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The inoculum is the starter culture that is injected into the fermenter
It must be of sufficient size for optimal growth kinetics
Since the production fermenter in industrial fermentations is so large, the
inoculum volume has to be quite large
The preparation of a population on microorganisms from a dormant stock culture to an active
state of growth that is suitable for inoculation in the final production stage is called inoculum
development.
As a first step in inoculum development, inoculum is taken from a working stock culture
to initiate growth in a suitable liquid medium
It is usually done in a stepwise manner to increase the volume to the desired level.
Typically the inoculum volume used for production stage is about 5% of the medium volume.
Inoculum preparation media are designed for rapid microbial growth.
production process depend on inducible enzymes.
Contamination free during inoculum development.
Temp. control methods
Microbes brings about fermentation by secreting certain enzymes which have
i. External jackets
The internal coils though provide better heat transfer capabilities, but they
cause problems of microbial film growth on coil surfaces, alteration of mixing
patterns and fluid velocities.
Initial pH of the fermentation medium must be very well defined and optimized
depending on the microorganism, substrate and production technique
Addition of base ( NaOH ) or acid ( HCl )
Addition of physiological acid substance ((NH4)2SO4) or physiological alkali
substance (ammonium hydroxide)
Dissolved oxygen (DOControl
Most industrial fermentations are aerobic processes
Temperature
Elevation
Salinity
Turbulence
Mixing in fermentation
to disperse the air bubbles
to suspend the cells
to enhance heat and mass transfer in the medium
AERATION AND AGITATION
Agitator (impeller)
Baffles
Like all radial flow impellers, the Rushton turbine is designed to provide the
high shear conditions required for breaking bubbles and thus increasing the
oxygen transfer rate.
AERATION SYSTEM (SPARGER)
Introduces air into liquid of fermenter
Media sterilization
Carbohydrates: Starch from cereal, grains and maize; malt from barley; sucrose from sugar
cane; impure form: cane molasses, corn steep liquor, whey from diary industry
Hyrdocarbons and their derivatives: n-alkanes for production of organic acids, aminoacids,
vitamins
Malt extract, an aqueous extract of malted barley, is an excellent substrate for many fungi, yeasts,
and actinomycetes.
Nitrogrn sources: yeast extract, soyabean meal, corn steep liquor, peptone etc.
FOAMING
Foams consist of liquid lamellas filled with gas
Foaming
Removal of cells from culture
Physical changes
Reduction in working volume
Lower mass & heat ratios
Decrease in sterility
FOAM CONTROL METHODS
1. Mechanical defoaming
Foam-breaker Defoamers
2. Chemical defoaming
Addition of chemical antifoam agents in the beginning
Should be cheap
Should be sterilazable
Mutant strain
Recombination
Recombination DNA technology
Once several different mutants have been isolated , recombination is use for both
genetic analysis as well as strain Improvement.
It involves the isolation and cloning of genes of interest , production of the necessary
gene constructs using appropriate enzymes and then transfer and expression of these
gens into an appropriate host organism.
Fermentation Basics (Kinetics)
Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
Lag Phase
Log Phase
radiation, antibiotics)
Stationary Phase
Acidic pH of media
Limited nutrients