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Definition
Issues &
Basic
Challenges
Concepts
in Fertility
Ways of
Fertility in
Measuring
Malaysia
Fertility
DEFINITION
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) The number of baby girls a cohort will
have. It assumes that all of the baby
girls will grow up and live to at least age
50.
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) The NRR starts with the GRR and adds
the realistic assumption that some of
the women will die before age 59;
therefore they will not be alive to bear
some of the potential babies that were
counted in the GRR.
Concept Definition
Family size Number of children in a family
Legitimacy Birth to married couple
Illegitimacy Births to the unmarried female
population at the reproductive ages.
This population includes the single,
widows, and divorced, the assumption
being that there are no illegitimate
births to married women, that is, births
where the father is not the husband.
WAYS OF MEASURING FERTILITY
Ways of Measurement Explanation
Period measure Refer to a cross-sectional
calculation of the population in
one year.
At Micro level
Individual and family dynamics:
- Higher socioeconomic status, women in education and labor force,
changing in lifestyles.
- View that a better quality of family life can be achieved by a smaller
number of children.
- Higher level of education, less children; negative correlation
Food Supply
Most food items have to be imported and this will cause food security
problems and foreign exchange. Therefore the study should be made about
land use and potential use of other sources.
Housing
At least 10 million units of housing will be needed to accommodate the
additional population of 50 million and this will take about 100 years
according to current building rates.
Jobs
More than 20 million new jobs must be created. Thus it is important to move
the labor force becomes disciplined, motivated and productive.
Health
Number of hospital beds should be increased from 25 thousand to 140.000 if
the current long-term goal of 2 beds for every 1,000 population to be
achieved. Number of doctors already should be increased from 4.200 to over
30,000.
Education
Place for 15 million shall be provided and at least 4000.000 teachers needed.
Water Supply
Water use is expected by 15.6 billion cubic meters. Lack of water has already
been anticipated in 2000 for a total population of 21 million.
Energy Consumption
Energy consumption will increase by 4 or 5 times this will double again with the
industrial economy. This problem will be more complicated because the
achievement of 70 million will occur in Malaysia have run out of oil and gas
(post-Hydrocarbon).