Plant cells are eukaryotic cells i.e. cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.

Unlike prokaryotic cells,

the DNA in a plant cell is housed within a nucleus that is enveloped by a membrane. In addition to
having a nucleus, plant cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific
functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities
that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for a plant cell. Commented [LM1]: Totally unnecessary.
These cells make up tissues, these tissues make up organs and such is the case of the root of the Commented [LM2]: Define cell,tissue and organ properly
dicot root. Commented [LM3]: Include functions of the root

The epidermis is a single layer of cells that covers the root of the plant in this case. It forms a
boundary between the plant and the external environment. Its structure is extremely variable
however the epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas
exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and especially in roots absorbs water and mineral
nutrients. Commented [LM4]: How?

A cortex is the outermost layer of a stem or root in a plant. In botany, the cortex is the outermost
layer of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by
the endodermis. In plants, it is composed mostly of differentiated cells, usually large thin-walled
parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly
thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells. Some of the outer cortical cells may contain
chloroplasts. It is responsible for the transportation of materials into the central cylinder of the root
through diffusion and may also be used for food storage in the form of starch.

The endodermis is the central, innermost layer of cortex in some land plants. It is made of compact
living cells surrounded by an outer ring of endodermal cells that are impregnated with hydrophobic
substances (Casparian Strip) to restrict apoplastic flow of water to the inside. The endodermis is the
boundary between the cortex and the stele.

The endodermis helps regulate the movement of water, ions and hormones into and out of the
vascular system. It may also store starch, be involved in perception of gravity and protect the plant
against toxins moving into the vascular system. The endodermis is developmentally the innermost
portion of the cortex. It may consist of a single layer of barrel-shaped cells without any intercellular
spaces or sometimes several cell layers. The cells of the endodermis typically have their primary cell
walls thickened on four sides radial and transverse with suberin, a water-impermeable waxy
substance which in young endodermal cells is deposited in distinctive bands called Casparian strips.
These strips vary in width but are typically smaller than the cell wall on which they are deposited. In
older endodermal cells, suberin may be more extensively deposited on all cell wall surfaces and the
cells can become lignified, forming a complete waterproof layer. The endodermis prevents water,
and any solutes dissolved in the water, from passing through this layer via the apoplast pathway.

The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis
and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. Although it is composed of non-vascular
parenchyma cells, it is still considered part of the vascular cylinder because it arises from the
procambium as do the vascular tissues it surrounds. In plants undergoing secondary growth, the
pericycle contributes to the vascular cambium often diverging into a cork cambium. In angiosperms,
certain molecules within the endodermis and the surrounding vasculature are sent to the pericycle
which promotes the growth of the root meristems.In dicot roots, the pericycle strengthens the roots
and provides protection for the vascular bundles. In dicot roots, the vascular cambium is completely
secondary in origin, and it originates from a portion of pericycle tissue. The pericycle regulates the
formation of lateral roots by rapidly dividing near the xylem elements of the root.
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular
plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues
transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular
tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. All the vascular tissues within a plant constitute
the vascular tissue system of that plant. The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender.
Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout
the plant, it is not surprising that their form should be like pipes. The individual cells of phloem are
connected end-to-end, just as the sections of a pipe might be. As the plant grows, new vascular
tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant. The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular
tissue, maintaining its connection throughout the plant. The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in
long, discrete strands called vascular bundles. These bundles include both xylem and phloem, as well Commented [LM5]: Structure and function
as supporting and protective cells. In stems and roots, the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of
the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem. Between the xylem and phloem is a
meristem called the vascular cambium. This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem
and phloem. This growth increases the girth of the plant, rather than its length. If the vascular
cambium continues to produce new cells, the plant will continue to grow stouter.

Please link all tissues to functions of root.