IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO.
4, JULY/AUGUST 1997
PM Brushless DC Motor Drive with
a New Power-Converter Topology
R. Krishnan, Senior Member, IEEE, and Shiyoung Lee
Abstract With the growing potential for widespread use of
permanent magnet brushless dc motor (PMBDC) drives in many
low-cost applications, such as HVAC, refrigerators, and freezers
in houses and small-velocity servos in process industries, it has
become important to minimize the cost. One obvious place for
cost reduction is in the cost of the inverter and its associated
controller. With that perspective, a novel application of the
converter topology for the PMBDC known as C dump in
switched reluctance motor drives is proposed in this paper.
The advantages and disadvantages of this topology vis-a-vis the
conventional three-phase H-bridge converter, are highlighted
from the points of view of economy in switches, volt-ampere
rating, associated controller cost, and packaging. Design consid-
erations for the PMBDC are derived for use with the proposed
converter topology. The operational and design characteristics
of this converter-driven PMBDC drive are derived for four-
quadrant performance. Guidelines for the design of the proposed
topology are derived and presented in the paper. Experimental
results from a laboratory prototype are presented to validate the
feasibility of the proposed PMBDC drive system.
Index Terms PM brushless dc drive, power-converter topol-
ogy.
I. INTRODUCTION
C OST minimization of the permanent magnet brushless
dc motor (PMBDC) drive is of immense interest to the
industry at present, due to the opening up of a large number of
applications to variable-speed operation. Such applications are
to be found in HVAC, fans, pumps, washers, dryers, tread mills
and other exercise equipment, wheel chairs, people carriers in
airport lobbies, golf carts, freezers, refrigerators, automobiles,
handtools, and small-process drives with velocity control for
packaging, bottling, and food processing applications. Due to
the high-volume nature of these applications, cost minimiza-
tion is of paramount importance, not only to save materials
and labor (and possibly due to parts reduction to enhance the
reliability of the product), but also for the fact that, without
such a cost minimization, many of these applications with
Paper IPCSD 9717, approved by the Industrial Drives Committee of the
IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1995 Industry
Applications Society Annual Meeting, Lake Buena Vista, FL, October 812.
Manuscript released for publication February 10, 1997.
R. Krishnan is with the Motion Control Systems Research Group, Bradley
Department of Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA (e-mail: kramu@vtvm1.cc.vt.edu).
S. Lee was with the Motion Control Systems Research Group, Bradley
Department of Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. He is now with Silicon Power
Corporation, Malvern, PA 19355 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0093-9994(97)05464-9.
00939994/97$10.00 1997 IEEE
973
variable-speed drives may not be realized, almost certainly
in the present and, probably, in the future.
Low cost but high performance is required in many of
these applications requiring precision velocity control. One
obvious place for the cost reduction is in the converter and
its associated controller requirement. The half-wave and full-
wave (H-bridge) converter topologies are invariably associated
with very low-performance and high-performance applica-
tions, respectively. The half-wave converter topology, with
one switch per phase, has half the number of switches of the
full-wave topology, but could only deliver motoring in both
directions, with no regenerative control. This fact precludes its
use where high performance is a requirement. This could be
resolved if topologies with more than one switch per phase,
but less than two switches per phase, are resorted to [1].
Such topologies [2][5] have been developed for switched
reluctance motor drives with considerable success. One such
topology is the C-dump converter with switches for an
-phase machine [4].
The C-dump topology is shown in Fig. 1 for a three-phase
machine. Its application to the PMBDC to obtain a high-
performance four-quadrant operation is studied in this paper.
The principle of operation and analysis and design of such
a converter topology for the PMBDC is developed in this
paper. Design considerations for the PMBDC to work with
the proposed power converter based on power and torque
equality with a full-wave operated PMBDC are developed.
A comparison of the proposed and full-wave PMBDC drives
is attempted to highlight key advantages and disadvantages of
the proposed PMBDC drive system.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II contains the
principle of operation of the C-dump-topology-based PMBDC.
Section III presents the design considerations for the PMBDC
for use with the proposed converter topology and modeling of
the motor. Analysis of the proposed drive system is given
in Section IV. Design guidelines are presented in Section
V for this topology-based PMBDC drive system. Section VI
presents a comparison of the proposed drive system with that
of the H-bridge inverter-fed PMBDC drive system in detail.
Experimental setup and verification of the proposed system are
given in Section VII. Section VIII contains the key conclusions
of the study.
II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE
PROPOSED PMBDC DRIVE SYSTEM
The C-dump converter for a three-phase system, shown in
Fig. 1, is considered for this paper. It has four power switches
974 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1997
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. C-dump converter topology and key waveforms. (a) C-dump topology. (b) Relationships between gate signals and currents.
and four power diodes, with one of each for each phase
winding and one set for energy recovery from the capacitor .
Since the phase has only one switch, the current in it could only
be unidirectional and, hence, it is very much similar to the half-
wave-converter-driven PMBDC in operation. The operation of
the various phases simply could be shown as in Fig. 2 for a
phase sequence of . The duty cycle of each phase is
only 1/3 and, in spite of it, note that the airgap power and,
hence, the electromagnetic torque are both continuous. The
motoring (I-quadrant) and regenerative (II-quadrant) control
of the C-dump-based PMBDC are briefly described in the
following.
A. Motoring Operation
Assume that the direction of the motor is clockwise, which
may be considered as positive with a phase sequence of
of the motor phase windings for this discussion. The motoring
operation is initiated when the phase voltage is in the flat
region, i.e., at constant magnitude for a fixed speed and with
the duration of 120 electrical degrees. The phase is energized
when the phase current is commanded by turning on switch
, and the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 3(a). When the
current error is negative, switch is turned off and the current
in the phase winding is routed through the diode to the
energy recovery capacitor , shown in Fig. 3(b). During this
time, a negative voltage to the magnitude of is
applied across the machine winding, thus, reducing the current
and bringing the current error to positive. Waveforms of key
variables, such as the induced EMF, stator current, stator
voltage, airgap power, and input power are shown in Fig. 3(c)
for motoring operation. The average airgap power and the
input power are positive, giving a positive electromagnetic
torque, thus, indicating the operation is firmly in the first
quadrant of the torque speed.
The motoring operation is similar in the counterclockwise
(reverse) direction of rotation of the motor, except that the
phase sequence will be in the energization of the motor
KRISHNAN AND LEE: DC MOTOR DRIVE WITH A NEW POWER-CONVERTER TOPOLOGY
Fig. 2. Voltage, current, and airgap power waveforms of the proposed C-dump-based PMBDC.
phase windings. That corresponds to the III-quadrant of the
torquespeed characteristics.
B. Regenerative Operation
Whenever the energy has to be transferred from load to
the supply, the PMBDC is to be operated as a generator,
i.e., by providing a negative torque to the machine as against
the positive torque for the motoring operation. It is usual to
provide a current of opposite polarity to that of the induced
EMF in the full-wave-converte-operated PMBDC to generate
a negative torque. It is not feasible in this C-dump-operated
PMBDC, due to its unidirectional current feature for the
positive half cycle of the induced EMFs. Then, the only
alternative is to exploit the negative cycles of the induced
975
EMF, where only positive currents are required to obtain
the negative torque. Such an operation for phase involves
the turning on of during negative constant EMF period
and, when the error current becomes negative, turning off
, enabling the conduction of , resulting in the energy
transfer from the machine phase to the energy recovery
capacitor shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b), respectively. Key variable
waveforms are shown in Fig. 4(c) for this mode of operation.
Note that the airgap power and the average input power to
the phase are negative, indicating that the power has been
transferred from the machine to the energy recovery capacitor
. The energy from is recovered by a step-down chopper
using switch and diode , shown in Fig. 1. Note that
this regenerative operation corresponds to the IV-quadrant for
976
(a)
Fig. 3. First-quadrant motoring operation with phase a of the PMBDC drive. (a) Switch
a. (c) Waveforms of the variables.
a phase sequence of , and the regenerative operation
is similar for reverse rotational direction of the PMBDC
corresponding to the II-quadrant.
III. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
THE PMBDC AND ITS MODELING
This section contains the design considerations of the
PMBDC required to be use with the C-dump converter,
modeling of the PMBDC for such operation and implications
of speed of response and, hence, the suitability of the C-
dump-operated motor drive system, due to the self inductance
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1997
(b)
(c)
Ta on. (b) Switch Ta off with continuous current in phase
controlling the current loop. Wherever possible, all these
important factors are contrasted with that of the H-bridge
inverter-(full-wave)-operated PMBDC. For the sake of
comparison, the full-wave-operated motor is considered as
the base.
A. Design Considerations for the PMBDC
The following relationships are made on the basis of equal
copper volume in the slot of the PMBDC. The subscripts
and correspond to the motor with the proposed converter
and the motor with the full-wave converter, respectively.
KRISHNAN AND LEE: DC MOTOR DRIVE WITH A NEW POWER-CONVERTER TOPOLOGY 977

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 4. Operational mode and waveforms of variables for the IV-quadrant regenerative operation of PMBDC drive system. (a) Ta on. (b) Ta off. (c)
Waveforms of the variables.

The ratio of the induced EMFs are where is the current in the winding. The EMF constant ratio
in terms of the number of turns per phase and conductor cross
(1) sections is

where is the EMF constant and is the rotor electrical (3)

speed. The airgap power ratio is given by

(2) where denotes the number of turns/phase and is the area

of cross section of the conductor, in general. The ratio of the
978 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1997
copper losses is given as
(4)
where corresponds to electromagnetic torque, in general.
The ratio of the stator resistances is
(5)
From these relationships, it is possible to find the number
of turns per phase, electromagnetic torque, induced EMF,
airgap power, and stator copper losses in the PMBDC for
the proposed converter topology, depending on the choice of
criterion, such as equality of torque, equality of copper losses,
and equality of airgap power.
As only one phase of the motor is producing the torque,
as versus two phases in the conventional H-bridge-controlled
PMBDC, the motor for use with the C-dump topology has to
meet the following design considerations to provide the same
output power within the same thermal capability. Assuming
that the current has to be equal to that of the H-bridge-inverter-
driven PMBDC, then the torque constant of this motor has to
be twice that of the H-bridge-inverter-driven PMBDC. That is
made possible by increasing the number of turns to twice the
number of turns of the H-bridge-inverter-driven PMBDC. Note
that twice the number of turns, for the same wire size, doubles
the resistance per phase of the H-bridge-driven-PMBDC in the
C-dump-driven motor. The copper losses are the same for both
the drive systems, as the stator currents are maintained equal
to one another.
Another alternative is to view the motor for double the speed
of the operation of the motor driven by the H-bridge inverter,
with the same number of turns in both the machines and, thus,
providing equal power at two different speeds. However, it is
to be noted that the C-dump-driven motor would have only
half the torque of that of the H-bridge-driven motor. Given
these flexibilities, the C-dump drive has to be applied fully
understanding the application of the motor drive system.
B. Modeling of the C-Dump-Driven PMBDC
The modeling of the PMBDC machine is well known and
given in [6]. Ideally, if the stator currents are not overlapping,
then the motor phases become independent and resemble that
of a dc motor, with a minor difference in the definition of the
induced EMF, which is a function of the rotor position. For
phase , the following are given:
(6)
(7)
where and are the resistance and inductance per phase,
respectively, is the EMF constant, is the rotor speed,
and is the electrical rotor position. Note that equals
during the conduction of phase switch .
When the switch is turned off, the current is directed through
the capacitor with an assumed constant voltage of (as is
large). Then, the relevant equation is given by
(8)
In cases where two phases, e.g., and , are carrying current
with one phase switch through commutation and the other
energization phases, then the system equations are
(9)
(10)
where is similar to , but phase shifted by 120
electrical degrees.
C. Impact of the Motor Inductance on the
Dynamic Performance
From the machine equations, it is seen that the self induc-
tance of the phase winding plays a crucial role in the dynamics
of the current loop and, hence, in the torque generation.
In the case of the full-wave-operated PMBDC machine, the
electrical time constant is given by
(11)
where is the mutual inductance.
Consider a PMBDC with twice the number of turns per
phase as compared to the full-wave-operated machine, for
operation with the C-dump converter, and its self inductance in
terms of is equal to and its resistance for equal copper
losses is , thus, giving its electrical time constant as
(12)
To find the ratio between these two time constants, it is
necessary to express in terms of , from which
(13)
where
(14)
and , as given in [7], is used to evaluate the ratio of the
time constants, given in Table I for a PMBDC with twice
and equal to the turns per phase of the full-wave-operated
PMBDC denoted by . From the table, it is seen that the
equivalent PMBDC for operation with the C-dump converter
has higher electrical time constant compared to the full-wave
PMBDC drive, thus, making the proposed drive sluggish and
unsuitable for very-high-performance applications.
IV. ANALYSIS OF THE C-DUMP-CONTROLLED PMBDC DRIVE
The analysis of the drive system with the proposed topology
is presented in this section. An effort is primarily made to
obtain the maximum speed of the motor in terms of the duty
cycle of the phase switches and the energy transferred to the
energy recovery capacitor and, hence, an estimate of the power
to be handled by the recovery chopper for a given motor rating.
It is assumed that the commutation pulses are available through
Hall sensors, encoders, or resolvers for this study.
KRISHNAN AND LEE: DC MOTOR DRIVE WITH A NEW POWER-CONVERTER TOPOLOGY 979

TABLE I of energy storage and recovery circuits, the powers can be

RATIO OF ELECTRICAL TIME CONSTANTS FOR VARIOUS DESIGNS OF THE PMBDC equated as
(20)
where is the peak recovery current through the chopper
and could be written as

(21)

As increases, note that the energy recovered through the

chopper reduces as goes down, which, in turn, reduces the
volt-ampere rating of the energy recovery chopper circuit.

V. DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE C-DUMP TOPOLOGY

A. Maximum Speed
The guidelines for the rating of the various passive and
Consider the machine voltage equation in steady state for
active components of the C-dump-topology-driven PMBDC
rated stator current, given by , as follows:
drive are presented in this section based on the analysis of the
(15) drive scheme in Section IV. The rated current and voltage of
the PMBDC are and , respectively, and, hence, the base
The speed is then obtained from this as power is . These values form the base values for the
determination of the component ratings.
rad/s (16)
A. DC-Link Voltage
For faster current loop and, hence, torque and speed response,
The minimum dc-link voltage required is
it is necessary to set aside some voltage which is a fraction of
the rated stator voltage, given as . Including this factor, V (22)
the rotor speed is modified to
Here, the rate of change of current should correspond to the
(17) base current when the machine is running at rated speed ,
which is related to the EMF by
If an average duty cycle of the phase switches is denoted as
V (23)
, then the stator phase voltage in terms of the dc-link voltage
is written as Determination of this dc-link voltage leads to the rating of the
capacitor .
(18)

which, when combined with the speed equation and normal- B. Phase Switches
ization, yields the normalized rotor speed as Its minimum voltage is given by
pu (19) V (24)

where the additional subscript denotes the normalized values
of the variables and parameters. is typically in the range of
0.20.4, and is varied from nearly zero to one. This relation-
ship explicitly gives speed in terms of the duty cycle, dc-link
voltage, stator resistance, and dynamic voltage reserve. This
expression allows the determination of range of variation
for the desired variation of speed range. Determination of
is crucial to the evaluation of average energy recovery current
and, hence, in the rating of that circuit.
B. Peak Recovery Current
The energy transferred to the energy storage capacitor
during the turn-off intervals of phase switches has to be
recovered through the energy recovery circuit, if losses are
neglected. The average duty cycle of energy transfer from dc
link and machine phase into capacitor is . Assuming
that this stored energy is recovered through the chopper in a
duty cycle of , as this is essential to keep the separation
where is the voltage across the energy recovery capacitor.
Its current ratings are given by
peak (25)
rms (26)
where is the number to find the transient torque in terms of
the base torque, which usually is much greater than one for
high-performance applications, e.g., in the order of two or so,
and, for low performance applications, it is around 1.25.
C. Phase Diodes
The voltage rating is the same as that of the phase switches,
i.e., , but their current ratings vary from that of the phase
switches. Its peak current rating has to be equal to that of the
phase switch, but its rms value could be smaller than that of
the phase switches. Assuming a maximum duty cycle of 0.5,
rms rms (27)
980 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1997

TABLE II
COMPARISON OF THE C-DUMP- AND FULL-WAVE-BASED PMBDC DRIVE

Fig. 5. VA ratio versus average duty cycle for various values of energy
recovery capacitor voltages.

drive system from the points of view of number of switches,

passive components, their ratings, number of logic power
supplies for gate drives, number of gate drives for isolated
drive systems, converter losses, thermal management, and
packaging requirements.
Some salient aspects and their comparison are given in
Table II. is the average duty cycle of the phase switches
and denotes the fraction of voltage for safety margin in
the operation of the drive. Let be the fraction to give the
regeneration brake current and

(29)

This leads to the ratio of the VA rating as

(30)

For nominal values of and , the relationship

D. Energy Recovery Capacitor between the ratio of VA rating versus the average duty cycle
The minimum voltage on this capacitor is given by for various values of ranging from 1.25 to 2 is shown
in Fig. 5. The break-even point for equal VA rating is shown
(28) with bold lines. Note that the duty cycle is proportional to
where is the maximum induced voltage at maximum speed the normalized speed from Section IV-A.
and is the voltage magnitude to be provided for in design, The converter switch losses are smaller for in
to prevent the conduction of diodes and during the case of the C-dump, and the diode losses are half of
the negative half cycles of the induced EMF generation in the the full-wave converter. This reduction in losses translates
machine. into heatsink and thermal management reduction by the same
measure, resulting in a sizable reduction in packaging size.
E. Energy Recovery Chopper This further is helped by the requirement of a smaller number
of logic power supplies, snubbers, and gate drivers.
The voltage rating is equal to , but its current rating is A comparison of PMBDC machines for use with C-dump
based on the power transfer from the energy recovery capacitor and full-wave inverters is made here. The basis of the com-
to the dc link. It is based on the speed of operation and load, parison is restricted to equal stator phase currents and equal
which is a function of the duty cycle of the phase switch. The dc-link voltage. Then, three distinct options emerge as follows:
inductor is rated based on the switching frequency of the
(1) unequal copper losses, equal volume of copper and,
chopper.
hence, copper fill, and equal maximum speeds;
(2) equal copper losses, equal volume of copper, and hence,
VI. COMPARISON WITH FULL-WAVE-INVERTER-FED copper fill, and unequal maximum speeds;
PMBDC DRIVE SYSTEM (3) equal copper losses, unequal volume of copper and,
This section will compare the proposed topology based hence, unequal copper fill factors, but such an option
PMBDC with that of the H-bridge inverter fed PMBDC motor increases volume of the copper and possibly stator
KRISHNAN AND LEE: DC MOTOR DRIVE WITH A NEW POWER-CONVERTER TOPOLOGY 981

TABLE III
COMPARISON OF THE PMBDC MACHINE VARIABLES
BASED ON THE C-DUMP AND THE FULL-WAVE INVERTER

Fig. 6. Current loop response of the experimental prototype drive (vertical:

1 A/div, time: 1 ms/div).

lamination size, resulting in a large machine size; this

option also needs to be considered in applications
where the size is not very critical and reliability is of
high concern.
Based on the design derivations in Section III-A, a com-
parison of the machine variables such as speed, torque, stator
phase resistance, and total stator copper losses is tabulated in
Table III for the options given above.
From the table, it is seen that option (i) has the certain
drawback of having twice the copper losses for the C-dump-
based PMBDC machine compared to that of the full-wave-
inverter-based PMBDC machine. This drawback could be
interpreted as the result of moving the switch conduction
and switching losses from the converter to the machine. It
is easier to cool the fractional horsepower (FHP) machines
without significant additional resources, as the thermal mass
Fig. 7. Speed loop response of the experimental prototype drive (vertical:
and surface area per unit output watt is higher in FHP machines 300 r/min/div, time: 1 s/div).
compared to the integral horsepower machines. Therefore, the
C-dump converter drives may be ideally suitable in FHP sizes.
Further, the increase in cost to handle the thermal effects of
higher copper losses in the machine has to be viewed from full-wave-inverter-based PMBDC drive is obvious from early
the overall perspective of the total cost of the motor drive discussions.
system. Option (ii) is very preferable to inherently exploit the
full dc-link voltage in the C-dump-converter-based PMBDC
drive, as compared to its counterpart and, therefore, to achieve VII. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS
a higher speed. It is to be noted that it is possible to exploit The C-dump-based PMBDC drive is realized with a
such a characteristic in many pump and fan drive applications, MOSFET-based converter fed from a rectified 115-V ac utility
thus, making the C-dump-based PMBDC drive an attractive supply, with an approximate dc-link voltage of 100 V. For
technical solution. If the route through option (ii) is taken for the purpose of load, a PMBDC has been coupled to run as a
comparison, a number of choices come into play, and they are generator driven from the PMBDC drive system. The ratings
not looked into due to lack of space. Option (iii) may be the and characteristics of the PMBDC and the load dc machine
least desirable, prima facie, but has to be viewed in terms of are given in the Appendix.
the overall cost of the PMBDC drive system cost to assess its Fig. 6 shows the current response in one phase of the
suitability for a given application. proposed PMBDC drive with the machine running at 2200
The comparison of features such as reliability of the con- r/min. The response time is 0.3 ms to reach 2 A. The response
verter and fault tolerance, i.e., its operational capability with of the speed loop is shown in Fig. 7 for a step command of
one or more phases of the machine or converter disabled, 1200 r/min. The sluggishness in the speed response is due
has to be made. In every one of these, that the C-dump- to the large mechanical time constant and the reduced peak
based PMBDC drive is inherently superior to that of the current limiting the torque to less than 0.24 pu.
982 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1997

VIII. CONCLUSION REFERENCES

The following contributions are considered to be original [1] DC Motors, Speed Controls and Servo Systems, 5th ed., Electro-Craft
by the authors. Corp., Minneapolis, MN, Aug. 1980, pp. 612.
[2] R. Krishnan, Switched reluctance motor drives, unpublished.
1) A converter with less than two switches per phase has [3] R. Krishnan and P. N. Materu, Analysis and design of a low cost
been identified for use in the control of a PMBDC. converter for switched reluctance motor drives, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS
Annu. Meeting, San Diego, CA, Oct. 1989, pp. 561567.
2) The identified topology lends itself to four-quadrant [4] J. Bass, M. Ehsani, T. J. E. Miller, and R. L. Steigerwald, Development
operation, compact packaging, and a low number of of a unipolar converter for variable reluctance motor drives, in Conf.
power supplies and gate drives requirement, thus, mak- Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, Toronto, Ont., Canada, Oct. 1985, pp.
10621068.
ing it a low-cost drive system for the PMBDC. [5] R. Krishnan and P. N. Materu, Design of a single-switch-per-phase
3) The proposed drive system has been analyzed and converter for switched reluctance motor drives, in Conf. Rec. IEEE
design guidelines have been developed for a given IECON, 1988, pp. 773779.
[6] P. Pillay and R. Krishnan, Modeling analysis and simulation of a
PMBDC ratings. permanent magnet brushless DC motor drive, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS
4) The design considerations for the PMBDC for use Annu. Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 1987, pp. 714.
with the proposed topology have been derived in terms [7] T. J. E. Miller, Brushless Permanent-Magnet and Reluctance Motor
Drives. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon, 1989, pp. 7880.
of the winding turns per phase, resistance per phase,
thermal capability, and high performance capability.
5) The proposed drive system has been compared with
the conventional H-bridge inverter-fed PMBDC to il- R. Krishnan (S81M82SM95) received the
B.E. and M.E. degrees from the College of
lustrate clearly its advantages and disadvantages. Engineering, University of Madras, Guindy, India,
6) Based on the VA rating and converter losses, the and the Ph.D. degree from Concordia University,
proposed drive is efficient for most of the desired speed Montreal, P.Q., Canada, all in electrical engineering.
He is presently a Professor in the Bradley Depart-
range in variable-speed applications. ment of Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic
7) The feasibility of the drive scheme is verified with an Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. He
experimental laboratory prototype. has 18 years of full-time and two years of part-
time teaching experience, in addition to three and
one-half years of industrial experience with Gould
APPENDIX Research Center, Rolling Meadows, IL. He has also conducted numerous
short-term courses for private companies and universities abroad and has
served as a consultant to many industries. His professional interests are
A. PMBDC Ratings and Parameters in the analysis, design, and control of high-performance ac induction, PM
synchronous and brushless dc, and switched reluctance motor drives, switched
1 hp; reluctance machine design, novel power-converter topologies for drives and
rated current 8.5 A; uninterruptible power supplies, and motion control concepts for stabilization
and control of tall civil structures excited by wind and seismic forces.
rated voltage 100 V; Dr. Krishnan has received four IEEE Industry Applications Society Best
rated speed 4000 r/min; Paper Awards, and has twice served as an Associate Editor of the IEEE
number of poles 4; TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS. He has also conducted several
tutorials for the IEEE in the areas of drives and power electronics.
0.7 5.21 mH;
0.0143 V/r/min;
0.0022 kg m ;
friction and windage losses 42 W 4000 r/min. Shiyoung Lee received the B.S. and M.S. de-
grees in electrical engineering from Inha University,
Incheon, Korea, in 1978 and 1980, respectively,
B. DC Motor Ratings and Parameters and the M.S.E.E. degree from Stevens Institute of
Technology, Hoboken, NJ, in 1985. He is currently
max. terminal voltage 120 V; working toward the Ph.D. degree at Virginia Poly-
max. operating speed 4000 r/min; technic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
2.1 ; VA.
He was initially with Osan Technical College,
18.4 mH; Osan, Korea, as an Assistant Professor. Following
0.0621 Max. current 24 A; the receipt of the M.S.E.E. degree, he was employed
V/r/min; by the Standard Drive Division, Asea Brown Boveri, Orange, CT, as a Power
Electronics Design Engineer. His research is in the area of variable-speed
6.04 kg cm/A; motor drives with power factor correction. He is currently a Senior Design
0.0014 kg m . Engineer with Silicon Power Corporation, Malvern, PA.