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Practicum in Language
Lane 462
A Brief Summary
I. Critical Thinking
II. Jobs' Skills
A. Teaching Skills
B. Translation Skills
III. Steps for Job Application
Critical Thinking
• Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or
do. Robert Ennis (Critical Thinking: An Introduction by Alec Fisher)
• UNIVERSAL STRUCTURES OF THOUGHT:
a) Whenever we think,
o we think for a purpose,
o within a point of view,
o based on assumptions,
o leading to implications and consequences.
b) We use data, facts, and experiences,
o to make inferences and judgments,
o based on concepts and theories,
o in attempting to answer a question or solve a problem.
Jobs' Skills
A.Teaching Skills
GOOD TEACHING
• The teacher should help students to develop rational habits of mind and a sense of the
joy of inquiry. Here are some minutiae:
always insisting on the reasons in class and out,
knowing the difference between asking students to listen to you and to hear you and acting upon
it.
“hearing” students, and questioning them thoroughly enough to know just how they see or are
confused by an issue,
showing that you can change your mind, when evidence and logic suggest it,
being on the edge of your subject and interest; exhibiting the same questing in your field that you
would like your students feel.
• Yet other minutiae that show the deep seriousness the teachers have for intellectual
values and for learning:
never being late to class or cutting it for some personal convenience,
returning papers to students within twenty-four hours,
insisting on neat written work, delivered on schedule,
insisting on formality of conduct in a classroom,
insisting on clear thinking and fair mindedness in the dormitory,
perceiving the results of a class by focusing on what my students learn and not what I, as a
teacher, have covered.
Be friends with students, but not buddies; the obligations of the latter relationship limit one’s
freedom to teach well
Never give up on a student, or categorize or ‘brand’ him permanently.
COURSE DESIGN:
Each of which has its good points (i.e. STRENGTHS), LIMITATIONS and
PREPARATION.
Definition of Evaluation :
Doing good evaluation is like doing good research. In both cases you are trying to
answer some important questions about an important topic. The key for both is:
a. identifying the right question to ask, and
b. figuring out how to answer them.
Why Evaluate?
How to Evaluate?
A. Unique Value:
• The first value is immediate and constant attention concerned with “How
is it going?”, “Are they with me”, “Are they interested or bored”, etc.
• A second value is created by the teacher by looking at the situation and
say “This is what is happening”
B. Frequency:
• This does and should happen all the time. We may only take a mental pause every
few minutes to size up the situation. But by comparison with the other sources of
information this takes place continuously.
C. Limitation:
• Personal judgment may lack complete objectivity
D. Appropriate Response:
• To turn to an objective source of information without subjective bias.
2. AUDIO-TAPE/VIDEO-TAPE
A. Special Value:
• Putting a video or audio recorder gives the teacher totally objective
information: what she said, how much time she spent in a topic, and how often she
moved around.
B. Frequency:
• an audio recording is preferably twice in each semester course. This gives a chance
to see if any speech problems are there, the second recording is to check if they are
under control. Video recordings are probably useful once every year or two.
C. Limitation
• Despite that the audio/video tape shows the actual behavior, it does not show the
effect of that behavior on students
D. Appropriate Response:
• To get a source of information that shows the effect of behavior (i.e. the students
themselves)
C. Limitation
• The students may have low grade, but not because the teacher was bad.
• Also, the students may have good grade, but not because the teacher was good
D. Appropriate Response
• We still need the students themselves to answer the question of whether the teacher
was helpful.
5. OUTSIDE OBSERVERS
A. Special Value
• The outsider has no personal issue, so s/he is free to reach positive and negative
conclusions.
• Also, being professional, s/he can bring the expertise that supplements both the
teacher and the students.
B. Limitation
• The outside observer can only visit one or two class sessions, and not the rest of the
course.
C. Appropriate Response
• To use a different source either a different kind of outside observer or one of the
other sources.
ISN’T IT USEFUL TO REFER TO ALL THE FIVE SOURSES?
Each source of information offers a special kind of information that none of the
others do. Thus, it is recommended to refer to all of the five sources.
B.TRANSLATION SKILLS
Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible
object);
TEACHING TRANSLATION
From this diagram it can be seen clearly that it is the content that is transferred, not
the form.
DEFINING TRANSLATORS
determine the cost; determine the time needed for translation; determine the degree of
freedom the translator has to change the text; determine whether or not the translation
should be checked; define the procedure of selecting a freelance translator; decide
whether or not to work with a translation company; define translators qualifications and
ethics; and decide whether machine translation a viable alternative or not.
• ‘Translation’ is used as a generic term covering both written & spoken messages.
• However, ‘Translation’ means transferring written messages from language to another
• ‘Interpreting’ means transferring spoken messages.
A Good Translation:
• It is very rare for a translator to be able to translate written texts equally well in both
directions.
• A translator working into his or her native language is less likely to make grammatical
errors, and more likely to be able to produce text in the desired style of the target
language. (e.g. English → Arabic for Arabs).
• Conversely, a translator working from his or her native language is less likely to make
mistakes in comprehension of the source text, but more likely to make grammatical
errors (e.g. Arabic → English for Arabs).
• However, good translation is not impossible.
• But, sometimes it requires familiarity with the field of the topic being translated.
TRANSLATOR ETHICS
• Machine translation packages may provide a very rough idea of the gist of the
document.
• They work best on texts with very restricted and repetitive subject matter or texts
written in controlled language.
• Machine translation shows its shortcomings when faced with authentic or complex or
complex texts and literature.
• Extensive pre-editing and post-editing by human experts is usually needed for
machine- translated texts.
• Fully accurate, high-quality machine translation with no human input is unlikely to
ever be a reality.
Resume vs. CV
Many of the rules of writing a resume can also be applied to writing a CV.
•Phone number
Name Format
CV Objective
CV objective is ‘a brief and focused statement of what you can do and what you are
looking for’.
Examples:
• Describe the job you are seeking. You can include your experience and skill level.
• Be focused – vague objectives are less likely to attract an employer.
• Emphasize what you can bring to your prospective employer.
• The Objective should be one sentence – two sentences if needed, but not longer.
• It should be clear and concise.
• Focus on the employers needs rather than yours (what you can do for the employer
rather than vice versa).
Professional or Work Experience Description on Your CV:
• ‘Work experience should include internships and any other jobs that – including the
kind of job (full time/part time, etc) – you had during or after college’.
• Each job detail should include this basic information:
a. Title of position
b. Length you held the past
c. Responsibilities
Examples:
Managed a team of (number) that established (name or project goal or result).
Successfully launched and marketed (name of project).
Participated in the creation of a (name of product or production) that resulted in (a
position outcome).
Extensive involvement managing client relationship at all levels.
Wrote feature stories and conducted interviews for (type of press); edited copy of other
writers.
(Number of years) of (system) integration experience and implementing solutions to
help clients succeed.
(Number of years) of management experience on industrial projects.
Tips:
• For each position describe your responsibilities, duties, the challenges faced and
accomplishments achieved. Use specific examples e.g. Increased car sales turnover by
200% or saved department $ 100,000 by redesigning performance measurement system
• Define the achievement by describing what was used to reach the objective, and what
objective was reached, e.g. Used new sales channels to increase market share beyond
the state borders. The result was a 25% increase in turnover for the company.
• If you had multiple positions with the same company, remember to list dates of positions
to show the prospective employer of your rapid progress and quick learning abilities.
• If you have not had much work experience, try including temporary holiday or voluntary
jobs.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar Page 19 of 35
Practicum in Language-Lane 462 2010
‘The education and skills sections should be brief. Education should include college,
degree and graduation year excluding the high school. If you studied abroad or completed
an intensive summer course’
Tips:
• Include your Grade Point Average or General Ranking if it is impressive (Excellent, Very
Good).
• Mention any Honors, Awards, Scholarships, Internships, and Dissertations received.
• Include any information that might be appropriate to your job search. Fresh graduates
should include relevant courses, extra cullicular activities, scholarships, honors, and GPA
(if it is good!)
• Allow your educational credentials to emphasize your strengths and qualifications.
Skills
Skills section includes main skills – computer skills, language skills, typing speed- written
as keywords without going into lengthy description.
Examples:
German-Intermediate.
Microsoft Office software & the Internet-Expert.
MS Word, Excel, Access Point, MS Project Workbench and Lotus Notes-Expert.
C, Cobol, Fortran and SQL – Expert.
Quantitative Analysis- Expert.
Creative Skills-Expert.
Tips:
• Focus on skills that match your target job and target company.
• Use this section to include industry keywords that match an employer’s keyword search.
For example: Knowledge of encryption theory.
• Describe your interpersonal skills, (an experienced presenter/ public speaker/ sales
person, organizer or teacher).
• Use action verbs.
Memberships (optional)
Examples:
Past Chairman/President.
Elected to serve as (position).
Tips:
• Being part of any association shows a potential employer your interest and involvement
in a related professional field.
• Adding this information is completely optional
• This is particularly relevant and important for fresh graduates or candidates seeking to
make a career switch
• Use action verbs.
References (optional)
If required, ‘references upon request’ can be added at the bottom of your resume. You can
bring a list of references and letters of recommendation with you to an interview.
DOs
Use standard 10 to 14 point fonts like Times, Palatino, Courier, and Helvetica
Left justify all text
Send your resume on 8.5'' x 11'', white paper only
Fax on “high resolution” setting
Use jargon specific to your industry
Use nouns and noun phrases rather than verbs when possible to describe job duties
(e.g., use “Art Director” rather than “directed and oversaw the graphic layout of company
brochure”).
DON’Ts
Avoid fancy text styles like italics, underlining, or shadows
• CV (or Curriculum Vitae) should include objectives, work experience, education, and
skills.
• Resumes show two formats.
• Resume for graduates may follow some basic rules
• After CV being preliminary approved, there are several tips of how the candidate may
behave in an interview, what they may wear, and how to write a “Thank You Letter”.
CV FORMATTING
John Clarke
21 Maple Avenue
Smithfield TN 19236
Telephone: 555/683-2560
E-mail:jclarke@home.org
QUALIFICATIONS: Over ten years experience managing health services delivery programs. Demonstrated skills in the
following areas:
WORK EXPERIENCE:
Responsible for coordination of client services. Evaluated various programs, implemented program services
changes. Monitored a $ 2.5 million operating budget, Managed, developed a staff of 50 employees.
Coordinated the Elder Care Program. Assisted with implementation of program revisions. Performed lead
work responsibilities over clerical staff. Developed, implemented contracts for vendor services.
Assisted with the coordination of client health care services. Reviewed client applications for program rule,
policy compliance. Monitored, evaluated customer satisfaction. Prepared various correspondence, reports
FUNCTIONAL RESUME
• This style is effective in assisting the reader to see your work experiences by grouping
them into vocational skills and highlighting achievements.
• This style is important when you want the reader to know that you have transferable skills
that will be of value to the readers organization.
• Your work history portion is NOT the emphasis.
John M. Smith
th
200 SE 15 Avenue
Portland, Orgegon 97000
(503) 947-5071, work
(503) 341-0001, home
E-mail: JMSmith@world.net
Education
• Be concise. Resumes reflecting ten years or less experience should fit in one page. Two
pages, including professional references, should be an absolute. Avoid lengthy
descriptions of projects of which you were only a part. Minimize the usage of articles (the,
a, an) and do not use “I” or other pronouns to identify yourself
• Use action verbs to describe yourself as someone who is active, contributes and get
things accomplished.
OTHER TIPS
Graduates may omit needless item off his/her resume
FINAL TIPS
For you as a graduate, there are some final tips to be considered:
COVER LETTER
For you as a graduate, a cover letter should be attached with your CV. The following
points are to be considered whilst writing the cover letter:
• A cover letter is sent with your CV. It can make the difference between being successful
in your job search or not.
• Cover letters are generally not read during the first candidate selection, but usually they
will be read when the candidates have been short listed.
• Always include a cover letter even if the job ad does not specify that one is needed.
Occasionally, job ads also specify a hand written cover letter.
• Your covering letter should not be a copy of your CV. Specify some of your cover letter
achievements.
• A cover letter is a way of showing your writing and reporting skills
• Your cover letter should be customized per employer.
• Do not mention salary in your cover letter.
JOB INTERVIEWS
• Whatever the kind is, candidates have general tips of what to do and what to wear in
their interviews
• After the interview, the candidate may write an “interview thank you letter” to the
interviewer.
General tips on what to wear for a job interview for both men and women:
• Be conservative
• Well-groomed hair style
• Clean, trimmed finger nails
• Minimal cologne or perfume
• No visible piercing
• No gum, candy or cigarettes
• Wear one ring and limited jewelry
• Avoid dresses
• Shoes should have conservative heels
After the interview has completed, the candidate may also write an “INTERVIEW THANK
YOU LETTER” to the interviewer.
Job Letters
http://jobera.com/job-letters/
Types Of Letters:
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
1. Job letters should be brief, demonstrating that you understand the value of the
reader's time.
2. Avoid lengthy job letters exceeding 1 page.
3. Ensure that you include your contact address, e-mail and phone/fax numbers.
4. Place the most important items first, supported by facts.
5. In your job letters be positive in tone, content and expectations.
6. Do not add to your letters details about yourself or your past experience that may
call attention to your weaknesses.
7. Use active voice and powerful action verbs in your writing to hold the reader's
interest and convey a sense of energy.
8. Group similar items together in a paragraph.
9. Organize paragraphs so that they relate to each other logically.
10. Always back up general statements with facts or examples
11. Documentation creates credibility, reduces uncertainty and abstraction for the
reader.
12. Avoid jargon and clichés.
13. Check the spelling and grammar in all correspondence. If you are not confident of
your ability to detect grammatical, punctuation or English usage errors or if you need
help in organizing your letters, bring your correspondence to a professional for
assistance
Formatting Notes:
• A letter of inquiry can help you uncover the hidden job market.
• Sometimes these cover letters are called marketing letters.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar Page 31 of 35
Practicum in Language-Lane 462 2010
• A letter of inquiry should be followed up with a phone call as this will increase
your chance of getting your “foot in the door”. Such a phone call may lead to a
meeting or interview.
Cover Letter
For you as a graduate, a cover letter should be attached with your CV. The following
points are to be considered whilst writing the cover letter:
• A cover letter is sent with your CV. It can make the difference between being successful
in your job search or not.
• Cover letters are generally not read during the first candidate selection, but usually they
will be read when the candidates have been short listed.
• Always include a cover letter even if the job ad does not specify that one is needed.
Occasionally, job ads also specify a hand written cover letter.
• Your covering letter should not be a copy of your CV. Specify some of your cover letter
achievements.
• A cover letter is a way of showing your writing and reporting skills
• Your cover letter should be customized per employer.
• Do not mention salary in your cover letter.
• The letter has to be sent before the decision to hire a particular candidate has been
made.
• It is your last opportunity to mention any information you missed to mention in your CV,
Cover Letter or Interview.
• Clean up any misunderstandings.
• You can use some things you learnt during your interview to your advantage.
• This shows you are professional.
• Your last opportunity to leave a good impression.
• Send it within one day of the interview.
[Date]
[Address]
[Phone Number]
[Employer’s Address]
I would like to thank you for the opportunity you have given me for an interview for the
[Position title and reverence number]. I have learned a lot of new thinks about
[Organization Name]
This vacancy is right for me as I am qualified and experienced to fulfill the duties
required by the position. The [info you learnt during your interview] is also very
interesting because I [have experience qualification in info you learnt]
If you need any more information on my career history please do not hesitate to contact
me.
Thank you for your time and look forward to hear from you.
ACCEPTANCE LETTER
Before sending the acceptance letter, you need to decide if you are going to accept or
reject the job offer.
• Know the length of the notice period from your current job.
• Understand in which job category you will start.
• Have an idea of the organizational structure.
• Are aware or have agreed on benefits, performance reviews, moving expenses.
• Acknowledge the employment offer.
• Express your gratitude.
ADD
IF YOU ARE SURE:
• Inform your employer that you have accepted their offer.
• Inform your employer of the notice period of your current job.
• Let the employer know when you are able to start work.
IF YOU ARE SURE AND YOU NEED MORE TIME:
• Notify the employer when you will be able to take the decision.
GOOD LUCK!