATA GLABRA (L.) Ehrend.

Galium vernum Scop.
. Rubiaceae
,
H scap; Pont-subm; F3.
- , ,
, (5)10-30 ( ). ,
cm. , . V, VI.
, 4-, , -
: -
. ,
,
, 3 ,
.
, , -
. , . - : -
. 4-- .
376

: Dicotyledones
PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS L.
P. officinalis ssp. maculosa (Hayne)
Gams
. Boraginaceae
,
H scap; Subse; F2.
, :
10-20(30) cm. - .
.
, ,
, ,
,
.

, ,
; .
.
,
.
13-18 mm, ,
(
). III-V.
: (-
),
, -
.
377

SYMPHYTUM TUBEROSUM L.
. Boraginaceae
,
G tub; Pont-subm; F2.
(15)20-30(50) cm. 1/4-1/3(1/2)

, - . 2,5-3,5
mm. IV, V.
. ,
: , -
. , -
, -
, ,
.
.
. - :
3-7, , -
Symphytum tuberosum L. ssp. no-
, -
dosum (Schur) So
, ,
, ,
, . .
, 1-9(20), 3-7.
, . 1-9(20) .
, ; 4,5-6(6,5) mm, 2 mm .
4,5-6(6,5) mm, -
: , -
2,5 mm.
, , -,
.
.
378

: Dicotyledones
MYOSOTIS ALPESTRIS F. W.
Schmidt
M. silvatica (Ehrh.) Hoffm. ssp.
alpestris (Schm.) Rohl.
. Boraginaceae
H scap; Cirk; A1.
,
2-5 cm,
. . -
, .
7-11 mm;
, , ,
, . VI-VIII.
:
,
. .
: -
.
379

MYOSOTIS SYLVATICA Hoffm. ssp.

sylvatica
M. sylvatica (Ehrh.) Hoffm.
. Boraginaceae
,
H scap; Subevra; F2.
- : (-
, 50 cm, , - , , , -
. , -, 3,
, , - .).
.
,
; ,
, . -
, , -
, .
, . -
, ,
. 5
mm; ,
5 ,
, ,
.
.
. IV-V.
: , -
.
380

: Dicotyledones
LAMIUM MACULATUM L.
. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

H scap; Subse; Art.3.
, 15-
60(100) cm.
.
,
.
, -
,
( ),
.
3-5 .
, -
.
( ),
. IV-
VI(IX).
: ,
.
: , -
- .
381

LAMIASTRUM GALEOBDOLON
(L.) Ehrend et Polatschek
Galeobdolon luteum Hudson, Lamium
galeobdolon (L.) L.
. Lamiaceae

H scap; Subse; F3.
- (8)10-15 , .
. 1,5-3,5 ,
, . .
30-60 cm, , , , -
. , 8-25 mm.
1-3 cm, , . IV-VII.
, -
: ,
,
.
, , -
, :
, . (, ,
2-5 , ).
382

: Dicotyledones
AJUGA REPTANS L.
. Lamiaceae
,
H rept; Subse; F3.
( );
. . IV-VIII.
, 15-35
: , -
cm, . -
,
,
.
, -
, - :
; (, , ,
, , .).
, -
. -

-
.
.
383

TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS L.
. Lamiaceae
,
Ch suffr-caesp; Subpont-subm; B3.
, 10-25(30) cm. ,
. - .
; ;
, , , 2,5 ,
, 2 ( ). VI-VIII(IX).
,
:
.
, -
,
, , ,
, ,
,

.
. ,
, : .
384

: Dicotyledones
MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM L.
ssp. melissophyllum
. Lamiaceae
,
H scap; Se; B3, Q. p.2.
, 20-50 -
(80) cm. , . - , , . -
4-, . , , -
, , - . -
, - , 3- . V,
VI.
. ,
: ,
. -
, .
,
: .
385

STACHYS SYLVATICA L.
. Lamiaceae

H scap; Subse; F2.
, , ). VI-
, 30-100 IX.
cm. .
: -
, -
, , -
, . 2-6 ,
.
, , -
, : .
,
. ,
,
1-3 cm,
.
, 10 , ,
.
, (
386

: Dicotyledones
PRUNELLA VULGARIS L.
Brunella vulgaris Moenh
. Lamiaceae
, ,
H scap-semiros; Subevra; Arr.3.
. -
, 5-30 cm. ; -
, - ( -
. , - ). VI-IX.
,
: -
, -
, , , -
.
.
, , (-
), : ,
, , .
, -
. , ,
,
;
387

CLINOPODIUM VULGARE L. ssp.

vulgare
Calamintha clinopodium Bentham,
C. vulgaris (L.) Druce
. Lamiaceae
,
H scap; Cirk; Or.2.
, - , -
30-60(80) cm. . -
, . ,
1 cm, 2-4 ; .
cm, () - VII-IX.
, -
: , ,
, -
.
, , -
, () . - : .
-
388

: Dicotyledones
ORIGANUM VULGARE L.
. Lamiaceae

H scap; Evra; Or.2.
(-
, ), ,
20-50(80) cm. - ,
, . .
. , - ( -
. - ). VII-IX.
, ,
: ,
, ,
,
2-5 ,
, 2000 m.
.
1-3 , : .
389

THYMUS PULEGIOIDES L.
T. alpestris auct., non Tausch
T. chamaedrys Fries
. Lamiaceae

Ch suffrut-rept; Subse; B3.
. - :
, 4-,
Thymus pulegioides L. ssp. monta-
,
nus (W. et K.) Ronn.
.
, . Ch(H); Subse.
, , ;
- ,
,
. ,
.
-
. ,
;
. VI-
. -
IX.
-
: .
m, , .
m .
: .
390

: Dicotyledones
MENTHA LONGIFOLIA (L.) Huds.

M. sylvestris L., M. incana Willd.
. Lamiaceae

H scap; Subse; A.g.2.
- . , -
, , 30- . ,
100(180) cm. 2-2,5 . VII-IX.
4-, , m
: , ,
, .
., ,
,
.
,
3-15 cm, , : ( -
, - ).
.

.
391

SALVIA GLUTINOSA L.
. Lamiaceae
, ,
H scap; Subse; F2.
, , -
40-80(120) cm. ,
, .
, ,
4-,

. , -
, , -
, ,
,
. ,
.
, ;
, .
VI-IX.
: , -
, .
:
.
392

: Dicotyledones
SOLANUM DULCAMARA L.
. Solanaceae

S lig; Subevra; P.
, 0,3- ,
1,5(3) m. , ,
, . .
, : , -
:
, . -
.

,
,
, , .
.
, . -
( ),
,
. 5.
, ,
. VI-VIII.
:
, , , -
393

ATROPA BELLA-DONNA L.
. Solanaceae
, ,
H scap; Subse; Atrop.2.
, .
, 0,5-2 m. , ,
, . VI-VIII. .
, -
: -
. -
,
, , ,
,
,
;
2 ,
.
. 1,
2; 2-3 cm, : ( 1),
, .
,
394

: Dicotyledones
SCROPHULARIA NODOSA L.
. Scrophulariaceae
,
H scap; Evra; F2.
, 40- .
120 cm. 4-, ,
. - , . ,
, ( ), , . VI, VII.

: , -
, . ,
,

.
. 1-2
mm. 2-3 : , -
. , .
395

VERBASCUM NIGRUM L.
. Scrophulariaceae

H ros; Subsk-pind; Cha.1.
, - :
50-100 cm.
Verbascum nigrum L. ssp. abieti-
(
num (Borb.) I. K. Ferguson
), , -
, V. abietinum Borbs, V. bornmuelleri
, , - Velen.
. ,

, , -
, ,
.
;

, ;
,
,
- .
, . ,
. ( : ,
), , , -
. VI, VII. .
: .
396

: Dicotyledones
VERONICA BECCABUNGA L.
. Scrophulariaceae
,
H scap-rept; Subevra; MC2, SG1.
.
, 10-60 cm. 4-, ,
, , . -
, , , - , (
. , ). V-VIII.
,
: ,
, -
.
, .
, , , : ( -
. , . ).
.
397

VERONICA CHAMAEDRYS L. ssp.

chamaedrys
. Scrophulariaceae
,
H scap; Subse; F3.
, 10-40(50) cm. - , -
. , , ( -
, ), 4 ,
; .
. , . V-VIII.
, ,
: , ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
1,5-3 cm. , ,
. : -
. 4-. - .
398

: Dicotyledones
VERONICA MONTANA L.
. Scrophulariaceae

H rept; Subse; F2.
: , -
. , -.
, ,
10-15(40) cm, .
1,5-3,5 cm,
,
,
,
,
. 4-,
, ,
, -
. ,
, -
. ,
, . V, VI.
: , -
,
.
399

VERONICA OFFICINALIS L.
. Scrophulariaceae

H rept; Subbor-cirk; VP3, Q. r-pe.2.
. 4 ;
, 10-20(35) cm, , -
; ( ).
. 1,5-5 cm, , . VI-VIII.
,
:
,
, .
, -
, : -
. , , 2 3, .
, , .
. -
400

: Dicotyledones
VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA L.
ssp. serpyllifolia
. Scrophulariaceae
Ch herb; Subcirk; Arr.2.
. , 20-40
, (5)10-25 cm. ,
; .
, , - , 5-6 mm,
. , , -
, - ( ). -
, . V-VIII.
( ), ,
: , -
, .
, ,
, .
.
,
, , : .
401

VERONICA URTICIFOLIA Jacq.

V. maxima auct., non Miller, V. latifolia
auct., non L.
. Scrophulariaceae
,
H scap; Subse; F2.
: , 3,
, 10-50(70) cm. - , ,
, - , -, -
, . - .
, , -
, -
, ,
. 2-5
, ,
. 2-3
. 4-
, . -
, (-
), -
, . -
. VI-VIII.
: , -
, -
.
402

: Dicotyledones
MELAMPYRUM SYLVATICUM L.
. Scrophulariaceae

H scap; Bor-evra; VP1.
10-40 cm. ;
, . - ,
, ;
, - . VI-IX.
, , 3-12 mm,
:
. .
,
(),
, .
,
: 3
. .
(6)8-10(12) mm, , -
403

TOZZIA ALPINA L.
. Scrophulariaceae
H scap; Alp-karp; A2.
- :
, 10-50 cm. - , ,
, 4-, , - , -
, , ,
. , - .
, ,
:
, -
; Tozzia alpina L. ssp. carpatica (Wol.)
. - Dostal
, , -
4-7 mm, ; -
, . -
0,6-1 mm.
, 4-5 ,
2 mm; - : , -
, 4-8 mm, 5-, .
,
. VI, VII. ( , 1992).
404

: Dicotyledones
RHINANTHUS ARISTATUS elak.

Alectorolophus angustifolius auct., non
(C. C. Gmelin) Heynh.
. Scrophulariaceae
,
T scap; Alp; FS3.
5-60(80) cm. -
, ;
. VI-IX.
, ,
: -
,
,
,
.
.
, , : .
,
.
, ,
;
.
. 1,5-2 cm,
;
405

LATHRAEA SQUAMARIA L.
. Scrophulariaceae
,
par G rhiz; Subse; F3.
, , 4-5
, 10-25 cm. . , -
, . 4,
4 . , , . IV, V.
, , (
: -
),
; ,
, -
.
. ,
. , : , -
. - , .
406

: Dicotyledones
PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L.
. Plantaginaceae
, ,

H ros; Evra; B3.
, 5-
-50 cm. , .
( )
, 5 ,
. , ,
,
, 5-7 ,
,
. ,
, , .
5 .
,
, 2-5 cm. IV-IX.
: , ,
, ,
, 2000 m
.
: .
407

PLANTAGO MAJOR L. ssp. major

. Plantaginaceae
,
H ros; Evra; Pl.3.
-
, (4)10-60(70) cm.
, ,
, ,

, ;

. , 2-35(60)
cm. .
, . 6-
-10(12). VI-IX.
: , , -
, .
: .
408

: Dicotyledones
SAMBUCUS EBULUS L.
. Caprifoliaceae
, ,
G/H rad-scap; Subpont-subm; Art.3.
- , 6-8 mm,
, 0,5-2 m. . ,
. . 4 mm, , . VI.
5-9 ,
: ,
,
, ,
, -
.
. , .
- : -
3 , - .
409

SAMBUCUS NIGRA L.
. Caprifoliaceae
, ,
P scap; Subse; F2.
10 m 50 . ,
cm . . -
, . . VI.
,
: ,
. , .
, , ,
.
, ,
, 5-7
, 1000 m.
, -
, , : ,
.
, , , .
5 -
410

: Dicotyledones
SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA L.
. Caprifoliaceae
,
P scap; Cirk; E3.
5 m. . : , -
; . - ,
5(7) . .
, -
: ( 1),
,
,
. -
.
, . -
. . III-V.
411

LONICERA ALPIGENA L. ssp.

alpigena
. Caprifoliaceae

P caesp; Se; F2.
, 1-3 m. - : ,
4-, . , , , -
. - -, . -
, , - .
, -
, -
, 5-10 cm,
1 cm. 2, ,
, ;
. 2
,
. V.
: ,

,
.
412

: Dicotyledones
LONICERA NIGRA L.
. Caprifoliaceae

NP caesp; Alp-karp; VP3.
, : -
2 m. . (, ,
. ,
, ( 2-3 ).
cm), , -
, ,
, ,
; -
4-6 cm, 0,5 cm.
, -
. , -
, 2 . V,
VI.
: -
.
413

ADOXA MOSCHATELLINA L.
. Adoxaceae

G rhiz; Subbor-cirk; F2.
, -
5-15 cm. ,
. , , -
. ,
, 3-,
2-3-. -
,
, , -
. , -
, 4-5-, , -
. 4-5, 8-10
() , -
. III-V(VIII).
:
.
: ( 2),
, ( 12),
, .
414

: Dicotyledones
VALERIANA MONTANA L.
. Valerianaceae
Ch suffr; Se; VP3.
, - -
, 20-60 cm. ; VI.
, ,
: -
. 3-8 ,
, -
, ,
.
,
, ; : , 3, j-
, .
, ;
, .
.
, ,
415

VALERIANA OFFICINALIS L. ssp.

officinalis
. Valerianaceae
,
H scap; Evra; A2.
,
,
, 25-100(200) cm. . ,
, 5-, ; -
, , ; V.
.
: ,
, 5-11 ;
.
, -
, , : .
416

: Dicotyledones
KNAUTIA DRYMEIA Heuffel

Scabiosa sylvatica L., S. pannonica
Jacq.
. Dipsacaceae

H scap; Se; F3.
. 1,5-3,5 cm.
-
. - , .
, , 1,5-3,5 cm, -
, ; V-
. - -IX.
, ( -
: , ,
), -
, .
, ,
, , : -,
, . .
417

KNAUTIA SARAJEVENSIS (G. Beck)

Szab
. Dipsacaceae

H scap; Ilir-sk-pind. end; Pan.1.
. - : -,
. , .
, , (1992) -
- -
; .
,
, ,
; .
,
.
.
, ,

. 3-4 cm.
. .
VI-VIII.
: -
.
418

: Dicotyledones
CAMPANULA PATULA L.
C. monanthos Pant.
. Campanulaceae

H scap; Subse; Arr.2.
: ,
, .
. ,
:
. -
, Campanula patula L. ssp. epigaea
, (Janka) Hayek
,
.
, .

, ,
, ; ,
, 1-3 .
1 .
,
.
, . 2-
,
-3 cm, ,
.
, .
, 3 . V-VII. : .
419

CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
ssp. rotundifolia
. Campanulaceae

H scap-semiros; Subbor-cirk; B3.
,
10-60(90) cm.
. -
,
,
.
, -
; ,
. ,
. -
.
, , 1/3.
V-IX.
: -
, .
: .
420

: Dicotyledones
PHYTEUMA SPICATUM L.
. Campanulaceae
, ,
H scap; Se; F2.
, - :
30-80(100) cm. ,
Phyteuma spicatum L. ssp. coeru-
1,5 cm. ,
leum R. Schulz
, , .
, , -
, ; ;
, .
; , -
: 3 -
. -
.
,
10- cm, .
, . -
5. , 10
. VI, VII.
: ( -
), , ,
.
421

EUPATORIUM CANNABINUM L.
ssp. cannabinum
. Asteraceae (Compositae)
,
H scap; Subse; E3.
. , 5-,
, 50-150(175) cm. - ( ).
, VII-IX.
.
: , -
(
, -
!), 3-5--
, .
; ,
, . , : .
,
422

: Dicotyledones
SOLIDAGO VIRGA-AUREA L. ssp.

virga-aurea
. Asteraceae
, , -
H scap; Subbor-cirk; F3.
, , - : , -
, 20-100 cm. : , ,
. , , ., -
, .

: -
, -
(, (
, ;
13), , -
,
-, ).
, .
7-8 mm, ,

.
. -
. , ,
. VII-IX.
423

ERIGERON ALPINUS L.
. Asteraceae
H scap-ros; Alp-karp5 ; B3.
5-20(40) cm. -
,
, (
). , -
,
,
, .
1-15, 2-3,5 cm,
.
.
. 1
. VII-IX.
: , -

, ,
,
.
: .
5
, .
424

: Dicotyledones
ERIGERON ANNUUS (L.) Pers.

Stenactis annua (L.) Less
. Asteraceae

T scap; Kosm; S. f.1.
- :
, ;
20-90 cm. , ,
, . , .

:
, ,
; , Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ssp. sep-
, tentrionalis (Fern. et Wieg.) Wagenitz
. 2-3

, , .
-
, -
. , ,
, 15-20
,
mm. 2 , -
.
,
. VI-X. : -
.
425

OMALOTHECA SYLVATICA (L.)

Schultz Bip et F. W. Schultz
Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.
. Asteraceae

H scap; Cirk; E3.
, 8-70 cm. .
,
. ,
, , . VII-IX.
;
: (
,
), , .
. , 1
, , : .
. -
,
2-8
, 5-7 mm,
426

: Dicotyledones
BUPHTHALMUM SALICIFOLIUM
L.
. Asteraceae

H scap; Subalp6 ; B3.
20-70(150) cm. - , .
. , , -
, . .
, , (VI) VII-VIII (IX).
. ,
: -
, ,
-
, 5-10 cm.
, -
, 3-5(6) cm.
.
;
- : .
, , .
6
, .
427

TELEKIA SPECIOSA (Schreb.) Baumg.

Buphthalmum speciosum Schreb.
. Asteraceae
, ,

H scap; Subeuks; A2.
- : -
, 90-200 cm. ,
, , - .
, -
: ,
. ,
,
, ,
. (1992)
, -
.
. -
,
,
.
, . -
2-8, , .
,
, -
. .
1 mm, -
. -
. VII-IX.
428

: Dicotyledones
ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L.
. Asteraceae
, , ,

H scap; Evra; B3.
, -
, (10)20-80 cm. - . 5, -
, - , -
, . - , ,
, ;
, . VI-VIII.

: ,
2-4 cm,
,
, .
.
3-5 mm, , ,
. - : .
429

TANACETUM MACROPHYLLUM
(Willd.) Schultz. et Bip.
Chrysanthemum macrophyllum Waldst.
et Kit.
. Asteraceae
,
H scap; Subeuks; A2.
- , ; -
, 40-100(150) cm. . -
, . -
, . - 5-6, 1-2 mm
; ( ), -
7-11, , - , . -
, . VI-VIII.
. -
: .
,
6-8 mm. : .
430

: Dicotyledones
LEUCANTHEMUM
HETEROPHYLLUM (Willd.) DC.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. ssp.
heterophyllum (Willd.) DC
. Asteraceae
H scap; Evra; B3.
, 30-
80 cm. -
,
,
.
.
,
,
. VI-X.
:
,
.
: .
431

TUSSILAGO FARFARA L.
. Asteraceae
,
G rhiz; Subevra; Che.3.
, , . -
15 cm, . .
30 cm. . ( -
, - ), ,
, - . III-V.
. -
: ,
. , -
, .
-, ,
, - :
.
432

: Dicotyledones
PETASITES ALBUS (L.) Gaertner

. Asteraceae

H scap-semiros; Subse; F2.
() ,
30 cm, 80 cm. ;
, () ,
, , .
, . -
, . . III, IV.
,
:
, ,
-
-
.
. , -
. - :
. .
. , -
433

ADENOSTYLES ALLIARIAE
(Gouan) A. Kern.
A. albifrons Reichenb.
. Asteraceae

Ch suffr-caesp; Se; A2.
6-100(150) cm. - : -
. , .
, ,
-
, -
:
. -
, , Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) A.
, Kern. ssp. alliariae
, , -
5-10 .
, , -
. , : , -
50 cm; , , , -
3, , - , 3, .,
. ,
3-4(8) , .
. -
,
.
. 3 mm.
VII-VIII.
434

: Dicotyledones
DORONICUM AUSTRIACUM Jacq.

D. orphanidis Boiss.
. Asteraceae

G rhiz; Se; A1.
0,5-1,5 m.
, , ,
. , -
, ,

. , -
;
, ;

16-18 cm, ,
;
, . 1
, 5-6 cm.
, -
. -
2,5-4 cm, 3-, ; VII,
VIII.
: -
.
: , ,
.
435

SENECIO NEMORENSIS L. ssp.

fuchsii (C.C. Gmelin) elak.
S. fuchsii C. C. Gmel.
. Asteraceae
,
H scap; Se; F2.
, 50- .
-120 cm. , . ,
, , 5(6-8), 12-15 mm, 3-5-.
. - . VI-VIII.
, , -
: -
,
,
;
, , .

. : , -
. ,
, 2,5-3 cm, , - -
. - . .
436

: Dicotyledones
ARCTIUM TOMENTOSUM Miller

Lappa tomentosa (Miller) Lam.
. Asteraceae

H scap; Evra; Art.2.
50-150 cm.
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, , 2-3 cm.
- -
, ;
, , ,
, ,
. .
VII-IX(X).
: -
, ,
.
: .
437

CARDUUS PERSONATA (L.) Jacq.

. Asteraceae
,
H scap; Se; A3.
, 50- : ,
200 cm. , ,
- , -
. .
.
:
, , -
, Carduus personata (L.) Jacq. ssp.
, albidus (Adamovi) Kazmi
. -
-

, 1
,
mm . -
, -
, , -
. ,

. -
.
,
3-5(8); -
, .
,
, ,
2-2,5 mm.
. VI-VIII.
: -
- .
438

: Dicotyledones
CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) Scop.

. Asteraceae
,
H scap bienn; Subevra; B3.
, 30-150(200) cm. : , -
, . , ,
, ,
, , - .
.
: -
,
.

, ;
, -
, ,

,
. ,
15-20 mm. ,
,
5-. VI-
VIII.
439

CIRSIUM ERISITHALES (Jacq.)

Scop.
. Asteraceae

H scap; Subse; F2.
, (18) .
30-100(150) cm, , . 1-5,
. , (
, . , ). VI-VIII.
, ,
: , , -
.

:
.

, 8-12 . : (
3-5 , , 13), -, ,
; 3 .
,
440

: Dicotyledones
LEONTODON HISPIDUS L.
L. hispidus (Koch) Hayek
. Asteraceae

H ros; Subse; B3.
, (5)10- :
60 cm. , , .
Leontodon hispidus L. ssp. alpinus
, ,
(Jacq.) Finch et P. D. Sell
1-2 ,
. - 10-20 cm,
- ,
, , ,
, 2-3- -
. -,
; - , , ,
( ). 2-3-
1, , . .
.
:
5-, ,
.
. (V)VI-X.
: ,
, , , .
441

LACTUCA SERRIOLA L.
L. scariola L.
. Asteraceae

H/T scap bienn/scap; Subpont-subca-

subm; B3.
.
, 30-150 cm. . , -
, , , .
, , -
. . . VII-IX.
, -
: , -
, -
,
;
, .
, .
, : .

442

: Dicotyledones
CICERBITA ALPINA (L.) Wallr.

Mulgedium alpinum (L.) Less., Sonchus
alpinus L.
. Asteraceae

H scap; Se; A2.
50-100 cm. : -
. , - , .
, , .
: , -
, -
.
,
, ,
,
, , -
; -
, .

. -
20 mm, .

. 5-,
; VII-IX.
443

PRENANTHES PURPUREA L.
. Asteraceae
,
H scap; Se; F2.
(30)50-100(150) cm. :
, . - ,
, , , ,
. , .
, ,
: , -
, -
, , -, -
; -
, 3

.
, ,
-
, -
. , , ,
. -
. -
, . VII-IX.
444

: Dicotyledones
MYCELIS MURALIS (L.) Dum.

Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertner
. Asteraceae
,
H scap; Se; F2.
30-120 cm. :
, . , , , , -
. , .,
, , .
, ,
: , -
,
, , .
( ), ; -

.
.
, , 5
:
. ,
.
7-10 mm. ,
; .
,
3-4 mm. VI-VIII.
445

TARAXACUM OFFICINALE Weber

. Asteraceae
, , ,

H ros; Evra; Arr.3.
5- : , -
-40 cm. . , , -
. , , , ,
.
,
:
-
..
; -
, .
1, .
, , .

( ).
, ,
-
. ; IV-VII(IX).
446

: Dicotyledones
LAPSANA COMMUNIS L.
. Asteraceae

T scap; Subse; F3.
, 25- : ,
-125 cm. . , , .
, , .
-

:
,
, Lapsana communis L. ssp. ade-
; 1-2 . nophora (Boiss.) Reich.

, ,
.
.
80 cm, , .
. ,
,
.
, .
8-15 ,
,
, ,
.
5-. VI-VIII.
: .
447

CREPIS BIENNIS L.
. Asteraceae

H scap bienn; Subse; Arr.2.
, 30-120 , , -
cm. , . . .
, , , ;
, . ,
- . V-IX.
. (),
:
-
, ,
,
.
,
. 25- : -
-35 mm. - .
448

: Dicotyledones
HIERACIUM CYMOSUM L.
. Asteraceae

H ros; Subpont-ca; Mb.
30-80(100) cm. - :
, , ,
Hieracium cymosum L. ssp. sabi-
. -
num (Sebastiani et Mauri) Naegeli et
, , .
Peter
3-8, , -
, , .
, -
, . -
1-4(-8). (10)20- -
50(-100). , - .
5-7 mm;
: .
, ,
. ,
. .
V-VII.
: , -
, ,
.,
.
449

HIERACIUM MURORUM L.
H. sylvaticum (L.) Grufb.
. Asteraceae
, ,
H semiros; Subse; VP3.
(10)20-50(80) cm. : ,
. - , -
1(-3) ,
, . - .
, -
:
, ,
, - Hieracium murorum L. ssp. silvu-
, , larum Jordan
, .
-
,
(3:1), ,

, .
.
,
2-25.

, 9-13 mm.
.
, ,
, , -
,
. -
-
. 9-11 mm.
. 1-3, .
,
; V-VI(VIII).

.
: -
-, (-7,9).
450

: Dicotyledones
HIERACIUM VILLOSUM Jacq. ssp.

villosum
Hieracium villosum L.
. Asteraceae
,
H ros; Alp-karp; Pot.2.
15-30(40) cm. - cm. ,

, , 16-17 mm,
4-12 mm , .
, -
, , (1)2-4 . ;
, , ,
; . , .
( ), . ,
, 3,5 mm. VII, VIII (IX).
; 4-8 ,
: ,

,
,
.
; -
, : .
. 5-10
451

VERATRUM ALBUM L.
. Liliaceae

G rhiz; Evra; A2.
50-150(175) cm. - , -
, , . . -
, , - . VI-VIII.
, . -
: , -
-
, -
, -
.
. ,
. : ( 1),
, ,
. 1,5-2 cm, .
6-, ,
452

: Monocotyledones
ASPHODELUS ALBUS Miller ssp.

albus
. Liliaceae

G rhiz; Subm; Arr.3.
, 50- .
-120 cm. , . 6-,
. , , ;
. , 3 cm, . 3-,
, 60 cm, - , 6-, , 8-15
1-2 cm, , - mm, 6-13 mm. V.
,
: -
,
, .
, .
, , : .
, .
453

COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE L.
C. haynaldii Heuffel
. Liliaceae

G bulb; Se; Arr.3.
20-65 cm. : ,
, 2,5-4,5 cm, - .
.
: .
3-4(5), , ,
20-40(65) cm, 2-6 cm,
, , .
1(2,3), -
( ).
3-4
. 3-5 cm. -
, .
(VIII-XI) ,

,
.
. VIII-XI.
454

: Monocotyledones
LILIUM MARTAGON L.
. Liliaceae
,
G bulb; Evra; F2.
30-80(150) cm. - : , -
. - , .
, , -
: ( 1),
. -
( 13), --
, 4-8,
, , .
, -
(1992)
, ,
.
, 7-11 , .
, -
, .
, , 2-
-11(25) . 6-,
5 cm,
, -
,
. VII, VIII.
455

ALLIUM CARINATUM L.
. Liliaceae

G bulb; Pont-subm; B1.
, 30-
60 cm. , :
. , 2-
Allium carinatum L. ssp. pulchel-
-4 mm, ,
lum Bonnier et Layens,
,
, 3-5 . A. pulchellum G. Don., nom. illegit.,
, , A. flavum var. pulchellum Regel
.
( 2 mm).
4 cm ,
. . : -
, , , -
, 2-7 mm, .
, ,
: .
. -
-
. VI, VII.
456

: Monocotyledones
ALLIUM URSINUM L.
. Liliaceae

G bulb; Se; F2.
, 20- 8-10 mm. .

-50 cm. . , . IV-VIII.
, .
: , -
(1)2(3), , , -
;
, , ,
.
. -
, - :
,
Allium ursinum L. ssp. ucrainicum
, . -
Kleopow et Oxner
.
, . .
,
: , -
, , -
- .
457

MAIANTHEMUM BIFOLIUM (L.)

F. W. Schmidt
M. bifolium DC., M. bifolium (L.) Schm.
. Liliaceae

G rhiz; Cirk; VP3.
5-25 cm. cm, , 4-, ,

, . , ; 4. IV-VI.
, ,
:
. 2(3),
, ,

,
1, ,
.
, ,
, , : (
, , 13) .
, ,
( 5-7), , . (1992)
, , 3-4 .
458

: Monocotyledones
STREPTOPUS AMPLEXIFOLIUS
(L.) DC.
. Liliaceae

G rhiz; Cirk; VP1.
15-100 cm. : ( 2),

, , . (
, - - 11 12).
, , -
. . (1903) -
, , - : , ,
, , , - , .
, ,
. -
, .
6-, , -
. , -
, 8-10 mm,
. (V)VII-VIII.
: , -
, ,
, 2300 m.
459

POLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM
(L.) All.
. Liliaceae

G rhiz; Cirk; F3.
30-80(100) cm. , , ,
. , - . ,
, . - , 8-9 mm, -
, - . V, VI.
, , -
: , -
, , -
, ,
, .
.
2-5 , 6--
, , ; : .
,
460

: Monocotyledones
POLYGONATUM ODORATUM
(Miller) Druce
P. officinale All., P. pruinosum Boiss.
. Liliaceae
,
G rhiz; Subj. sib; Or.2, Q. p.2.
10-50 cm. - .
, - , 8-12
. , - mm. V, VI.
. ,
: ,
, -
, ,
, , ,
,
, .
.
1-2(-5) ,
, , : .
461

POLYGONATUM
VERTICILLATUM (L.) All.
. Liliaceae

G rhiz; Subse; A1.
30-60(100) cm.
. , ,
, , . -
,
() , 5-
-15 cm ( ),
0,5-1,5(2,5) cm,
, 3-4(7). -
,
. .
, -
. V, VI.
: , -
, ,
.
: .
462

: Monocotyledones
PARIS QUADRIFOLIA L.
. Liliaceae
,
G rhiz; Subbor-evra; F2.
, 10-40 : , -
cm. , . - , , -,
, . - 3, .
(3)4(5-7), , -
,
,
, , 3
. -
4-, . -
8. , -
1 cm, , -
. V.
: ,
, -
.
463

RUSCUS HYPOGLOSSUM L.
. Liliaceae

NP; Subm; F1.
20-40(60) cm. - . (
. , 1992)
(
, (4)5-12 cm, ).
1,2-2,5(4) cm,
-
, , ,
. , -
1,5-2,5 cm, 0,5 cm. -
, 3-5
. . -
, 2 cm. IV, V.
:
,
,
.
: ,
121/1,
122/2 123/1 (. . 1300 m).
, Ilex aqui-
folium
,

464

: Monocotyledones
JUNCUS EFFUSUS L.
. Juncaceae
,
H scap; Kosm; Mo.2.
, , , -
, 2-2,5 mm. 3.
(10)30-80(120) cm. , , 3 mm, -
, , - . . VI-VII.
, , , ,
: -
, 12-15 cm -
.
. -
, . : -
.
, .
465

LUZULA LUZULINA (Vill.) Dalla

Tore et Sarnth.
L. flavescens (Host) Gaudin
. Juncaceae
H caesp; Alp-karp; VP2, Q. r-pe.2.
- 1-2 .
. . ,
, , , . . V, VI.
10-30 cm.
: , -
5-8 cm, 2-5 mm,
.
.
, , , : -
, 6-8 3-4 cm, .
466

: Monocotyledones
LUZULA SYLVATICA (Hudson)

Gaudin ssp. sylvatica
L. maxima Lam. et DC.
. Juncaceae
,
H caesp; Se; VP3.
, : , 13
, , 30- , -,
-70(100) cm. , , 3, .
3-7 mm.
, ,
, 7-
-10(15) mm, 20-30 cm, -
.
, .
, ,
. (1)2-3,
8-10(15) mm, .
.
(3)4-5. 3-4(4,5)
mm. . (3,5)
4-4,4 mm; 1,5-2(2,2) mm. V, VI.
:
.
467

POA ANNUA L.
. Poaceae (Gramineae)
,
T caesp; Kosm; Pl.3.
- 3 mm, , ,
, 3(4-7) . :
, 20-35 cm. 1, 3 , .
. , -
. . I-XII.
. ,
: , ,
2-5 mm, , ;
-
1-2 mm.
, 2000 m.
8 cm,
, , , : .
.
468

: Monocotyledones
POA HYBRIDA Gaud.

. Poaceae
H caesp; Se; A1.
,
1 m.
, , .
4-6 mm, . .
, .
, 20 cm,
.
, , .
, 3-5 .
, , ,
2 4 mm. ,
, 5 mm. VI, VII.
:
.
: .
469

POA NEMORALIS L.
. Poaceae

H caesp; Cirk; F3.
, 20-90 , -
cm. . . .
, ,
:
. 1,5-2(3) mm,
.
,
, .
10 cm,
, ;
, 3-5
. 4-6
mm, , 1-5 ,
, .
, ,
. VI-VII(IX).
: , -
,
470

: Monocotyledones
FESTUCA ALTISSIMA All.

F. sylvatica (Pollisch) Vill., non Hudson
. Poaceae

H caesp; Subse; F2.
- : .
, 70-120 cm.
: 3 .
.
4-6
. 3 .
, 6-14 mm, -
20-60 cm,
, -
.
, ,
. 10-
-20 cm, , ,
, 4-5 mm, 2-5
, . ,
, .
, . V-
-VII.
471

FESTUCA AMETHYSTINA L. ssp.

amethystina
. Poaceae

H caesp; Se; Mb, EP3.
, :
, 45-80 cm. ( )
, 1,3-2,3 mm, .
-, 2-3
: .
. , -
. -
, , 10-30 cm, -
0,25-0,6(0,7) mm, ;
5-7. ,
.
8-13 cm, , , ,
. -
. 7-9 mm,
3-7 , (
). , .
3-4,2 x 0,9-1,1 mm, -
, .
4,4-5,6 x 1,7-2,1 mm, ,
; 0-0,2 mm. VI, VII.
472

: Monocotyledones
FESTUCA DRYMEIA Mert. et Koch

F. montana Bieb., non Sternb. et Hoppe,
F. sylvatica (Poll.) Vill.
. Poaceae
,
H caesp; Subm; F2.
,
, ,
1,5 m.
,
. ,
6-15 mm, 4-6
. 10-30 cm,
. 7 mm, -
, 4-6 .
, .
,
, 5 ,
. -
, . VI-VIII.
: ,
.
: .
473

FESTUCA GIGANTEA (L.) Vill.

. Poaceae

H caesp; Evra; F2.
, :
, 60-150 cm, .
,
: .
. 3-5,
10-30 cm, 5-15 mm,
, , -
, .
,
. 40 cm,
, , ,
, . ,
10-13 mm, 3-9 .
, , .
,
2 cm, 2-
-3 . VII-VIII.
474

: Monocotyledones
LOLIUM PERENNE L.
. Poaceae
,
H caesp; Subse; Arr.3.
,
, 30-70 cm.
,
, .
2-4 mm, ; ,
, .
, 20 cm, .
,
, 6-12(16)
.
, .
, ,
7-9 , 6-7 mm.
(
); V-IX.
: , -
, ,
.
: .
475

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.
. Poaceae

H caesp; Subevra; Arr.2.
, - , ,
, 30-100 cm. . -
, - , . V,
. , - VI.
1 cm, 40 cm,
: -
, ,
, , ,
, 4 mm.
,
,
.
18 cm, . ,
. : ,
7 mm, 3-4(5) . - , .
476

: Monocotyledones
MELICA NUTANS L.
. Poaceae

H caesp; Evra; F3.
,
30-60 cm. , .
,
3-4 mm; ;
1 mm, , .
, , -
, 10- cm.
1 ,
2-3 , .
, ,
. , , 5(-9)
. V, VI.
: -
, 2000 m.
: .
477

GLYCERIA FLUITANS (L.) R. Br.

. Poaceae
H caesp-emerz; Kosm; CM1, SG1.
40-120 cm. . -
, . - 2 ,
, , . .
, 5-10 . V-IX.
mm, ,
: , , -
. 50 cm, ,
,
1-2 ,
, .,
.
.
,
, 1- : .
-4 . 2 cm,
, 7-11 ,
. 3-4 mm.
,
478

: Monocotyledones
BROMUS BENEKENII (Lange) Trimen

B. ramosus Huds. var. benekenii (Lange)
Aschers., Schenodorus benekenii Lange
. Poaceae
H caesp; Subevra; F3.
. - , 3-6 .
, 50-120 cm, . , 7-11 mm ( ).
10-25 cm, 11-14 mm; 5-8 mm,
5-12 mm, , . VI, VII.
;
: .
. 12-
-20 cm, 10-15 cm, ; :
2-5 , , , .
1-5 ; 1,5-3 cm,
479

BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM (L.)

Beauv.
. Poaceae

H caesp; Subj. sib; B3.
, - 5-15 cm.
, .
(40)60-100(120) cm. 1,8-4 cm,
, . .
, , 7 . VI, VII.
(-10) mm, , ,
: ,
,
, ,
; 1-2
.
mm, ,
. , : .
480

: Monocotyledones
BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM
(Hudson) Beauv.
. Poaceae

H caesp; Subj. sib; F3.
, , - , ,
, 60-120 cm. - , .
, . 8-18
8 mm, mm, . VI-VIII.
, , -
: ,

,
(
.
). 4 mm.
7-15 cm, : ,
. 5-10, , , .
2-2,5 cm, 4-20 .
481

HORDELYMUS EUROPAEUS (L.)

C.O. Harz
Elymus europaeus L., Hordeum
europaeum (L.) All.
. Poaceae
,
H caesp; Se; F2.
, , - : , -
,
, 1 m. .
,
:
.
.
1 cm, , ,

, , ,
. 4-8 cm,
7 mm, .
2,4 cm. ,
1 cm, .
, 1 cm,
, . VI-VIII.
482

: Monocotyledones
CALAMAGROSTIS VARIA
(Schrader) Host ssp. varia
C. montana Host
. Poaceae
H caesp; Evra; Mb, EP3.

, 70-120 cm. . 2 .
, , ,
. 1 mm. VII.
, , 5-9 mm,
: , -
, ,

(
,
),
.
4 mm, .
20 cm, , , : .
. 4-5
mm, . .

483

MILIUM EFFUSUM L.
. Poaceae

H caesp; Subbor-cirk; F2.
: , -
. - .
100 cm. -
: -,
, 1,5 cm, 20
, .
cm, , ,
.
7 mm, .
30 cm,
,
(4)5(7) ,
, , 10
cm, .
2,5-3 mm,
, . ,
3 . V-VII.
484

: Monocotyledones
ARUM MACULATUM L.
. Araceae

G rhiz-scap; Se; F2.
. , . -
2-3 , , 3
, , mm, , .
- . IV.
. ,
:
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
. - : .
485

CAREX FLACCA Schreber

. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Subevra; P.
, -
, 20-60 cm. , , ,
, .
, 2-3 mm,
. , ,
, , . V, VI.
2-5(7) mm, , , -
: ,
, . -
, ,
, -
,
.
,
2(-4)
1500 m .
2-3 -
.
, ,
- :
, . .
486

: Monocotyledones
CAREX HIRTA L.
. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Subevra; Agr.2.
, - .
10-60(90) cm. - ,
, ; ,
. ; ,
, , . , -
2-4 mm, , . VI, VII.
, -
: -
. ,
,
.
.
(1)2-3
2-3(4) , : .
.
487

CAREX MURICATA L.
C. stellulata Good.
. Cyperaceae
,

H caesp; Subcirk; F3.
, - :
, 10-20(50) cm. , -
, . , .
,

1,5-2 mm, -, ,
:
. ,
1-3 cm, 3-5(6) Carex muricata L. ssp. lamprocar-
( ) - pa elak.
, 4-6 mm,
(Syn.: C. pairaei F. Schultz., C. muri-
.
cata L. pairaei F. Schultz)
-
. , - H; Se; F3.
,
, -
,
. , ,
. ,
,

.
. V, VI.
: .
488

: Monocotyledones
CAREX ORNITHOPODA Willd.

. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Alp-karp; B2.
. :
(5)7-10(15) cm, ,
Carex ornithopoda Willd. ssp. orni-
,
thopodioides (Hausm.) Nyman
,
. (Syn.: C. ornithopodioides Hausm.,
, 3 C. ornithopoda Willd. var. ornithopodi-
mm, , , oides (Hausm.) Garcke)
, . 1
, -
2-3 ,
, , . -
, .
2 mm,
,
.
. -
5 mm, -
, -
. -
. IV, V.
. ,
: , 2 mm, , ,
, .
,
: .
, .
489

CAREX OVALIS Good.

C. leporina auct., non L.
. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Subcirk: E3, N2.
, 20-50(70)
cm. , ,
; -
.
1,5-3 mm, ,
, ,
. ,
1-4 cm, 4-7(10)
, 5-
-12 mm. ,
.
, , ,
; -
, .
, -
. V-VIII.
: -
, 2000 m.
: -
.
490

: Monocotyledones
CAREX PALLESCENS L.
. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Bor-cirk; VP3.
, ,
15-60 cm. , ,
. , - .
, , ,
; -
. . 2-4 mm,
2-3 mm, , ,
, , , , . IV-VII.

: -
. ,
,
,
.
. 1
2-3 : .
491

CAREX REMOTA L.
. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Subse; MC3, Mag.1.
, : -
. 30-60(80) ,
cm, , , .
, ,
a:
;
.
.
, 1,5-2(3) mm,
, , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. 6-10, 4-
-10 mm, 3-4 ,
;
, . -

. V, VI.
492

: Monocotyledones
CAREX SYLVATICA Hudson

. Cyperaceae

H caesp; Subcirk; F2.
:
. ,
(10)20-80(100) cm, - 1600 m.
, , ,
: ( 1),
, ;
, -
. -
.
, , (2)4-6(9)
mm, , ,
.
1 3-
-6 ,
, ,
, .
,
;
.
. IV, V.
493

NEOTTIA NIDUS-AVIS (L.) L. C. M.

Rich.
. Orchidaceae
,
G sapr-rhiz; Subse; F2.
- ;
, , 20- .
-35 (60) cm. , , . V, VI.
. , -
: ,
,
, -
. , -
.
, 4-5
. : .
; -
. -
, . -
, , .
494

: Monocotyledones
LISTERA CORDATA (L.) R. Br.

. Orchidaceae

G rhiz; Bor-cirk; VP1.
4-30 cm.
. 1 , -
, -
, ,
1-2,5 cm. , , -
, 6-15 . -
, , -
, -
. V-VIII.
:
, ,

.
: -
, ,
12. .
495

PLATANTHERA BIFOLIA (L.) L. C.

M. Rich.
Orchis bifolia L.
. Orchidaceae

G tub; Subj. sib; F3.
20-50(60) cm. : -
. , ,
, , 2 .
.
: .
2(3) (),
,
,
(1992)
, ,
.
, ,
. 1-3, ,
, . ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ;
,
; . V-VII.
496

: Monocotyledones
GYMNADENIA CONOPSEA (L.) R.

Br.
. Orchidaceae

G tub; Evra; Arr.3.
(10)25-60 cm. - .
, , - , 13-14 mm, ,
. 6-9, , - 1,5-2 . V-VIII.
5-15 mm, .
: -
3-5 ,
,
, 5-15 mm,
.
, ,
; : .
,
. 20
cm. , , .
( ),
497

DACTYLORHIZA SACCIFERA
(Brongn.) So
Orchis maculata L. ssp. macrostachys
(Tin.) Hayek
. Orchidaceae

G tub; Subevra; Arr.3.
5-9 , - : .
,
: ,
, -
.
, .
,
.
,
. 9 mm,
12 mm, ,
,
. VI, VII.
498

Zavrsni dio.indd 499 5/30/2008 2:12:18 PM

ass. Piceo-Abieti-

Fagetum
% %
(P) 18 7,0 13 8,5
(NP) 7 2,7 7 4,6
(Ch) 19 7,4 12 7,8
(H) 160 62,5 82 53,6
(G) 42 16,5 34 22,2
(T) 10 3,9 5 3,3
(S) 1 0,4 1 0,6
: 256 100,0 153 100,0
Piceo-A-F.

% %
Arkt. 3 2
Bor-cirk. 7 5
Subbor-cirk. 10 9

Bor-evra. 4 4

Subbor-evra. 1 1
Subbor-subevra. 1 -
: 26 10,2 21 13,7
Se. 36 25
Subse. 49 34
Alp. 1 -

Subalp. 1 -
Alp-karp. 6 2
: 93 36,3 61 39,9
Subatl-subm. 4 2

: 4 1,6 2 1,4
500

Subm. 7 4
Is. subm. 2 1
Subeuks. 2 1
Ilir. 5 4
Subilir. 3 3
Ilir-apen. 1 1
Ilir-sk-pind. end. 2 -
Subskpind. 1 -
Balk. 1 1
Mez-karp. 1 -
: 25 9,8 15 9,8
Pont-subm. 3 1
Subpont-subm. 2 -
-
Subpont-ca. 1 -

Subpont-subca-subm. 1 -
: 7 2,7 1 0,6
Evra. 37 16
Subevra. 20 7
Subj. sib. 5 2
Evroafr. 1 1
: 63 24,6 26 17,0
Cirk. 23 17
Subcirk. 6 4
Kosm. 9 6
: 38 14,8 27 17,6
: 256 153
501

ass. P-A-F.

% %
F3 (Querco-Fagetea) 33 23 15,0
F1, F2 (Fagetalia silvaticae) 67 62 40,5
R.f.2 (Rhamnetalia fallacis) 1 0,4 1 0,7
AP, EuVP, VP1-3 (Vaccinio-Piceetea) 27 25 16,3
S.e.1, S.p.2 (Salicetea purpureae) 2 0,8 - -
A1, A2, A3 (Betulo-Adenostyletea) 23 9,0 17 11,1
Cha.1, Atrop.2, SS1, E3 (Epilobietea angustifolii) 10 3,9 5 3,3
Or.2 (Trifolio-Geranietea) 4 1,6 - -
Calt.1, Pan.1, Mo.2, Arr.2,
30 11,7 5 3,3
Arr.3 (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Mb, B1, B2, B3 (Festuco-Brometea) 28 3 2,0
S. j.1, FS3 (Festuco-Seslerietea) 3 1,2 - -
Pot.2, As.3 (Asplenietea trichomanis) 8 3,1 4 2,6
Th.2 (Thlaspeetea rotundifolii) 1 0,4 1 0,6
Crat.1, M1, MC2 (Montio-Cardaminetea) 4 1,6 2 1,3
Pl.3 (Plantaginetea majoris) 2 0,8 - -
Art.2,3 (Artemisietea) 5 2,0 1 0,7
S. f.1 (Bidentitea) 1 0,4 1 0,6
Arct.1, Che.3 (Chenopodietea) 2 0,8 1 0,7
Sed.3 (Sedo-Scleranthetea) 1 0,4 - -
P ( ) 4 1,6 2 1,3
: 256 153
502

ASS. PICEO-ABIETI-FAGETUM
No. Pteridophyta VKNST

1 Asplenium trichomanes L. 3 3 2 33
2 Asplenium viride Huds. 2 4 2 32
3 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. 4 3 3 23
4 Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth. 3 1 2 22
5 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. 3 4 2 33
6 Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv.* 3 4 3 22
7 Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray 4 3 4 22
8 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 3 3 3 23
9 Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. 3 2 3 22
10 Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. 3 1 1 22
11 Lycopodium annotinum L. 3 1 1 12
12 Phyllitis scolopendrium Newm. 3 4 3 23
13 Polypodium vulgare L. 3 2 2 32
14 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth 3 3 3 23
15 Polystichum x illyricum (Borb.) Hayek 3 3 3 23
(P. aculeatum x P. lonchitis)**
16 Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Schlosson 3 2 3 12
(Dryopteris phegopteris)
No. Spermatophyta VKNST

1 Abies alba Mill. 3 3 3 1 2
2 Acer pseudoplatanus L. 3 3 3 2 3
3 Aconitum vulparia Reich. 4 4 3 2 3
4 Actaea spicata L. 3 3 4 1 3
5 Adenostyles alliariae Kern.* 3 3 4 2 2
6 Adoxa moschatellina L. 3 4 4 2 3
7 Aegopodium podagraria R. Br. 3 3 4 2 3
8 Ajuga reptans L. 3 3 3 3 3
9 Allium ursinum L. 3 4 4 2 3
10 Anemone nemorosa L. 3 3 3 2 3
11 Angelica sylvestris L. 4 3 3 3 3
503

12 Anthriscus nitida (Wahl.) Garcke 4 4 4 2 3

(Chaerophyllum nitidum)*
13 Arabis alpina L. 2 4 2 4 2
14 Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. 3 5 3 3 4
15 Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fern. 4 3 4 2 3
16 Asarum europaeum L. 3 4 3 2 4
17 Atropa belladonna L. 3 4 4 3 3
18 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. 3 3 3 3 3
19 Bromus benekeni (Lange) Trimen * 3 4 3 3 3
20 Cardamine bulifera (L.) Crantz 3 4 3 2 3
21 Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz 3 4 3 3 3
22 Cardamine flexuosa With. 4 3 3 3 2
23 Cardamine impatiens L. 3 3 4 3 3
24 Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer 3 4 4 2 3
(C. polyphylla W. et K.)*
25 Cardamine trifolia L.* 3 4 4 2 3
26 Cardamine waldsteinii Dyer 3 4 4 2 3
(C. savensis O. E. Schulz)**
27 Carduus personata (L.) Jacq. 4 4 5 3 2
28 Carex muricata L. ssp. lamprocarpa elak 4 2 2 3 3
29 Carex pallescens L. 3 2 2 3 3
30 Carex remota L. 4 3 3 2 3
31 Carex sylvatica Huds. ssp. sylvatica 3 3 3 1 3
32 Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. 4 3 3 2 3
33 Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr.* 4 3 4 3 2
34 Cicaea alpina L. 4 2 2 2 3
35 Circaea lutetiana L. 4 3 4 2 4
36 Cirsium erysithales (Jacq.) Scop. 3 4 3 2 3
37 Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC. 3 4 4 3 3
(C. cava (L.) DC.)
38 Corylus avellana L. 3 3 3 3 3
39 Dactylorhiza saccifera (Brongn.) Soo 3 3 2 3 3
(D. maculata (L.) Soo ssp. saccifera)
40 Daphne mezereum L. 3 4 3 2 3
41 Doronicum austriacum Jacq. 3 4 4 3 2
504

42 Epilobium angustifolium (L.) Scop. 3 2 4 4 3

(Chamaenerion angustifolium)
43 Epilobium montanum L. 3 3 32 3
44 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 3 3 3 4 4
45 Euonymus latifolius (L.) Mill. 3 4 3 2 4
46 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. 3 4 3 2 3
47 Euphorbia carniolica Jacq. 3 3 3 2 4
48 Fagus sylvatica L. 4 3 32 3
49 Festuca altissima All. 3 2 3 2 3
(F. sylvatica (Pollisch) Vill., non Huds.)
50 Festuca drymeja Mert. et Koch 3 3 3 4 4
(F. montana Bieb., non Sternb. et Hoppe)
51 Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. 4 3 3 2 3
52 Fragaria moschata Duch. 3 3 4 3 4
53 Fragaria vesca L. 3 3 3 3 3
54 Galium mollugo L. 3 3 3 3 3
55 Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 3 4 3 2 3
56 Galium rotundifolium L. 3 2 2 1 3
57 Galim sylvaticum L. 2 3 3 2 3
58 Gentiana asclepiadea L. 3 4 3 3 3
59 Geranium robertianum L. 3 3 4 2 3
60 Geranium sylvaticum L. 3 3 4 3 2
61 Helleborus multifidus Vis. 2 4 2 4 4
62 Heracleum sphondyllium 3 3 4 3 2
63 Hieracium murorum L. 2 3 3 2 3
64 Hordelymus europaeus (L.) C. O. Harz 3 4 3 2 3
65 Ilex aquifolium L. 3 3 3 2 4
66 Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Her. et Pol. 3 3 3 1 3
67 Laspana communis L. 3 3 4 2 3
68 Laserpitium krapfii Crantz ssp. krapfii 2 5 2 4 3
69 Lathraea squamaria L. 3 4 3 1 3
70 Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. 3 4 3 2 3
71 Leontodon hispidus L. 3 3 3 4 3
72 Lilium martagon L. 3 4 3 3 3
73 Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. 4 1 1 2 2
74 Lonicera alpigena L. 3 4 3 2 2
505

75 Lonicera nigra L. 3 3 3 2 2
76 Lunaria rediviva L. 3 4 4 2 3
77 Luzula luzulina (Will.) Dalla Tore et Sarnth. 3 3 2 2 2
78 Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud. 3 2 2 2 3
79 Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt 3 2 2 2 3
80 Melampyrum sylvaticum L. 3 1 2 2 2
81 Mercurialis perennis L. 3 4 3 1 3
82 Milium effusum L. 3 3 3 2 3
83 Moehringia muscosa L. 3 4 2 3 3
84 Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. 3 2 4 2 2
85 Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum. 3 3 3 2 3
86 Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. 3 3 4 3 2
87 Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. 3 4 3 2 3
88 Orthilia secunda (L.) Housenda* 3 3 2 2 3
89 Oxalis acetosella L. 3 3 3 1 3
90 Paris quadrifolia L. 3 3 3 2 3
91 Physospermum verticillatum (Waldst. et Kit.) Vis. 3 3 2 4 3
(Danaa verticillata (W. et K.) Janch.)
92 Phyteuma spicatum L. 3 3 3 2 3
93 Picea abies Karst. 3 3 3 1 2
94 Poa hybrida Gaudin 4 3 4 3 2
95 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. 3 3 2 2 3
96 Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. 3 3 3 2 2
97 Prenanthes purpurea L. 3 3 3 2 2
98 Prunella vulgaris L. 3 4 3 3 3
99 Pulmonaria officinalis L. 3 4 3 3 3
100 Pyrola rotundifolia L. 3 3 2 2 2
101 Ranunculus aconitifolius L. 3 3 4 2 2
102 Ranuncunus lanuginosus L. 3 4 4 2 2
103 Ranunculus repens L. 4 3 3 3 3
104 Rhamnus alpinus L. ssp. fallax (Boiss.) Maire et Petitmengin 2 3 2 4 3
(Oreoherzogia fallax (Boiss.) Vent.)
105 Ribes alpinum L. 3 4 3 3 2
106 Rosa pendulina L. 3 4 2 3 2
107 Rubus hirtus W. et K. 4 3 2 3 3
108 Rubus idaeus L. 3 3 4 3 3
506

109 Ruscus hypoglossum L. 3 4 3 4 4

110 Salvia glutinosa L.* 3 4 4 2 3
111 Sambucus nigra L. 3 3 4 3 4
112 Sambucus racemosa L. 3 3 4 3 3
113 Sanicula europaea L. 3 3 3 2 3
114 Saxifraga rotundifolia L. 4 3 3 2 2
115 Scrophularia nodosa L. 3 3 3 2 3
116 Senecio nemorensis L. ssp. fuchsii (C. C. Gmelin) elak 3 3 4 3 3
117 Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. 3 4 4 3 2
(Melandrium silvestre Schk.)
118 Solanum dulcamara L. 4 3 4 3 3
119 Solidago virgaaurea L. 3 3 3 2 3
120 Sorbus aucuparia L. 3 3 2 3 3
121 Stellaria nemorum L. 4 3 3 2 2
122 Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.* 4 3 3 3 3
123 Symphytum tuberosum L. 3 4 3 2 3
124 Telekia speciosa (Schreber) Baumg. 3 4 2 3 3
125 Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. 4 4 3 3 2
126 Tussilago farfara L. 3 4 3 4 3
127 Ulmus glabra L. 4 3 4 2 3
128 Urtica dioica L. 3 3 5 3 3
129 Vaccinium myrtillus L. 3 1 2 2 2
130 Valeriana montana L. 3 4 2 3 2
131 Veratrum album L. 3 3 3 4 3
132 Veronica montana L. 4 3 3 2 3
133 Veronica officinalis L. 3 2 2 3 2
134 Veronica urticifolia Jacq. 3 4 3 2 3
135 Vicia oroboides Wulf.** 4 3 4 2 3
136 Viola biflora L. 3 3 3 2 2
137 Viola riviniana Reich. 3 2 3 3 3
* (Landolt, 1977).
** .
507

V K N S T
% % % % %
1 - - 5 3 2 1 11 7 - -
2 7 4 14 9 32 21 79 52 41 27
3 118 77 82 53 80 52 51 33 100 65
4 27 18 50 33 37 24 12 8 12 8
5 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - -
:
V - (1 - , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5
- );
K - (1 - , 2 -
, 3 - , 4 -
, 5 - );
N - (1 - , 2 -
, 3 - , 4 -
, 5 -
);
S - (1 - , 2 - ,
3 - , 4 - , 5 -
);
T - (1 - , 2 -
, 3 - , 4 -
, 5 - ).
508

,
298 300 m, 463 Fungi
(), , Plantae (), 5 9
. ,

. , ,
, .
74 , 37 , 96 256 .
17 239 .
(Spermatophyta) : 2 e, 190 47 .
463 131 321 .
Plantae : Compositae (30),
Liliaceae (13), Cruciferae Labiatae ( 12), Scrophulariaceae Umbeliferae ( 11),
Caryophyllaceae (10) .
Plantae 250 ,
(Plantae) ( , 1944) 0,71,
, ,
.
Spermatophyta Carex (8)
Cardamine (7). : Veronica (6), Arabis, Festuca, Galium Silene ( 4 ),
Epilobium, Geranium, Hieracium, Poa, Polygonatum, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix Sambu-
cus ( 3 ) . Brachythecium,
Dicranum Plagiomnium ( 4 ), Homalothecium, Hypnum, Rhytidiadelphus
Sciuro-hypnum ( 3) .
Mycena (7 ) Russula (5), Cladonia (8) Peltigera (6 ).

( )
9,7 %,
(1934) ,
e (Tu r r il, 1 9 2 9 ) . (16,8 %)

, , (62,5 %)
3,9 % .
,
(13,1 % 22,2 % , 53,6 % )
. (
.) ,

( , 19 9 9 ) ( ,
1953). Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum
.
509

27,9 %, ,
36,0 %.
25 : 6
(Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus silvatica, Salix caprea, Sorbus aucuparia, S. aria Ulmus
glabra); 2 (Abies alba Picea abies) 17
(Corylus avellana, Daphne mezereum, Euonymus latifolius, Ilex aquifolium,
Lonicera alpigena, L. nigra, Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Ribes alpinum, Rosa canina,
R. pendulina, Rubus hirtus, R. idaeus, Ruscus hypoglossum, Salix elaeagnos, S. purpurea,
Sambucus nigra S. racemosa).

,
, (36,3
%) (24,6 %). ,
.
(14,8 %). ,
-
12,5 %. , ,
, ,
Brometalia erecti ., ,
, .
, -
- .
. 1/10.
.
, .
(
) ,
, .

Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum, :
, -
-, . ,
,

, , .

: , ,
, .

, ass. Piceo-Abieti-
Fagetum, : 84 , 16 137 . 237
Plantae, : , ,
510

( ): Sorbus aucuparia, Daphne mezereum,

Lonicera alpigena, L. nigra, Aremonia agrimonioides, Athyrium filix femina, Carda-
mine enneaphyllos, C. trifolia, Dicranum scoparium, Dryopteris filix-mas Polygona-
tum verticillatum. ( 6 7
): Acer pseudoplatanus, Rubus hirtus, R. idaeus, Actaea spicata, Adenostyles
alliariae, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, Prenanthes purpurea Senecio ne-
morensis ssp. fuchsii. 5 : Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Rosa
pendulina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ajuga reptans, Carex sylvatica, Galium odoratum Ge-
ranium robertianum. 29
, .
(1941), : Ajuga reptans Carex sylvatica
3. , Daphne mezereum,
Dicranum scoparium Cardamine trifolia 2. . : Dryopteris
dilatata, Polystichum aculeatum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Luzula sylvatica, Mycelis
muralis, Myosotis sylvatica, Stellaria nemorum, Symphytum tuberosum, Dactylorhiza
saccifera, Doronicum austriacum, Epilobium montanum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Ra-
nunculus lanuginosus, Solidago virga-aurea, Streptopus amplexifolius, Valeriana mon-
tana, Viola riviniana, Ctenidium molluscum, Leucodon sciurioides, Rhizomnium puncta-
tum. : Ilex aquifolium, Ruscus hypoglossum, Maianthemum bifolium,
Pyrola rotundifolia Blechnum spicant. 3
.
.
, -
Oxalis acetosella Cardamine trifolia; 50%
Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium odoratum Lonicera alpigena;
Rubus idaeus, Athyrium filix-femina, Carex sylvatica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Ga-
lium rotundifolium, Sanicula europaea, Stellaria nemorum Symphytum tuberosum;
Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, Rosa pendulina, Rubus
hirtus, Sambucus racemosa, Adenostyles alliariae, Ajuga reptans, Asarum europaeum,
Cicerbita alpina, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Lunaria rediviva, Lycopodium annotinum,
Luzula sylvatica Polygonatum verticillatum.
Adenostylo-Doronicetum (1 )
Adenostyles alliariae Dryopteris filix-mas ( )
Stellaria nemorum ( ), ,
(1962) : Aegopodium podagraria, Ajuga reptans, An-
thriscus nitida, Athyrium filix-femina, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Cardamine waldstei-
nii, Cicerbita alpina, Corydalis bulbosa, Doronicum austriacum, Geranium phaeum, La-
mium maculatum, Lunaria rediviva, Milium effusum, Petasites albus, Senecio nemorensis
ssp. fuchsii, Telekia speciosa, Urtica dioica, Veratrum album . ,
, ,
Aceri-Fraxine-
tum illyricum, Aceretum pseudoplatani.
, Potentilletalia
caulescentis, : Abietinella abietina, Anomodon viticulosus, Antitrichia
curtipendula, Brachythecium rivulare, B. salebrosum, Calypogeia trichomanis, Palustriella
commutata, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens taxifolius, Hylocomium splendens, Marchantia
polymorpha, Homalothecium lutescens, Neckera crispa, Plagiochila asplenioides, Plagiom-
511

nium cuspidatum, P. rostratum, P. undulatum, Rhodobryum rozeum, Thuidium tamarisci-

num, Syntrichia ruralis , Asplenium tri-
chomanes, Cystopteris fragilis, Polypodium vulgare Phyllitis scolopendrium.
: Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Geranium rober-
tianum, Mycelis muralis, Oxalis acetosella, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Veronica urticifolia .
Brometalia erecti,
,
: Arabis hirsuta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Carex
ornithopoda, Festuca amethystina, Hieracium cymosum, Leucanthemum vulgare ssp. het-
erophyllum, Lotus corniculatus, Melittis melissophyllum, Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum
austriacum, Polygonatum odoratum, Vicia incana, Homalothecium lutescens .
,
Festuco-Seslerietea
(Arabis alpina, A. scopoliana, Erigeron alpinus, Rhi-
nanthus aristatus).
,
, Montio-Car-
daminetea: Brachythecium rivulare, Cardamine flexuosa, Carex remota, Caltha palus-
tris, Glyceria fluitans, Veronica beccabunga.

: Salix caprea, S. purpurea, S. elaeagnos, Sorbus aria, Rosa canina, Arctium
tomentosum, Carduus personata, Crepis biennis, Erigeron annuus, Helleborus multifi-
dus, Lapsana communis, Lolium perenne, Pastinaca sativa, Plantago lanceolata, P. ma-
jor, Poa annua, Ranunculus repens, Rumex obtusifolius, Sambucus ebulus, Trifolium
pratense, T. repens, Tussilago farfara, Veronica serpyllifolia .

Fa-
gion illyricum Fagetalia sylvaticae (26,1 %).
Querco-Fagetea (12,8 %).
Vaccinio-Piceetea (10,5 %),
Arrhenatheretalia (11,7 %)
- Festuco-Brometea (10,9
%). , Adenostyletalia (7,8 %).
(Potentilletalia caulescentis)
3,1 %, , (Epi-
lobietea angustifolii) 3,9 %.
(Festuco-Sesleriete) (Montio-Cardaminetea)
, :
, 2 .
Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum
(40,5 %),
Querco-Fagetea (15,0 %), Vaccinio-Piceetea (16,3 %).
, ,
20 %.
512

Abieti-Piceenion, . ,
Arrhentheretea (3,3 %),
() Festuco-Brometea (2,0
%).
.
.
ass. Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum
, (o 95
%) , , ,
(Caltha palustris).
55 % (
), 30%
, 1/10 ,
.
, , ,
.

( 55 %),
,
() ( ) .
50 %
, 1/3 , 1/10
. , .
2/3
,
, 1/10 .
,
.
,
-,
, , -
.
,
-
, .

74 , 63
, .
:
- : Mycena hiemalis, Tubifera feruginosa;
- : Armillaria ostoyae, Fomitopsis pinicola, Pholiota auri-
513

vella, Pluteus atricapillus, Polyporus squamosus Kuehneromyces mutabilis;

- : Calocera viscosa, Fomes fomentarius, Fuligo
septica, Lycogala flavofuscum, Lycoperdon priforme, Oudemansiella mucida, O. radi-
cata, Pholiota squarosa, Polyporus varius, Trametes gibbosa, Tremellodon gelatinosum,
Tubifera ferruginea Xylaria hypoxylon;
- : Fuligo septica;
- : Clavaria cristata, Coprinus congregatus, Coprinus mica-
ceus, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Tremiscus helvelloides Tubifera ferruginosa;
- : Geastrum fimbriatum, Mycena epipterygia, M.
galopus, M. pura;
- : Clavulina rugosa, Col-
lybia exculpta, Marasmius alliaceus;
- : Strobilurus esculentus; .
: Amanita rubescens,
A. spissa, A. vaginata, Camarophyllus niveus, Clitocybe costata, Collybia dryophylla,
Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Laccaria laccata, Lepiota ventriospora, Liophyllum conna-
tum, Mycena alcalina, Phaeolepiota aurea, Phallus impudicus, Russula cyanoxantha, R.
emetica .

39 , (25 )
, .
( 50%)
. ,
.
( 50 %
) , .
,
.

, ( 20 %)
. -
, -, - .
( 60%) ,
- .
- .
1/2 ,
2/3.
( 35 %),
( 1/5) () pH
().
514

( 15. ). . Arabis scopoliana Mercuria-
lis perennis.
( ): Adenostyles alliariae, Alchemilla vulgaris, Allium carinatum
ssp. pulchellum, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cardamine impatiens, Carduus personata, Carex
ornithopoda, C. ovalis, Chaerophyllum aureum, Cirsium erysithales, Dactylis glomera-
ta, Dactylorhiza saccifera, Erigeron alpinus, Festuca altissima, F. amethystina, Galium
mollugo, G. rotundifolium, Geranium phaeum, G. robertianum, Hieracium cymosum, H.
villosum, Knautia sarajevensis, Lactuca seriolla, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Lathraea
squamaria, Luzula sylvatica, Maianthemum bifolium, Melica nutans, Mycelis muralis,
Orthilia secunda, Phyteuma spicatum, Plantago lanceolata, Platanthera bifolia, Poa
nemoralis, Potentilla montenegrina, Ranunculus aconitifolius, Scrophularia nodosa,
Stellaria nemorum, Thesium alpinum, Valeriana officinalis, Veronica serpyllifolia.
C ( 20. ) : Arctium tomentosum, Brachypo-
dium pinnatum, Bromus benekenii, Circaea alpina, Hypericum perforatum, Pastinaca
sativa, Salvia glutinosa, Veronica beccabunga.
:
: Anemone nemorosa, Arabis muralis, Asarum europaeum,
Caltha palustris, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Cardamine kitaibelii, Chrysosplenium al-
ternifolium, Corydalis bulbosa, Daphne mezereum, Lathraea squamaria, Oxalis aceto-
sella, Petasites albus, Tussilago farfara;
: Sorbus aria, Lonicera nigra, Rhamnus alpinus
ssp. fallax, Rosa pendulina, Ruscus hypoglossum, Allium ursinum, Anthriscus nitida, Are-
monia agrimonioides, Cardamine trifolia, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Euphorbia amygda-
loides, Fragaria vesca, Galium odoratum, Geranium sylvaticum, Juncus effusus, Lapsana
communis, Lathyrus pratensis, L. vernus, Lunaria rediviva, Luzula luzulina, Melittis me-
lissophyllum, Moehringia muscosa, Myosotis alpestris, M. sylvatica, Paris quadrifolia,
Polygonatum odoratum, P. verticillatum, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Saxifraga panicula-
ta, Silene dioica, Streptopus amplexifolius, Tozzia alpina, Valeriana montana, Veronica
chamaedrys, V. officinalis, Vicia incana, V. oroboides, Viola biflora, V. riviniana;
: Ajuga reptans, Carex sylvatica, Lamium macu-
latum, Lotus corniculatus, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Potentilla erecta, Thalictrum aqui-
legifolium, Veronica montana.

: Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra, Aconitum vulparia, Adenostyles alliariae, Aegopodium
podagraria, Allium carinatum ssp. pulchellum, Aruncus dioicus, Atropa belladonna, Buph-
thalmum salicifolium, Campanula patula, C. rotundifolia, Carduus personata, Carex ovalis,
C. remota, Cicerbita alpina, Cirsium erysithales, Crepis biennis, Dactylorhiza saccifera, Do-
ronicum austriacum, Epilobium angustifolium, E. montanum, Erigeron alpinus, Festuca am-
ethystina, Galium mollugo, G. sylvaticum, Geranium robertianum, Heracleum sphondilium,
Hieracium murorum, H. villosum, Knautia sarajevensis, Leontodon hispidus, Lilium mar-
tagon, Lolium perenne, Milium effusum, Moehringia trinervia, Neottia nidus-avis, Orthilia
secunda, Peucedanum austriacum, Plantago major, Poa nemoralis, Prenanthes purpurea,
Prunella vulgaris, Rhinanthus aristatus, Sanicula europaea, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Scroph-
ularia nodosa, Sedum album, Silene nutans, Solanum dulcamara, Solidago virga-aurea,
515

Stachys silvatica, Stellaria gramminea, Tanacetum macrophyllum, Telekia speciosa, Thymus

pulegioides, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Urtica dioica, Valeriana officinalis.
: Festuca altissi-
ma, Geranium phaeum, Hordelymus europaeus, Knautia drymeia, Leucanthemum het-
erophyllum; : Achillea setacea, Angelica
sylvestris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Gentiana asclepiadea, Hypericum perforatum,
Malva moschata, Salvia glutinosa.
:
- Arabis alpina, A. hirsuta, Caltha palus-
tris, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Luzula slvatica, Pulmonaria officinalis, Rumex ob-
tusifolius, Sorbus aucuparia, Symphytum tuberosum;
- : Lonicera alpigena, Rubus hirtus, Asarum europaeum, Clinopo-
dium vulgare, Euphorbia dulcis, Fragaria moschata, Melica nutans, Melittis melisso-
phyllum, Phyteuma spicatum, Platanthera bifolia, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Saxifraga
paniculata, Veronica officinalis, V. urticifolia;
- : Circaea lutetiana, Galium sylvaticum, Lunaria rediviva,
Moehringia muscosa, Silene dioica;
- : Actaea spicata, Allium carinatum ssp. pulchellum, Arctium tomento-
sum, Calamagrostis varia, Campanula rotundifolia, Carduus personata, Chaerophyl-
lum aureum, Cirsium erysithales, Dactylis glomerata, Epilobium angustifolium, Fes-
tuca gigantea, Galium mollugo, Galium rotundifolium, Geranium robertianum, Geum
urbanum, Juncus effusus, Knautia sarajevensis, Lamium maculatum, Mycelis muralis,
Neottia nidus-avis, Omalotheca sylvatica, Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum austriacum,
Potentilla erecta, Prenanthes purpurea, Sedum album, Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii,
Solidago virga-aurea, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria graminea, Telekia speciosa, Teucrium
chamaedrys, Thymus pulegioides, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum nigrum;
- (25.8-25.9): Buphthalmum salicifolium, Geranium phaeum.
:
- : Anemone nemorosa, Petasites albus;
- : Cardamine enneaphyllos, C. impatiens, Carex muricata, C. syl-
vatica, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Daphne mezereum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon,
Mercurialis perennis, Pulmonaria officinalis, Ribes alpinum, Vaccinium myrtilus;
- : Sorbus aria, Lonicera nigra, Sambucus racemosa, Rubus idaeus,
Solanum dulcamara, Allium ursinum, Angelica sylvestris, Aruncus dioicus, Brachypo-
dium pinnatum, Cicerbita alpina, Doronicum austriacum, Erigeron alpinus, Festuca
amethystina, Geum urbanum, Laserpitium krapfii, Lathyrus vernus, Luzula luzulina,
L. sylvatica, Phyteuma spicatum, Polygonatum verticillatum, Ranunculus lanuginosus,
R. repens, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Silene vulgaris, Streptopus amplexifolius, Tanacetum
macrophyllum, Valeriana montana, Vicia oroboides.
, :
- : Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena, L. nigra, Ribes alpinum, Vac-
cinium myrtillus, Arabis alpina, Chaerophyllum aureum, Melica nutans, Paris quadrifo-
lia, Poa nemoralis, Polygonatum verticillatum, Sedum album.

, , .
516

-
.
-- : Knautia sarajevernsis Potentilla
montenegrina.
Aremonia agrimonioides, Aruncus dioicus, Asarum europaeum, Buphthalmum sali-
cifolium, Helleborus multifidus, Ilex aquifolium, Rhamnus fallax Ruscus hypoglossum
.
Saxifraga paniculata Tozzia alpina;
Blechnum spicant, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Hyperzia selago, Lis-
tera cordata, Maianthemum bifolium, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola rotundifolia Vaccinium
myrtillus.

( , 1992),
18 : Arabis scopoliana (R
, ), Cardamine kitaibelii (V ), Cardamine trifolia (R),
Circaea alpina (V), Ilex aquifolium (V), Knautia sarajevensis (V), Lilium martagon (R),
Maianthemum bifolium (V), Physospermum verticillatum (V), Platanthera bifolia (R),
Potentilla montenegrina (R), Pyrola rotundifolia (R), Ruscus hypoglossum (E
), Streptopus amplexifolius (R), Telekia speciosa (R), Tozzia alpina (R), Vicia
oroboides (R) Viola biflora (R).
( )
Blechnum spicant Ribes alpinum, Ilex aquifolium (
, , ), Lycopodium an-
notinum ( ) Streptopus amplexifolius ().
, : Bux-
baumia aphylla, Hypnum fertile Pseudoleskea savina.
: Tozzia alpina (), Gymnadenia conopsea
( ), Knautia sarajevensis, Platanthera bifolia Potentilla montenegrina
().

, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, : Taxus baccata, Polystichum lonchitis, Galanthus
nivalis . , ,
.
( ,
)
,
Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum, ,
.
517

Decken und Teppichmoose
Gipfelmoose
,
( !)

(, )
()

, , ,

()

- , . 25 cm 2 m
- () ( )

,
,
- ()

,
,
, . 2 m

, .
25 cm
(
) ,
()

518

( )

Ascomycetes, -
()
,
()
, ,
( )

,
, ,

(aethalium) ,
( Myxomycetes)
,
(conidium)
,
,
( ,
)

,
,
() , ,
,
(velum universale)
, ; ,
, (: ; )

()
(velum partiale)
;
()
(Myxomycetes)
,
519

,
() (Polypo-
raceae);
,

:
, ,

,

, .
(n)
() ,

, (himenium) ,
,

() , ,
()
, ,

- , ,
- , ,
,
- , (
) ( )
,
(podetium) , , ,

,
( ),
, ,
- , 4 mm, , ,
, ,

520

- ,

- , , ,
,
-
, ,
,
-
, ,
, .
(Musci) , , ;
(Hepaticae) .
,
, .
, .
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524

, . . ( 19 4 4 ) : . .
B j e l i , e l j ka , S l a vn i , . e t F u k a r e k , P. ( 1 9 6 7 ) : Flora Bosnae et Herce-
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, I-X. , . .-. , , 1970-1986.
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um. fak., 54, 111-154, Beograd.
, . ( 19 8 4 ) : . (In: , . et al.:
, I, . 317-397). , . -. , .
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species, with synonyms from the recent literature Journal of Bryology, 12.
H e g i , G . ( 1 96 4 - 19 8 7 ) : Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, I-VII. P. Parey, Berlin-
Hamburg.
H i l l , M . O. , B e l l , N . , B r ug g e m a n n - N a n n e g a , M . A. , B r u g u s , M . e t a l .
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Glasnik um. fak. Univ., A. umarstvo, Poseb. izd., 55. Beograd.
K e i z e r, G . ( 19 9 8 ) : Enciklopedija gljiva. Zagreb.
K o j i , M ., P op o v i , R a nk a , K a r a d i , B .: Fitoindikatori. Beograd, 1994.
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Pa n o v, A . , F uk a r e k, P. ( 19 6 7 ) : Prouavanje sastojina praumskog tipa (mscr.).

Institut za umarstvo, Sarajevo.
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endon, Oxford.
, . ( 19 5 9 ) : . , . . , CCCXVIII,
, 3, .
, . ( 1 9 9 2 ) :
. In M. P. ( e d. ) : I, p.p. 37-49. , .
i l i , . ( 19 9 2 ) : Spisak biljnih vrsta (Pteridophyta i Spermatophyta) za Crvenu
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jevo.
526

FLORA OF THE VIRGIN FOREST LOM
Sum m a r y
The theme Research of floristic biodiversity of Virgin Forest Reserve Lom was
planned by the science and research programme of the Faculty of Forestry in Banja Luka
in 2005. The reasons for this project were the following:
Due to the increasing disturbance of natural balance, the existence of a great number
of plant and animal species is endangered, or is facing the risk limit, and some species
are already extinct. The degradation and the disappearance of natural ecosystems, es-
pecially forests, over large areas and in all parts of the planet Earth leads to ecological
changes which also threaten the future of the humanity. For this reason, biodiversity
protection is a component of the modern world development strategy.
Strict nature reserves, such as virgin forest reserves, are the most favourable solu-
tions for the preservation and protection of floristic and vegetation biodiversity in the
approximately primeval state.
A virgin forest primeval, undisturbed, natural ecosystem - develops by its specific
laws, which have not yet been thoroughly investigated.
Virgin Forest Reserve Lom is one of only three such forests in Bosnia and Herzegov-
ina, and also one of the few in Europe. It is located on the north side of Mt. Klekovaa
massif, between the latitudes of 44 27 and 44 28 and east longitude from 16 27 to
16 30. Its area is 297.8 hectares. It is almost equally distant from the peak of Velika
Klekovaa, the saddle Otrelj and the settlement Drini. According to IUCN classifica-
tion, it is category Ia (strict nature reserves). The Reserve is managed by Forest Estate
Otrelj-Drini.
Virgin Forest Lom is the residue of the complex of intact nature in Bosanska Krajina
which, till the beginning of Austro-Hungarian exploitation and even till the Second World
War, occupied the space of several thousands of hectares. It was protected by the Decision
of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina in
1956. In the wider area, all to Janja at ipovo, this reserve is the best preserved remainder
a sample of the once immense forests of beech, fir and spruce of primeval composition
and structure. It contains also several other forest and nonforest plant communities. For
this reason, it deserves special attention from the aspect of protection and it is a very inter-
esting site for naturalistic research: floristic, vegetation, dendrometric, etc.
The research of flora during the Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina and Vsevold Tregubovs research during the thirties of the last century did not
deal with this area. The plant diversity of this part of the massif Klekovaa was partly de-
termined by the research organised by the Institute of Forestry in Sarajevo in the period
1964 - 1966, within the framework of wider studies of virgin forest stands, but the study
results were not published and the documentation material was lost, or in any case it was
unavailable to the authors of this study. As Virgin Forest Reserve Lom is undoubtedly
the most interesting and the most valuable part of this, both vertically and horizontally,
gigantic mountain massif, and taking into account the extraordinary significance and
rarity of such preserved samples of the biosphere, it was necessary to study its floristic
527

composition. The study was aimed at the more complete protection of the Reserve floris-
tic diversity and its presentation to nature lovers and scientists in the form of Monograph
and Herbarium, to enable the comparison with the forests of similar composition and the
commercial forests of beech, fir and spruce.
Field research for this project was performed in the period June - August 2005 and
May - June 2006. The research was performed by the following expert team:
Dr. Vojin Bucalo, Associate Professor
Jugoslav Bruji, M.Sc., Senior Assistant
Jovan Travar, B.Sc. and
orije Milanovi, undergraduate.
The research was managed and the manuscript was written by Vojin Bucalo (Jugo-
slav Bruji is the co-author for the Chapters on lichens and mosses). Field research was
carried out by all members of the team. The determination at the level of the subspecies
or lower taxonomic units was performed by: orije Milanovi - higher plants; Jugoslav
Bruji, assisted by Professor Dr. Petar Grgi - mosses and lichens, and Jovan Travar
and Rade Gai - fungi. Jugoslav Bruji is the author of GIS contributions. Bruji and
Milanovi are the authors of photographs.
To cover plant diversity as completely as possible, field research was performed in
three repetitions: early spring, early summer and late summer. The flora was inventoried
at the selected sampling points, and also by walkthrough observations. Altogether 15
sampling points were researched, dispersed throughout the study area and covering all
significant plant communities at various exposures and slopes in the entire altitudinal
range.
The spectre of floral elements of higher plants was determined after Ga j i ( 1 9 8 0 ,
1 9 8 4 ) , with the necessary additions, and the coenological classification after B o r h i d i
( 1 9 6 3 ) , O be r d o r f e r ( 20 0 1 ) and other available sources. Life forms, floral elements
and the coenology of mosses were determined according to B o r o s ( 1 9 6 8 ) et al., and
life forms of higher plants were determined according to S t e v a n o v i ( 1 9 9 2 ) . The
names of higher plants were given after Tu t i n e t a l . ( 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 8 0 ) , mosses after
H i l l ( 2 0 0 6) , and fungi after B o a c ( 1 9 8 4 ) , with the necessary additions. Ecological
indices of vascular plants were determined after K o j i e t a l . ( 1 9 9 7 ) .
The authors express their gratitude to all who, in any way, supported and facilitated
the realisation of this significant project.
1. Geomorphology and hydrology

The Reserve Lom is located in the higher sub-belt of the mountainous belt, the alti-
tude ranging between 1250 and 1521 m. Based on the results of GIS-analysis of hypso-
metric distribution (see Map, Table and Diagram), the greatest part (about ) of the area
is between the altitudes of 1300 and 1400 m, more than is between 1400 and 1500 m,
and less than 1% is above 1500 m. The most prominent heights are Lom-Planina (1521
m), the elevation north of Lomska Voda (1476 m), and Dvostruka Kosica (1467 m).
There are various aspects and the prevailing ones are north and northeast.
528

The slopes vary from 0 - 40, and most frequently between 10 and 25.
The prevailing relief forms are slopes, plateaux, hollows and karst depressions. A
considerable part of the area is highly dissected, as a result of the intensive stoniness and
emphasised karst micro-relief forms (funnel-shaped depressions, scarps, hollows, snow
pits, etc.), after which the region is named. The dissected terrain is especially pronounced
in the central and north parts of the Reserve. Large limestone rocks often outcrop on the
surface, and occasionally they form large rock barriers several tens of metres long.
2. Climate
The region of the Reserve has temperate continental climate, it is not far from the
boundary where the continental and maritime effects confront. Due to the effect of the
altitude, the Reserve has also the characteristics of montane climate: the precipitation
sum is higher, snow cover stays longer, vegetation period is shorter, and the annual fluc-
tuation of temperature is lower than that in the lower regions.
Average monthly air temperatures in the Virgin Forest Lom, calculated based on the
data from the surrounding weather stations (Drvar, Crljivica, Drini, Sanski Most) and
adiabatic gradients, are presented in the following Table (P a n o v e t F u k a r e k , 1 9 6 7 ,
m s c r ):
Altitude
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual
(m)
1200 -3,2 -3,9 -1,0 3,2 7,7 12,3 14,1 14,3 11,8 6,5 2,6 -0,4 5,3
1300 -3,6 -4,2 -1,7 2,4 6,9 11,5 13,3 13,6 11,5 6,1 2,3 -0,8 4,8
1400 -3,9 -4,5 -2,4 1,6 6,1 10,7 12,6 12,9 11,1 5,7 2,0 -1,2 4,2
1500 -4,2 -4,8 -3,1 0,8 5,3 9,9 11,9 12,2 10,7 5,3 1,7 -1,5 3,7
Annual precipitation sum in the Reserve area is about 1600 mm. Maximum precipita-
tion is in December, and minimum in July. Vegetation period is moderately humid. Snow
cover stays on average from November till May, and attains about 110 cm.
The period with mean temperature 5 C lasts for about 160 days, and the period
with mean temperature 10 C about 100 days.
3. Bedrock and soil

The principal bedrock is pure Triassic limestone, and occasionally, on smaller areas, there
are marly and dolomitic limestones, and even the dolomite breakthroughs. Triassic lime-
stones are markedly karstified, which is reflected in the relief, which has marked funnel-
shaped depressions. Stoniness varies 0 - 40 and it is highly pronounced in parts of the area.
The most widespread soil types are calcomelanosols and the combination of calcome-
lanosol-calcocambisols, with a minor distribution of the calcocambisol-luvisol complex.
The nature of the dominant parent rock and the expressed karst relief lead to the mosaic
pattern of soil types, with a greater distribution of the shallower soils. Calcocambisols
cover the gentler slopes, plateaux and margins of funnel depressions; pure luvisol can be
529

found on plateaux, in funnel depressions and hollows, and calcomelanosols (typical and
brownised) are distributed on the ridges and on steeper slopes.
By particle size distribution, calcocambisols are clays, and luvisols are loamy clays
and clays. Typical calcomelanosol is shallow. Profile depth of brownised rendzinas and
calcocambisols is 40 - 50 cm, and luvisol 60 - 70 cm, and even more.
All the soils of the Reserve are poorly supplied with physiologically active phospho-
rus, and the supply of physiologically active potassium is medium to poor.
The presence of raw, semi-decomposed and decomposed humus depends on the in-
tensity of organic matter decomposition, which differs from micro-site to micro-site. A
special type of raw humus lignohumus develops in the specific virgin forest site condi-
tions, which is to a certain extent reflected in the composition of the ground flora layer.
4. Vegetation
The dominant forest in both the actual and potential vegetation is the climatogenic
forest of beech, fir and spruce, ass. Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum. It is represented by all four
development phases of virgin forests: initial, optimal, senescent and terminal. The great-
est part (almost ) of the area under this community belongs to the terminal phase, 1/5 is
in the optimal phase, and only 5% is in the initial phase of development. Spatial distribu-
tion of development phases is rather uniform.
Relatively small areas are covered with subalpine forests of beech Aceri-Fagetum
subalpinum, with the transition community of spruce and fir Abieti-Piceetum and with
nonforest plant communities. In nonforest vegetation, a significant community is Adeno-
stylo-Doronicetum. Rocks are covered with the fragments of chasmophyte communities
in the order of Potentilletalia caulescentis, and the sunny stony grounds are covered with
transitional vegetation and mixtures of meso-xerophilous grass communities in the order
Brometalia erecti, chasmophyte and forest communities.
5. Growing stock
Based on the study by M a un a ga e t a l . ( 2 0 0 5 ) , the volume of total timber supply
of the most significant forest type in the Reserve, virgin forest of beech, fir and spruce
of more or less complete canopy, is 727.8 m3/ha. Volume increment is 6.8 m3/ha (in the
Reserve core 9.2 m3/ha). The percentage of fir and spruce in the total wood volume is
0.68%, and beech and other broadleaves account for 0.32%.
6. Flora
During this research in the Virgin Forest Reserve Lom, on the not so large area of 298
hectares and within the altitudinal range of about 300 m, 463 species were identified in the
kingdoms of Fungi, with lichens and Plantae (plants), systematised in 5 divisions and 9
classes. The number of identified taxa is significant, taking into account the study area and the
fact that biodiversity in virgin forest reserves is as a rule much more modest than in anthropo-
genically modified ecosystems. But, in such forests, the originality of the floristic composi-
530

tion and vegetation is much more significant than the number of species. The total number of
species consists of 74 fungi, 37 lichens, 96 mosses and 256 vascular plants. Among vascular
plants, 17 are ferns and 239 are flowering plants. In the total number of flowering plants
(Spermatophyta), there are: 2 Gymnosperms, 190 Dicotyledons and 47 Monocotyledons.
The above 463 species are classified into 131 families and 321 genera. In the kingdom
Plantae, the following families have the greatest species diversity: Compositae (30), Lili-
aceae (13), Cruciferae and Labiatae (12 each), Scrophulariaceae and Umbeliferae (11
each), Caryophyllaceae (10), etc.
In the Reserve Lom, the Kingdom Plantae consists of 250 genera, so the genus coefficient
of the plant world is (according to Aliohin, 1944) 0.71, which is in correlation with the Reserve
area and, as a rule, the lower diversity of forest ecosystems with undisturbed canopy.
In the division Spermatophyta, the genera Carex (8) and Cardamine (7) have the greatest
number of species. They are followed by the genera: Veronica (6), Arabis, Festuca, Galium
and Silene (4 species each), then Epilobium, Geranium, Hieracium, Poa, Polygonatum, Ra-
nunculus, Rubus, Salix and Sambucus (3 species each). In the division of mosses, the greatest
diversity of genera was found in Brachythecium, Dicranum and Plagiomnium (4 species
each), then Homalothecium, Hypnum, Rhytidiadelphus and Sciuro-hypnum (3 species each),
etc. In the division of fungi, the genera Mycena (7 species) and Russula (5) have the greatest
specific diversity, and in the lichens division Cladonia (8) and Peltigera (6 species).
Trees and shrubs of the Reserve consist of 25 species: 6 species of broadleaf trees
(Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Salix caprea, Sorbus aucuparia, S. aria and Ul-
mus glabra); 2 species of coniferous trees (Abies alba and Picea abies) and 17 broad-
leaf shrubs (Corylus avellana, Daphne mezereum, Euonymus latifolius, Ilex aquifolium,
Lonicera alpigena, L. nigra, Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Ribes alpinum, Rosa canina,
R. pendulina, Rubus hirtus, Rubus idaeus, Ruscus hypoglossum, Salix elaeagnos, S. pur-
purea, Sambucus nigra and S. racemosa).
The spectre of life forms of vascular flora

The percentage of phanerophytes in the life spectre of vascular flora (Pteridophyta
and Spermatophyta) accounts for 9.4 %, which is markedly higher than that assessed by
R a u n k i a e r ( 1 9 3 4 ) in the average climate conditions in the temperate belt, or by Tu r-
r i l ( 1 9 2 9 ) for the territory of Serbia. A significant percentage of geophytes (18.7 %)
indicates that the conditions for plants in the Reserve area are relatively favourable, es-
pecially the moisture regime, and the high percentage of hemicryptophytes (63.7 %) and
only 3.5 % therophytes reflects the deteriorated thermal regime in this altitudinal belt.
The ratios of the percentages of individual life forms in the virgin forest community
of beech, fir and spruce (12.4 % phanerophytes and 23.5 % geophytes, with 56.3 %
hemicryptophytes) reflect the appreciably more favourable life conditions on the sites of
this plant community. But, the share of phanerophytes is much lower than in the spectre
of the same community on the neighbouring Mt. Jadovnik (B u c a l o , 1 9 9 9 ) or in the
spectre of spruce forests of Suva Planina (J o v a n o v i , 1 9 8 0 ). By all means, the cause
of the relatively modest diversity of phanerophytes is the preservation of virgin forest
state of the Lom community Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum.
531

The spectre of floral-geographic elements of vascular plants

In the total number of vascular flora species identified in the researched Reserve eco-
systems, the most numerous are the representatives of central European (36.3 %) and Eur-
asian groups (24.6 %). These two groups make more than three fifths of the total floristic
composition. The third position is occupied by the group of Circumpolar and Cosmopoli-
tan geoelements (14.8 %). The entity of ecologically and genetically related, Submediter-
ranean and Pontic-Central Asian types accounts for 12.5 %. However, the representatives
of this group are represented mainly in the open, more xerothermic, sites of the warmer as-
pects, covered with meso-xerophilous grass vegetation in the order Brometalia erecti, and
the like, and they are very rare in the virgin forest itself, especially in the virgin forest core.
In the Submediterranean group, the percentages of Illyrian and Submediterranean geoele-
ments are the same, and Balkan and Moesian-Carpathian species are less represented. This
also reflects the plant-geographical position of the study area. The share of floral elements
of the north regions is about 1/10. The decisive factor for their presence is the vertical posi-
tion of the Reserve. The percentage of Subatlantic elements, endemics and subendemics is
minor. The domination of the Central-European group is the consequence of the Reserve
isolation from the stronger Submediterranean influences (Klekovaa is in the third row of
the Dinarides, going from the Adriatic Coast) and of the link, via the northwest sector of
the Dinarides, with the Alps and Central Europe.
The relations in the spectre of floral elements in the virgin forest community Piceo-
Abieti-Fagetum, dominant in the Reserve, are somewhat different: the percentage of bo-
real and Central-European floral elements is significantly higher, and the percentage of
Pontic-Central Asian, Eurasian and Submediterranean groups is lower. This could have
been expected, as the last three groups consist of the plant species of the drier and warm-
er climates, which are more frequent in meso-xerophilous and heliophilous grass and
chasmophyte vegetation than in cool, fresh and shady forests of beech, fir and spruce.
By the inclusion of mosses in this spectre, the share of widely distributed floral ele-
ments would be considerably increased: circumpolar, boreal, sub-boreal and cosmopoli-
tan, which are predominant in this division of the plant world.
Coenological composition of the flora in the Virgin Forest Reserve Lom

Floristic composition of the association Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum, the most significant
plant community in the Reserve Lom, consists of: 84 mosses, 16 ferns and 137 flower-
ing plants. Of altogether 237 species in the kingdom Plantae, in addition to the edifica-
tors: beech, fir and spruce, the following plants occur regularly (registered in all sampling
points): Sorbus aucuparia, Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena, L. nigra, Aremonia
agrimonioides, Athyrium filix femina, Cardamine enneaphyllos, C. trifolia, Dicranum sco-
parium, Dryopteris filix-mas and Polygonatum verticillatum. Nearly regular plants (found
in 6 out of total 7 sampling points in this community) are: Acer pseudoplatanus, Rubus
hirtus, R. idaeus, Actaea spicata, Adenostyles alliariae, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis aceto-
sella, Prenanthes purpurea and Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii. These plants were found
at five localities: Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Rosa pendulina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ajuga
reptans, Carex sylvatica, Galium odoratum and Geranium robertianum. These 29 spe-
cies can be considered as the characteristic group of beech, fir and spruce community
in the Reserve Lom. They are also found in the characteristic group of the same com-
munity reported by Tregubov (1941), except: Ajuga reptans and Carex silvatica which
532

have the third degree presence in Tregubovs study, and Daphne mezereum, Dicranum
scoparium and Cardamine trifolia with the second degree presence. The following plants
were more rarely found (in 4 or 3 sampling points in our research): Dryopteris dilatata,
Polystichum aculeatum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Luzula sylvatica, Mycelis muralis,
Myosotis sylvatica, Stellaria nemorum, Symphytum tuberosum; Dactylorhiza saccifera,
Doronicum austriacum, Epilobium montanum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Ranunculus la-
nuginosus, Solidago virga-aurea, Streptopus amplexifolius, Valeriana montana, Viola ri-
viniana, Ctenidium molluscum, Leucodon sciurioides, Rhizomnium punctatum. Very rare
plants are: Ilex aquifolium, Ruscus hypoglossum, Sambucus nigra, Solanum dulcamara,
Telekia speciosa, Maianthemum bifolium, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Orthilia secunda, Py-
rola rotundifolia, Blechnum spicant, Hyperzia selago, Thelypteris phegopteris. The rare
occurrence of the last 7 species points to a weak acidophily of this community.
The least represented edificator species in the tree layers is spruce. In addition to ed-
ificators, the following plants have a high degree of abundance - coverage on the major-
ity of sampling points: Oxalis acetosella and Cardamine trifolia; on about 50% of sam-
pling points Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium odoratum and Lonicera alpigena; more rarely
Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Athyrium filix-femina, Carex sylvatica, Dryopteris
filix-mas, Galium rotundifolium, Sanicula europaea, Stellaria nemorum and Symphytum
tuberosum; and only occasionally Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, Rosa pendu-
lina, Rubus hirtus, Sambucus racemosa, Adenostyles alliariae, Ajuga reptans, Asarum
europaeum, Cicerbita alpina, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Lunaria rediviva, Lycopodium
annotinum, Luzula sylvatica and Polygonatum verticillatum.
In the community of Adenostylo-Doronicetum, Adenostyles alliariae and Dryopteris
filix-mas excel by the greatest abundance and coverage (in the upper layer) and Stellaria
nemorum (in the lower layer). The following species, according to H o r v a t ( 1 9 6 2 ) also
frequent at other places, are also present in this community: Aegopodium podagraria,
Ajuga reptans, Anthriscus nitida, Athyrium filix-femina, Chrysosplenium alternifolium,
Cardamine waldsteinii, Cicerbita alpina, Corydalis bulbosa, Doronicum austriacum,
Geranium phaeum, Lamium maculatum, Lunaria rediviva, Milium effusum, Petasites
albus, Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii, Telekia speciosa, Urtica dioica, Veratrum album,
etc. Site conditions, the presence of the above species, and also individual presence of
sycamore maple, indicate the probable direction of succession of this community to the
forest of sycamore maple and white ash Aceri-Fraxinetum illyricum, or to its more fre-
quent variant on Mt Klekovaa, Aceretum pseudoplatani.
The following mosses are frequent in the vegetation of the fractures in calcareous
rocks, which belongs to the order Potentilletalia caulescentis: Abietinella abietina, Ano-
modon viticulosus, Antitrichia curtipendula, Brachythecium rivulare, B. salebrosum,
Calypogeia trichomanis, Cratoneuron commutatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens
taxifolius, Hylocomium splendens, Marchantia polymorpha, Homalothecium lutescens,
Neckera crispa, Plagiochila asplenioides, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, P. rostratum, P.
undulatum, Rhodobryum rozeum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Tortula ruralis and some
more, as well as the following higher plants, especially the ferns Asplenium trichomanes,
Cystopteris fragilis, Polypodium vulgare, Phyllitis scolopendrium, and flowering plants:
Arabis muralis, Hieracium villosum, Saxifraga paniculata etc.
The fragments of meso-xerophilous grass vegetation in the order Brometalia erec-
ti, mosaically mixed with the rock vegetation on steeper sunny slopes, consist of: Arabis
hirsuta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Carex ornithopoda, Fes-
533

tuca amethystina, Hieracium cymosum, Leucanthemum vulgare ssp. heterophyllum, Lo-

tus corniculatus, Melittis melissophyllum, Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum austriacum,
Polygonatum odoratum, Vicia incana, Homalothecium lutescens, etc.
The upper limit of the Reserve merely touches the subalpine belt, so the typical rep-
resentatives of the class Festuco-Seslerietea and other units of alpine vegetation are few
(Arabis alpina, A. scopoliana, Erigeron alpinus, Rhinanthus aristatus).
Due to the scarce hydrographic conditions of the Lom region, the plants in the class
Montio-Cardaminetea, characteristic for the vegetation near the springs and streams,
are rare: Cardamine flexuosa, Caltha palustris, Glyceria fluitans, Veronica beccabunga,
Brachythecium rivulare.
The following plants were identified on the occasionally ruderalised sites at the for-
est margins and along the roads: Salix caprea, S. purpurea, S. elaeagnos, Rosa canina,
Arctium tomentosum, Carduus personata, Crepis biennis, Erigeron annuus, Lapsana
communis, Lolium perenne, Pastinaca sativa, Plantago lanceolata, P. major, Poa annua,
Ranunculus repens, Rumex obtusifolius, Sambucus ebulus, Trifolium pratense, T. repens,
Tussilago farfara, Veronica serpyllifolia, etc.
The spectre of coenological classification of vascular flora

In this spectre, the dominant plants are neutrophilous-basiphilous, mesophilous plants in
the alliance Fagion illyricum and order Fagetalia sylvaticae (26.1 %) followed by the rep-
resentatives of the class Querco-Fagetea (12.8 %). The species of acidophilous coniferous
forests in the class Vaccinio-Piceetea and its lower systematic units are equally represented
(10.5 %), the plants of hygrophilous and mesophilous meadows in the class Arrhenathere-
talia (11.7 %), and meso-xerophilous-xerophilous meadows and pastures in the class Fes-
tuco-Brometea (10.9 %). The percentage of Adenostyletalia (7.8 %) is also significant. The
percentage of plants in the vegetation of the calcareous rock fractures (Potentilletalia caules-
centis) in this spectre accounts for 3.1 %, and the share of flora of mesophilous vegetation of
forest margins, openings and burned areas (Epilobietea angustifolii) accounts for 3.9 %. The
members of subalpine and alpine meadow vegetation on carbonates (Festuco-Seslerietea)
and the vegetation near the springs (Montio-Cardaminetea) are quite few, which could have
been expected: the upper limit of the Reserve merely enters the subalpine belt, and there are
only 2 weak springs in the area. In general, neutrophilous and neutrophilous-basiphilous spe-
cies prevail in the study area as a result of the soil pH, as well as mesophytes and sub-meso-
phytes as a result of the soil moisture, which is the consequence of the chemical character of
the parent rock and the phytoclimate conditions in this altitudinal belt.
In the plant community structure of the community Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum, fagetal
plants are outstandingly dominant (40.5 %), and the representatives of the class Querco-
Fagetea (15.0 %) and Vaccinio-Piceetea (16.3 %) are equally represented. The percent-
age of spruce forest plants would hardly exceed 20 %, even by the inclusion of mosses,
among which there are proportionally more acidophytes. In this way, moderate acidophily,
the general characteristic of the communities in the sub-alliance Abieti-Piceenion, is also
confirmed in the Reserve Lom. As expected, this forest community has a low percentage
of the representatives of the class Arrhentheretea (3.3 %), and especially of the members
of (meso)-xerophilous vegetation in the class Festuco-Brometea (2.0 %). The percentage
of the representatives of other syntaxonomic units in this community is slight.
534

Ecological indices of the flora of ass. Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum

Regarding moisture, the majority of species in the floristic composition of this com-
munity (about 95 %) are sub-mesophytes and mesophytes, there are no xerophytes, sub-
xerophytes are few, and there is only one identified hygrophyte species (Caltha palus-
tris).
Regarding soil pH, about 55 % of the species are neutrophilous (they always grow
on the soil of neutral to weak acid reaction), about 30% of the plants are between neu-
trophilous and basiphilous, somewhat more than 1/10 are acidophilous and relatively
acidophilous plants, and the percentage of highly acidophilous and highly basiphilous
species is insignificant. The primary reason for the prevailing neutrophilous character of
the beech, fir and spruce community in the Reserve Lom is, by all means, the parent rock
chemical composition.
Regarding nitrogen content in the soil, mesotrophic plants (about 55 %) are preva-
lent, the group ranging between mesotrophic and oligotrophic plants and the group rang-
ing between mesotrophic and eutrophic plants are equally represented, and the number of
oligotrophic (nitrophobic) and eutrophic (highly nitrophilous) species is insignificant.
Regarding sunlight requirements, about 50 % of the species are in the transition
group between sciophytes and semi-sciophytes, 1/3 are semi-sciophytes, and less than
1/10 each are sciophytes and plant species between semi-sciophytes and heliophytes.
There are no heliophytes, as it can be expected for the composition of this community.
From the aspect of thermophily, almost 2/3 of this association are meso-thermophi-
lous plants, more than 1/4 are in the transition group between meso-thermophilous and
frigoriphilous, and less than 1/10 are between meso-thermophilous and thermophilous.
There are no markedly frigoriphilous and markedly thermophilous species, which is
harmony with the altitudinal range of the sites in the Reserve.
Based on the above, it can be concluded that the community of beech, fir and spruce
in the Virgin Forest Reserve Lom is submesophilous-mesophilous, prevalently neutro-
philous, mesotrophic, sciophilous-hemisciophilous and meso-thermophilous to weak
meso-frigoriphilous.
Ecology of fungi in the Reserve Lom

In the division of fungi, the genera Mycena (7 species) and Russula (5) excel by the
highest species diversity.
Of altogether 74 species of fungi found in the Reserve during this research, 63 spe-
cies were identified in the forest of beech, fir and spruce. Most of the fungi identified in
this community are registered as saprophytes:
- on dead trees: Mycena hiemalis, Tubifera feruginosa;
- on decayed stumps: Armillaria ostoyae, Fomitopsis pinicola, Pholiota aurivella,
Pluteus atricapillus, Polyporus squamosus and Kuehneromyces mutabilis;
- on decayed trunks and branch litter: Calocera viscosa, Fomes fomentarius, Fuligo
septica, Lycogala flavofuscum, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Oudemansiella mucida, O. radi-
cata, Pholiota squarosa, Polyporus varius, Trametes gibbosa, Tremellodon gelatinosum,
Tubifera ferruginea and Xylaria hypoxylon;
535

- on decayed stumps and leaves: Fuligo septica;

- on decayed branches: Clavaria cristata, Coprinus congregatus, Coprinus micaceus,
Sarcoscypha coccinea, Tremiscus helvelloides and Tubifera ferruginosa;
- on decayed branchlets and leaves: Geastrum fimbriatum, Mycena epipterygia, M.
galopus, M. pura;
- on decayed branchlets and needles: Clavulina rugosa, Collybia exculpta, Maras-
mius alliaceus;
- on decayed cones: Strobilurus esculentus; etc.
Another large group are the fungi which grow on the ground: Amanita rubescens, A.
spissa, A. vaginata, Camarophyllus niveus, Clitocybe costata, Collybia dryophylla, Cortina-
rius alboviolaceus, Laccaria laccata, Lepiota ventriospora, Liophyllum connatum, Mycena
alcalina, Phaeolepiota aurea, Phallus impudicus, Russula cyanoxantha and R. emetica.
Lichens in the Reserve Lom

The percentage of mosses in the total flora of the Reserve Lom accounts for 27.9 %,
and it accounts for 36.0% in the community of beech, fir and spruce.
The great majority of lichens (above 50%) are the species with foliose thallus. A
much smaller number of lichens have squamulose and fruticose growth forms, and the
smallest number of lichens are filamentose and crustose.
From the aspect of ecology, the most represented lichens are (almost 50 % of the total
number of species) corticolous, which is the general characteristic of the temperate cli-
mate regions. The share of saxicolous lichens is somewhat higher than that of terricolous
lichens, and the number of humicolous lichens is the lowest.
Ecology of mosses
The majority of mosses in the Reserve Lom are terricolous species (about 20 %).
The share of terri-saxicolous and saxicolous species is somewhat lower, and the share of
saxi-corticolous, humi-terricolous and other groups is significantly lower.
Regarding sunlight requirements, the evident majority (above 60%) are sciophytes,
and there are equal percentages of photophilous and scio-photophilous species.
The majority of sciophilous species are simultaneously also more or less mesophilous.
The share of marked mesophytes accounts for more than 50 % of moss flora in the Reserve
Lom, and with meso-hygrophytes and hygrophytes it accounts for more than 2/3.
Regarding soil pH, most mosses are acidophilous (about 35 %), and there are equal
percentages (1/5 each) of basiphilous (calciphilous) species and species indifferent to pH
value (poly-edaphytes).
Phenology of the flora in the Virgin Forest Reserve Lom

Based on the monitoring of study area during one vegetation period, it can be con-
cluded that a very small number of plant species start flowering by mid spring (about
15th of May). They are, e.g.: Arabis scopoliana and Mercurialis perennis. Most plant
536

species in these climate conditions start flowering by the end of spring (mid June): Ad-
enostyles alliariae, Alchemilla vulgaris, Allium carinatum ssp. pulchellum, Arenaria
serpyllifolia, Cardamine impatiens, Carduus personata, Carex ornithopoda, C. ovalis,
Chaerophyllum aureum, Cirsium erysithales, Dactylis glomerata, Dactylorhiza sac-
cifera, Erigeron alpinus, Festuca altissima, F. amethystina, Galium mollugo, G. rotundi-
folium, Geranium phaeum, G. robertianum, Hieracium cymosum, H. villosum, Knautia
sarajevensis, Lactuca seriolla, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Lathraea squamaria, Luzula
sylvatica, Maianthemum bifolium, Melica nutans, Mycelis muralis, Orthilia secunda,
Phyteuma spicatum, Plantago lanceolata, Platanthera bifolia, Poa nemoralis, Poten-
tilla montenegrina, Ranunculus aconitifolius, Scrophularia nodosa, Stellaria nemorum,
Thesium alpinum, Valeriana officinalis, Veronica serpyllifolia.
Flowering phenophase initiates by mid summer (about 20th of July): Arctium tomen-
tosum, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus benekeni, Circaea alpina, Hypericum perfora-
tum, Pastinaca sativa, Salvia glutinosa, Veronica beccabunga.
Full flowering is reached:
- by mid spring: Anemone nemorosa, Arabis muralis, Asarum europaeum, Caltha
palustris, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Cardamine kitaibelii, Chrysosplenium alternifo-
lium, Corydalis bulbosa, Daphne mezereum, Lathraea squamaria, Oxalis acetosella,
Petasites albus, Tussilago farfara;
- in late spring or early summer: Sorbus aria, Lonicera nigra, Rhamnus alpinus ssp.
fallax, Rosa pendulina, Ruscus hypoglossum, Allium ursinum, Anthriscus nitida, Aremo-
nia agrimonioides, Cardamine trifolia, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Euphorbia amygdaloi-
des, Fragaria vesca, Galium odoratum, Geranium sylvaticum, Juncus effusus, Lapsana
communis, Lathyrus pratensis, L. vernus, Lunaria rediviva, Luzula luzulina, Melittis me-
lissophyllum, Moehringia muscosa, Myosotis alpestris, M. sylvatica, Paris quadrifolia,
Polygonatum odoratum, P. verticillatum, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Saxifraga panicula-
ta, Silene dioica, Streptopus amplexifolius, Tozzia alpina, Valeriana montana, Veronica
chamaedrys, V. officinalis, Vicia incana, V. oroboides, Viola biflora, V. riviniana;
- from late spring to mid summer: Ajuga reptans, Carex sylvatica, Lamium macula-
tum, Lotus corniculatus, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Potentilla erecta, Thalictrum aquile-
gifolium, Veronica montana.
The greatest number of the Reserve plant community members reach full flowering
by mid summer: Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra, Aconitum vulparia, Adenostyles alliari-
ae, Aegopodium podagraria, Allium carinatum ssp. pulchellum, Aruncus dioicus, Atropa
belladonna, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Campanula patula, C. rotundifolia, Carduus
personata, Carex ovalis, C. remota, Cicerbita alpina, Cirsium erysithales, Crepis bien-
nis, Dactylorhiza saccifera, Doronicum austriacum, Epilobium angustifolium, E. mon-
tanum, Erigeron alpinus, Festuca amethystina, Galium mollugo, G. sylvaticum, Gera-
nium robertianum, Heracleum sphondilium, Hieracium murorum, H. villosum, Knautia
sarajevensis, Leontodon hispidus, Lilium martagon, Lolium perenne, Milium effusum,
Moehringia trinervia, Neottia nidus-avis, Orthilia secunda, Peucedanum austriacum,
Plantago major, Poa nemoralis, Prenanthes purpurea, Prunella vulgaris, Rhinanthus
aristatus, Sanicula europaea, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Scrophularia nodosa, Sedum al-
bum, Silene nutans, Solanum dulcamara, Solidago virga-aurea, Stachys sylvatica, Stel-
laria gramminea, Tanacetum macrophyllum, Telekia speciosa, Thymus pulegoides, Tri-
folium pratense, T. repens, Urtica dioica, Valeriana officinalis.
The following plants have the culmination of the flowering phenophase during the
second half of summer: Festuca altissima, Geranium phaeum, Hordelymus europaeus,
537

Knautia drymeia, Leucanthemum heterophyllum; and by the end of August many speci-
mens of the species: Achillea setacea, Angelica silvestris, Brachypodium silvaticum,
Gentiana asclepiadea, Hypericum perforatum, Malva moschata, Salvia glutinosa.
End of flowering:
- already in late spring or early summer: Arabis alpina, A. hirsuta, Caltha palustris,
Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Luzula sylvatica, Pulmonaria officinalis, Rumex obtusi-
folius, Sorbus aucuparia, Symphytum tuberosum;
- in mid summer: Lonicera alpigena, Rubus hirtus, Asarum europaeum, Clinopodium
vulgare, Euphorbia dulcis, Fragaria moschata, Melica nutans, Melittis melissophyllum,
Phyteuma spicatum, Platanthera bifolia, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Saxifraga panicu-
lata, Veronica officinalis, V. urticifolia;
- from mid summer to late summer: Circaea lutetiana, Galium silvaticum, Lunaria
rediviva, Moehringia muscosa, Silene dioica;
- in late summer: Actaea spicata, Allium carinatum ssp. pulchellum, Arctium tomen-
tosum, Calamagrostis varia, Campanula rotundifolia, Carduus personata, Chaerophyl-
lum aureum, Cirsium erysithales, Dactylis glomerata, Epilobium angustifolium, Fes-
tuca gigantea, Galium mollugo, Galium rotundifolium, Geranium robertianum, Geum
urbanum, Juncus effusus, Knautia sarajevensis, Lamium maculatum, Mycelis muralis,
Neottia nidus-avis, Omalotheca sylvatica, Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum austriacum,
Potentilla erecta, Prenanthes purpurea, Sedum album, Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii,
Solidago virga-aurea, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria graminea, Telekia speciosa, Teucrium
chamaedrys, Thymus pulegoides, Valeriana officinalis, Verbascum nigrum;
- in early autumn (25th Aug 25th Sep): Buphthalmum salicifolium, Geranium pha-
eum.
Fruits are fully developed or ripe:
- in late spring or early summer: Anemone nemorosa and Petasites albus;
- by mid summer: Cardamine enneaphyllos, C. impatiens, Carex muricata, C. syl-
vatica, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Daphne mezereum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon,
Mercurialis perennis, Pulmonaria officinalis, Ribes alpinum, Vaccinium myrtilus;
- in late summer: Sorbus aria, Lonicera nigra, Sambucus racemosa, Rubus idaeus,
Solanum dulcamara, Allium ursinum, Angelica sylvestris, Aruncus dioicus, Brachypo-
dium pinnatum, Cicerbita alpina, Doronicum austriacum, Erigeron alpinus, Festuca
amethystina, Geum urbanum, Laserpitium krapfii, Lathyrus vernus, Luzula luzulina,
L. sylvatica, Phyteuma spicatum, Polygonatum verticillatum, Ranunculus lanuginosus,
R. repens, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Silene vulgaris, Streptopus amplexifolius, Tanacetum
macrophyllum, Valeriana montana, Vicia oroboides.
Fruits ripen, fall or decompose:
- in late summer: Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena, L. nigra, Ribes alpinum,
Vaccinium myrtillus, Arabis alpina, Chaerophyllum aureum, Melica nutans, Paris
quadrifolia, Poa nemoralis, Polygonatum verticillatum, Sedum album.
Based on the above data, it can be concluded that most plant species in the Reserve
Lom, for which the flowering time was recorded, initiate flowering in late spring or early
summer, they are in full flower by mid summer, and the flowering phenophase ends in
late summer.
538

Endemic and relic flora in the Reserve Lom

The area of the Reserve Lom is the site of a number endemics species of more or
less limited distribution, and relics species of very ancient origin. Endemic species are
the following two Illyric-Scard-Pind subendemics: Knautia sarajevernsis and Potentilla
montenegrina.
Aremonia agrimonioides, Aruncus dioicus, Asarum europaeum, Buphthalmum sal-
icifolium, Helleborus multifidus, Ilex aquifolium, Rhamnus fallax and Ruscus hypoglos-
sum are Tertiary relics. Glacial relics in Lom flora are Saxifraga paniculata and Tozzia
alpina; Boreal relics are: Blechnum spicant, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Hyperzia se-
lago, Listera cordata, Maianthemum bifolium, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola rotundifolia and
Vaccinium myrtillus.
Rare and threatened plant species in the Reserve Lom

Eighteen rare and threatened plant species of Bosnia and Herzegovina (after i l i ,
1 9 9 2 ) were identified during this research: Arabis scopoliana, Cardamine kitaibelii,
Cardamine trifolia, Circaea alpina, Ilex aquifolium, Knautia sarajevensis, Lilium mart-
agon, Maianthemum bifolium, Physospermum verticillatum, Platanthera bifolia, Poten-
tilla montenegrina, Pyrola rotundifolia, Ruscus hypoglossum, Streptopus amplexifolius,
Telekia speciosa, Tozzia alpina, Vicia oroboides and Viola biflora.
Vascular plants of European significance (classified as the most endangered) are
Blechnum spicant and Ribes alpinum, and the following are regionally significant: Ilex
aquifolium (in BiH - endangered, in Serbia - rare, in Croatia and Montenegro - protect-
ed), Lycopodium annotinum (in Serbia extinct) and Streptopus amplexifolius (vulner-
able). The following mosses of the Reserve Lom are registered in the European Red List
of bryophytes, as regionally threatened species: Buxbaumia aphylla, Hypnum.
The following species are significant at a global level: Tozzia alpina (threatened) and
Gymnadenia conopsea (near threatened), and Knautia sarajevensis, Platanthera bifolia
and Potentilla montenegrina (rare).
The identified floristic biodiversity of the Virgin Forest Reserve Lom is the result
of the diversity of orographic, edaphic and phytoclimate conditions, plant-geographical
position and historic development of the living world of this region.
The researchers are aware that, notwithstanding the invested effort, the number of
plant species identified in this Reserve is not final. Owing to the limited period of re-
search, our lists do not include some of the species which are, judging by their ecology,
very likely present in this area, such as: Taxus baccata, Polystichum lonchitis, Galanthus
nivalis, etc. This refers especially to fungi, lichens and mosses, the final inventory of
which in this not so large area could be richer by several tens of species.
Taking into account the identified plant diversity (and the assumed, and still not in-
vestigated diversity of other fields of biology) of the Virgin Forest Reserve Lom and
its specificity as one of the rare preserved samples of the community of beech, fir and
spruce, Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum, in our country and in the entire Europe, this protected
nature deserves an even more complete social attention and protection.
539

INDEX ALPHABETCUS

Abies 260 Atrichum 160

Abietinella 202 Atropa 394
Acer 342 Aulacomnium 190
Aceraceae 342 Aulacomniaceae 190
Achillea 429
Aconitum 289 Barbula 173
Actaea 287 Blechnaceae 257
Adenostyles 434 Blechnum 257
Adoxa 414 Boletaceae 95
Adoxaceae 414 Boletus 95
Aegopodium 360 Boraginaceae 377
Agaricaceae 59 Brachypodium 480
Agrimonia 316 Brachytheciaceae 208
Ajuga 383 Brachyteciastrum 215
Alchemilla 323 Brachythecium 212
Alectoria 130 Brassicaceae 293
Allium 456 BRIOPHYTA 143
Amanitaceae 204 Bromus 479
Amblystegiaceae 204 Bryaceae 182
Anemone 290 Bryoria 131
Angelica 362 Bryum 182
Anomodon 200 Buphthalmum 427
Anthriscus 359 Buxbaumia 239
Antitrichia 194 Buxbaumiaceae 239
Apiaceae 356
Aquifoliaceae 344 Calamagrostis 483
Arabis 300 Calliergonella 205
Araceae 485 Calocera 101
Arctium 437 Caloplaca 106
Aremonia 317 Caltha 288
Arenaria 273 Calypogeia 151
Aristolochiaceae 270 Camarophyllus 33
Armilaria 40 Campanula 419
Arum 485 Campanulaceae 419
Aruncus 326 Campylopus 170
Asarum 270 Caprifoliaceae 409
Asphodelus 453 Cardamine 293
Aspidiaceae 252 Carduus 438
Aspleniaceae 245 Carex 486
Asplenium 245 Caryophyllaceae 273
Asteraceae 422 Celastraceae 343
Athyriaceae 249 Cerastium 278
Athyrium 249 Ceratodon 171
540

Cetraria 129 Dipsacaceae 417

Chaerophyllum 357 Ditrichum 172
Chrysosplenium 308 Doronicum 435
Cicerbita 443 Dryopteris 254
Circaea 351
Ciriphyllum 220 Encalypta 161
Cirsium 439 Encalyptaceae 161
Cladina 142 Entolomataceae 63
Cladonia 135 Entoloma 63
Cladoniaceae 135 Epigononthaceae 148
Clavaria 89 Epilobium 353
Clavariaceae 89 Ericaceae 369
Climaciaceae 192 Erigeron 424
Climacium 192 Euonymus 343
Clinopodium 388 Eupatorium 422
Clitocybe 36 Euphorbia 338
Colchicum 454 Euphorbiaceae 338
Collema 109 Eurhynchium 222
Collemataceae 109 Evernia 128
Collybia 44 Exidaceae 100
Compositae 422
CONIFEROPSIDA 260 Fabaceae 327
Coprinaceae 61 Fagaceae 266
Coprinus 61 Fagus 266
Cortinariaceae 70 Fegatella 144
Cortinarius 70 Festuca 471
Corydalis 292 Filipendula 315
Corylaceae 265 Fissidentaceae 163
Corylus 265 Fissidens 163
Crassulaceae 305 Flavoparmelia 122
Cratoneuron 207 Fomes 84
Crepidotus 72 Fomitopsis 85
Crepis 448 Fragaria 321
Cruciata 376 Frullania 150
Cruciferae 293 Fuligo 32
Ctenidium 231
Cyperaceae 486 Galium 372
Cystopteris 250 Ganoderma 86
Ganodermataceae 86
Dacrymycetaceae 101 Geastrum 97
Dactylis 476 Gentiana 371
Dactylorhiza 498 Gentianaceae 371
Dana 361 Geraniaceae 335
Daphne 347 Geranium 335
DICOTYLEDONES 262 Geum 318
Dicranaceae 164 Glyceria 478
Dicranella 169 Grimmia 180
Dicranum 164 Grimmiaceae 180
Didymodon 178 Grossulariaceae 309
Gymnadenia 497
541

Gymnocarpium 256 Lecanora 118

Guttiferae 348 Lecanoraceaae 118
Leucodontaceae 193
Haplolaenaceae 147 Leontodon 441
Hedwigia 191 Lepidozia 153
Hedwigiaceae 191 Lepiota 68
Helleborus 286 Leskeaceae 197
Heracleum 365 Leucanthemum 431
Hericaceae 94 Leucodon 193
Hericium 94 Leucodontaceae 193
Hieracium 449 Liliaceae 452
Homalothecium 209 Lilium 455
Hookeria 162 Listera 495
Hookeriaceae 162 Lobaria 117
Hordelymus 482 Lobariaceae 117
Hydnaceae 92 Lolium 475
Hydnum 92 Lonicera 412
Hygrohypnum 204 Lotus 333
Hygrophoraceae 33 Lunaria 304
Hygrophorus 33 Luzula 466
Hylocomium 236 Lycogala 31
Hyperzia 243 Lycoperdaceae 96
Hypericaceae 348 Lycoperdon 96
Hypericum 348 Lycopodiaceae 242
Hypnaceae 227 Lycopodium 242
Hypnum 228 Lyophyllum 41
Hypogymnia 123
Madotheca 156
Ilex 344 Madothecaceae 156
Inocybe 71 Maianthemum 458
Isothecium 208 Malva 346
Malvaceae 346
Jubulaceae 150 Marasmius 46
Juncaceae 465 Marchantiaceae 144
Juncus 465 Marchantia 145
Melampyrum 403
Kindbergia 225 Melanelia 121
Knautia 417 Melica 477
Kuehneromyces 65 Melittis 385
Mentha 391
Laccaria 39 Mercurialis 341
Lactarius 79 Metzgeria 146
Lactuca 442 Metzgeriaceae 146
Lamiaceae 381 Milium 484
Lamiastrum 382 Mniaceae 185
Lamium 381 Mnium 185
Lapsana 447 Moehringia 274
Laserpitium 366 MONOCOTYLEDONES 452
Lathraea 406 Mycelis 445
Lathyrus 329 Mycena 48
542

MYCOPHYTA 29 Platygyrium 227

Myosotis 379 Pleuroschisma 154
Pleurozium 235
Neckera 195 Pluteus 59
Neckeraceae 195 Poa 468
Neottia 494 Poaceae 468
Nephroma 110 Polygonaceae 271
Nephromataceae 110 Polygonatum 460
Polypodiaceae 258
Omalotheca 426 Polypodium 258
Onograceae 351 Polyporaceae 81
Orchidaceae 494 Polyporus 81
Origanum 389 Polystichum 252
Orthilia 368 Polytrichaceae 157
Oudemansiella 42 Polytrichastrum 158
Oxalidaceae 334 Polytrichum 157
Oxalis 334 Porella 156
Oxyrhynchium 223 Potentilla 319
Pottiaceae 173
Palustriella 207 Prenanthes 444
Papaveraceae 292 Primula 370
Paraleucobryum 168 Primulaceae 370
Paris 463 Prunella 387
Parmelia 124 Pseudevernia 127
Parmeliaceae 119 Pseudohydnum 99
Pastinaca 364 Pseudoleskea 198
Pellia 147 Pseudoleskeella 197
Peltigera 111 Pseudoscleropodium 221
Peltigeraceae 111 PTERIDOPHYTA 241
Petasites 433 Pterigynandrum 199
Peucedanum 363 Ptilium 237
Phaeolepiota 69 Pulmonaria 377
Phallaceae 98 Pyrola 367
Phallus 98 Pyrolaceae 367
Pholiota 66
Phyllitis 248 Radula 155
Physcia 119 Radulaceae 155
Physospermum 361 Ramalina 133
Phyteuma 421 Ramaria 87
Picea 261 Ramariaceae 87
Pinaceae 260 Ranunculaceae 283
Plagiochila 148 Ranunculus 283
Plagiomnium 186 Reticulariaceae 30
Plagiothecium 226 Rhamnaceae 345
Plagiotheciaceae 226 Rhamnus 345
Plantaginaceae 407 Rhinanthus 405
Plantago 407 Rhizomnium 185
Platanthera 496 Rhodobryum 184
Platismatia 126 Rhynchostegium 224
543

Rhytidiadelphus 232 Telekia 428

Rhytidium 238 Teloschistaceae 106
Ribes 309 Teucrium 384
Rosa 310 Thalictrum 291
Rosaceae 310 Thamniaceae 196
Rubiaceae 372 Thamnobryum 196
Rubus 312 Thelypteridaceae 244
Rumex 271 Thelypteris 244
Ruscus 464 Thesium 269
Russula 74 Thuidiaceae 200
Russulaceae 74 Thuidium 203
Thymelaeceae 347
Salix 262 Thymus 390
Salicaceae 262 Tortella 179
Salvia 392 Tortula 175
Sambucus 409 Tozzia 404
Sanicula 356 Trametes 83
Sanionia 206 Tremellaceae 99
Santalaceae 269 Tremiscus 100
Sarcoscypha 102 Trichiaceae 32
Sarcoscyphaceae 102 Tricholomataceae 34
Saxifraga 306 Tricholomopsis 34
Saxifragaceae 306 Trigonanthaceae 151
Scapania 149 Trifolium 331
Scapaniaceae 149 Tubifera 30
Schistidium 181 Tussilago 432
Sciuro-hypnum 216
Scrophularia 395 Ulmaceae 267
Scrophulariaceae 395 Ulmus 267
Sedum 305 Umbelliferae 356
Senecio 436 Urtica 268
Silene 279 Urticaceae 268
Solanaceae 393 Usnea 132
Solanum 393
Solidago 423 Vacciniaceae 369
Sorbus 324 Vaccinium 369
Sparassis 93 Valeriana 415
Sparassidaceae 93 Valerianaceae 415
SPERMATOPHYTA 259 Veratrum 452
Sphaeriaceae 103 Verbascum 396
Stachys 386 Veronica 397
Stellaria 276 Vicia 327
Streptopus 459 Viola 349
Strobilurus 55 Violaceae 349
Strophariaceae 65 Vulpicida 120
Symphytum 378
Syntrichia 174 Weissia 177
Tanacetum 430 Xanthoria 107

Taraxacum 446 Xylaria 103
544

429, 445 304

362 437
362 271
409 402
- 110 352
335
77 164
145 496
409, 410 474
352 58
452 57
332 78
41 43
290 44
342 130
433 297
305 246
56 468
70 471
318 447
491 145
131 378
62 427
34 389
75 463
407, 408 497
369 430
344 98
293 354
372 354
375 347
244 287
266
388 366
394 256
394 494
409 465
157 444
267
394 342
467 348
545

328 335
330 110
70 122
88 245
306 110
338, 344, 368
421 247
294 421
442 334
484 318
456 490
361 245
455 252
435 344
335 455
334 87
487 69
441 35
284 423
384 66
384 316, 398
444 410, 411
465
288 405
285 333
268 488
408 405
249 420
336
376 337
382 262
80 383
101 129
32
378 370
329 321
308 322
440 80
34 325
68 482
289
461 260
462 248
38 248
488 260
356 79
546

364 429
476 314
313
294
498 269
325 373
288 265
173 468
348 439
271, 334 117
55
76 434
326 392
360 49
485 345
354 54
292 472
494 74
428 475
422 406
422 81
391 271
272
288 416
84 182
270 390
268 312
94 482
421 446
450, 451 182
316 385
436 392
359 385
95 377, 392
339 377
425 365
84 73
59 464
250 375
368 356
367 414
96 467
98 276
330 273
286 304
547

443 311
454 412
324 86
407 377
254 458
432
90 460
106 461
51 308
92 446
380 406
354 397
430
372 376
39 242
323 50
347 91
475 489
85 282
416 282
246 383
374 285
261
258 446
459 264
289 436
287 67
307 397, 400
291 393
307 257
432
45 36
439 341
65 295
246, 249 492
480 103
364 274
364 450, 451
317 450
463 477
316 281
292
381 445
300 446
309 299
548

354, 355 347

371 429
360 99
263
486 334
363 331
488 30
243 411
473 386
258 438
346 102
42 279
76 39
333 100
333 457
261 448
345 396
261 410
55 428
33 407
449 320
426 413
319 387
319 387
58
58 453
304 - 423
429 387
438 388
98 398
395 399
315, 326 46
89
402 495
428
97 365
298 310
362 255
84 343
362
417 81
418 423
403 419
395 236
296 470
549

350
277
338
493
481
371
473
341
380
292
550


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uvod.indd Sec1:18 5/30/2008 1:03:27 PM

uvod.indd Sec1:19 5/30/2008 1:03:28 PM

Aceri-Fagetum subalpinum fac. lunariosum

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uvod.indd Sec1:21 5/30/2008 1:03:39 PM

uvod.indd Sec1:22 5/30/2008 1:03:40 PM

uvod.indd Sec1:23 5/30/2008 1:03:40 PM

uvod.indd Sec1:24 5/30/2008 1:03:41 PM

uvod.indd Sec1:25 5/30/2008 1:04:01 PM

A1 Adenostylion, Br.-Bl. 1925.

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B3 Festuco-Brometea, Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943.

uvod.indd Sec1:27 5/30/2008 1:04:01 PM

uvod.indd Sec1:28 5/30/2008 1:04:02 PM

Mycophyta.indd 29 5/30/2008 1:17:08 PM

TUBIFERA FERRUGINOSA (Batsch)

Mycophyta.indd 30 5/30/2008 1:17:11 PM

LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM (L.) Fr.

Mycophyta.indd 31 5/30/2008 1:17:13 PM

FULIGO SEPTICA Weber

Mycophyta.indd 32 5/30/2008 1:17:15 PM

Mycophyta.indd 33 5/30/2008 1:17:17 PM

Mycophyta.indd 34 5/30/2008 1:17:18 PM

TRICHOLOMOPSIS DECORA (Fr.)

Mycophyta.indd 35 5/30/2008 1:17:20 PM

CLITOCYBE COSTATA Khn. ex

Mycophyta.indd 36 5/30/2008 1:17:22 PM

CLITOCYBE DITOPA (Fr. ex Fr.)

Mycophyta.indd 37 5/30/2008 1:17:24 PM

CLITOCYBE VIBECINA (Fr. ex Fr.)

Mycophyta.indd 38 5/30/2008 1:17:26 PM

LACCARIA LACCATA (Scop. ex Fr.)

Mycophyta.indd 39 5/30/2008 1:17:28 PM

ARMILLARIA OSTOYAE Romagn.

Mycophyta.indd 40 5/30/2008 1:17:30 PM

Mycophyta.indd 41 5/30/2008 1:17:32 PM

Mycophyta.indd 42 5/30/2008 1:17:34 PM

Mycophyta.indd 43 5/30/2008 1:17:36 PM

COLLYBIA DRYOPHYLLA (Bull. ex

Mycophyta.indd 44 5/30/2008 1:17:40 PM

COLLYBIA EXCULPTA Fries.

Mycophyta.indd 45 5/30/2008 1:17:42 PM

MARASMIUS ALLIACEUS (Jacq. ex