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Hot Standby(1+1)
RF Link Aggregation
Link Protection E1 SNCP
RSTP
Ethernet Ring(G.8032)
Terminal B
Terminal A
Ethernet Frame MAC=222
MAC=111
SA DA
Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
DA SA
DA: Destination Address Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
SA: Origination Address
HUB
HUB
Host C Host n
Host A Host B
Collision Domain
HUB
L2 Switch
Hub Hub
1 234 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 234 56 7 8
Hub Hub
PCA PCB PCC PCA PCB PCC
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 234 5 6 7 8
Vender ID
Serial Number
Broadcast Address: all 1, these frames sent out through all ports
Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports
Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 6
Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure
1 2 3 4
MAC A
MAC B MAC C MAC D 00-00-00-00-00-04
00-00-00-00-00-01
VLAN setting
Broadcast frame is
Broadcast frame is not
transmitted to all port
transmitted to different
except received port
VLAN group
Features of VLAN
Traffic Control
In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to
all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion.
Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications
among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.
Improvement of Security Performance
A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the
same VLAN.
For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a
commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible
between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great
deal.
VLAN-1(Department A)
1st Floor (Department A) 1st Floor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
VLAN Switch
iPASO200 named
it as Access VLAN type
iPASO200 named
Tag Based VLAN it as Trunk VLAN type
(VLAN ID 10)
VLAN SW VLAN SW
1 1 (VLAN ID 10)
2 2
3 3
(VLAN ID 20) 4 4
5 5
6 6 (VLAN ID 20)
Tag 10
Tag 20
Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN)
Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc..
iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte
VLAN100 VLAN100
Data 100 Data 100
Company A Company B
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
802.1ad Q-in-Q
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
2Bytes 2Bytes
Priority CFI VLAN
VLAN Tag 8100 bit ID
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
MC-A4
Main Board In-band In-band
1.Access FE1/GbE FE1/GbE
1. C-Access FE1/GbE
Mod(slot1)
NMS /GbE
2. S-Trunk L2 SW Mod (slot2)
S-Trunk
GbE Mod (slot3) VLAN
iPASOLINK 100E , 802.1q 3.C-Bridge
Mod (slot N)
NMS NE
Egress
Ingress Ether Modem Modem ports always Trunk
Port Port Ingress (802.1q) or S-Trunk (802.1ad)
Egress
Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel
How to create Access type (port base) VLAN?
1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN
2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN
Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example
Data Data 10
iPASO200
Data 100 FE Port 1: Modem 1:
Access Trunk
VLAN 10 VLAN 10
Drop
Recommendation: To be used for base station with un-tag traffic
How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic?
1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access
2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
Drop
Data 2 Data 2
Data 30 Data 30
Drop
iPASO200
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG
A B 300 any A B 300 any
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG
Modem port Type: S-Trunk
A B other any
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
Classify/Policing
Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping
Ingress
Egress
1) IP Packet ToS(3bit)
8bits
2Bytes
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
VLAN Tag Priority CFI VLAN
bit (CoS) ID TCI: Tag Control Information
TOS: Type Of Service
3bits COS: Class Of Service
(802.1q CoS) DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
2) MPLS Packet
3bits
Label Exp S TTL
EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)
Protected
TDM TDM Radio
Radio Capacity
Packet
Capacity
Packet Policing/Shaping
according to QoS
TDM
WTD: Weighted Tail Drop, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection, SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin,
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 29
iPASOLINK QoS overview
iPASOLINK has two QoS mapping profiles. One is classification the other is mapping to egress class queue
Both mapping are for the selected ingress port
Ingress Port
In Equipment base QoS, uses one profile per Enables to prepare total three mapping profiles.
equipment. In Port base QoS, enables to Sets profile from three profiles per output port (ETH, MODEM).
prepare mapping profile per port.
VLAN CoS
IPv4 Profile No.0 (ex) Profile No.1 (ex) Profile No.2
precedence
IPv4/v6 DSCP Internal IP Internal Internal
VLAN CoS DSCP
priority Precedence priority priority
MPLS EXP
7 7 7 7 63 7
6 6 6 6 : :
5 5 5 5 47 5
4 4 4 4 : :
3 3 3 3 31 3
2 2 2 2 : :
1 1 1 1 15 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
iPASOLINK
Modem
(trunk)
Add tag 10
(trunk)
Port mode
Inner Outer
IP packet / VLAN IP packet /
Port 3 VLAN VLAN
Tag SA DA SA DA
Non-IP packet Non-IP packet Tag Tag
(CoS5) (Tunnel)
(CoS5) (CoS5)
iPASOLINK Trunk 5 0
Modem
Tunnel 3 0
<Case1: VLAN ID is registered> (trunk)
VLAN ID Based QoS mode (VID10,20,30)
Default Priority = 1
IP packet / Port 1 IP packet / VLAN
SA DA Internal 10 SA DA
Non-IP packet (Access) VLAN ID Non-IP packet (CoS7)
priority
(VID10)
10 7 Use internal priority value
for outer VLAN ID(*)
20 5
30 3
IP packet / VLAN Port 2 IP packet / VLAN
20 SA DA 40 1 20 SA DA
Non-IP packet (CoS0) (Trunk) Non-IP packet (CoS0)
(VID20)
No update CoS value
Inner Outer
VLAN IP packet / VLAN VLAN
IP packet / SA DA
20 SA DA Port 3 Non-IP packet 20 30
Non-IP packet (CoS0) (CoS0) (CoS3)
(Tunnel)
(VID30) Outer
IP packet / IP packet / VLAN
SA DA SA DA
Non-IP packet Non-IP packet 30
(CoS3)
Default Priority = 1
IP packet / Port 1 IP packet / VLAN
SA DA Internal 60 SA DA
Non-IP packet (Access) VLAN ID Non-IP packet (CoS1)
priority
(VID60)
10 7 Use Default Priority value
20 5
30 3
IP packet / VLAN Port 2 IP packet / VLAN
70 SA DA 40 1 70 SA DA
Non-IP packet (CoS0) (Trunk) Non-IP packet (CoS0)
(VID70)
No update CoS value
Inner Outer
IP packet / VLAN IP packet / VLAN VLAN
70 SA DA Port 3 SA DA
Non-IP packet 70 80
Non-IP packet (CoS0)
(Tunnel) (CoS0) (CoS0)
IP packet / (VID80)
Outer
SA DA IP packet /
Non-IP packet VLAN
SA DA
Non-IP packet 80
(CoS1)
(*) If outer VLAN ID which is added is not registered to mapping table, Default Priority is used as internal priority and CoS value. Use Default Priority value
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 39
What is CIR, EIR?
Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)
Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also
named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering
Case 1:
Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back
First frame take 2000-1518 token remain
482 byte, the second frame is immediately
Discarded
Case 2:
One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another
1518 byte arrive, since token bucket
Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s
The token bucket is full again and able to
sent the second frame out with green
color.
Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)
Exceeding Frames
EIR
[Time]
High priority
> Violating Frames
Middle priority
Marking to Red,
Drop and discard
Low priority
Meters rate of packet stream (CIR and EIR), and marks three colors (green, yellow or red)
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 42
Service Provider Business Oriented Parameter in iPASO
0 Mb
VLAN 20
Video Conf. iPASO400
iPASO200
Voice
FIFO
Strict Priority
WFQ(WRR)
Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to
Output condition defined by Marker/Priority Determination.
Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.
ETC Car
ETC System
Electronic Toll Collection System
Class 2
Shaper SP Shaper
Class 1 DWRR
Shaper
Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of each queues. WRR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from
being completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of
packets it transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue.
Classification
CoS 7 Pri 7 Class 3
CoS=7
CoS 6 Pri 6 Class 3 DRR Weight CoS=7 100Mbps
100Mbps
CoS 5 Pri 5 Class 2 Class 3: - CoS=5 80Mbps = (240-100)*4/(1+2+4)
CoS=5 CoS 4 Pri 4 Class 2
CoS 3 Pri 3 Class 1
Class 2: 4 240M CoS=3 40Mbps = (240-100)*2/(1+2+4)
100Mbps Class 1: 2
1000M CoS2 Pri 2 Class 1 Class 0: 1 CoS=0 20Mbps = (240-100)*1/(1+2+4)
CoS=3 CoS 1 Pri 1 Class 0
100Mbps CoS 0 Pri 0 Class 0
SP class is absolute priority traffic.
CoS=0 1SP+3DWRR The remaining bandwidth is distributed in
100Mbps
other classes according to DRR weight.
(e.g. remaining BW = 240-100=140Mbps)
Classification
CoS 7 Pri 7 Class 3
CoS=7
CoS 6 Pri 6 Class 3 DRR Weight CoS=7 80Mbps = 200*4/(1+2+3+4)
100Mbps
CoS 5 Pri 5 Class 2 Class 3: 4 CoS=5 60Mbps = 200*3/(1+2+3+4)
CoS=5 CoS 4 Pri 4 Class 2
CoS 3 Pri 3 Class 1
Class 2: 3 200M CoS=3 40Mbps = 200)*2/(1+2+3+4)
100Mbps Class 1: 2
1000M CoS2 Pri 2 Class 1 Class 0: 1 CoS=0 20Mbps = 200*1/(1+2+3+4)
CoS=3 CoS 1 Pri 1 Class 0
100Mbps CoS 0 Pri 0 Class 0
The port bandwidth is distributed in all
CoS=0 4DWRR classes according to DRR weight.
100Mbps
Little
Not slow..
connecte
d well
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queuing Priority2: 0 discard
Queuing Priority3: 0% discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks,
powerful OAM toolset is required.
Provider X
BTS/Node-B Operator A Operator B BSC/RNC
CC
LB
LT
Fault isolation
LTM / LTR
Discovery
LTM / LTR
Fault Notification
- AIS RDI
Performance
Monitor
Frame Loss
- CCM, LTM, LTR
Frame Delay
- DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
Delay Variation
- DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
Provider X
Customer Operator A Operator B Operator C Customer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
LB LB
CC LT LB
(MEG level:2) (MEG level:2)
(MEG level:2)
CC
(MEG level:4)
CC
(MEG level:7)
Provider X
Customer Operator A Operator B Customer
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Customer
Level (5-7)
Service
Provider
Level (3-5)
Operator
Level (0-2)
1 2 3 4
Legend
: MEP
: CCM
: CCM
Objectives
To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks.
To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs
periodically
Operations
1 2 3 4
Legend
:MEP
:MIP
:LBM
:LBR
Objectives
To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments
Unicast ETH-LB verification between the designated 2 equipments
Multicast ETH-LB verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG
Operations
MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4
MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame
MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame
1 2 3 4
Objectives
Operations
UP MEP/MIP UP MEP/MIP
ETH-CC/LB/LT
MODEM
L2SW MODEM LAN
LAN
Reply frame OK
Reply frame NG Reply frame NG ETH-CC/LB/LT
iPaso400-B iPaso1000-C
iPaso200-D iPaso200-A
iPaso400-F iPaso200-E M2 M1 M1
M2 M1 H L M1 M2 H L
H L M1 M2
M1 ODU-1 ODU-3
ODU-Back 23GHz 7GHz
23GHz
22030 / 23038 7310/7156
22484 / 21252 P1 P2
P1 P2
MEP1 MEP2
MIP MIP
MIP MIP
ODU-4
7GHz iPaso1000-C
7310/ 71560 M2 Mep4
Equipment which is
able to monitor Link
Loopback control Msg
Loopback Event
Client #1
Signal
ETH-CC Traffic separation
with VLAN Tag
Client #2
Signal
Blocking Unblock
Port blocking Port
1GbE 1GbE
Failure
1GbE 1GbE
2GbE 1GbE
Double QoS
discarding
capacity
GbE Ring
GbE Ring
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 68
Principal benefit of Ethernet Ring Protection
blocked
port Failure
blocked
port
Physical
User VLAN group #1
APS channel #1 Instance #1
(Link Monitoring) ETH-CC-1
RPL
Node-G
50 ms
SF SF
Flush Flush Flush Flush
Flush Flush
PROTECTION 5
STATE
6
SF SF
SF SF SF
SF
7
1 . Normal State Node-G is the RPL Owner 6 . When the RPL owner receives the SF message it
unblock the RPL link
2 . Failure Occurs
7 . Stable State SF messages on the ring . Further
3 . Node D and Node C detect local signal fail SF messages does not trigger further action
condition. After waiting for the Hold-Off timer to
end block the failed ports
4 . While the SF condition continues Node C and Message source
Node D periodically send SF (signal Fail) Messages Client ch block
on both ring ports
R-APS ch block
5 . Each node performs a FDB flush operation after
receiving the SF message
RPL Owner
failure
8
SF SF
SF SF
SF SF
9 recovery
PROTECTION 10 NR
Confirmation time
STATE NR
NR NR NR
NR
11
12
13
NR,
NR, RPL Blocked
50 ms
NR, RPL Blocked
RPL Blocked Flush
14 Flush Flush
Flush
NORMAL Flush
STATE Flush Flush
15 NR,
NR Blocked
RPL
NR, NR,
RPL Blocked RPL Blocked
9 . In Stable SF condition Node C and D continue to send SF 14. When the Guard timer at Node C and D expire they may start receiving
messages every 5sec. new R-APS messages
10 . Recovery of failure 15. At the expiration of WTR timer, RPL owner blocks its end of of the
11 . Node C and D detects clearing of SF condition and start the RPL link, sends NR RB message
guard timer and initiate periodical transmission of NR messages on 16. Each node after re3ceivng the NR RB message flushes its FDB.
both ring ports (guard timer prevents reception of R-APS messages 17. When Node c and D receive the NR RB message, they remove the
12. When RPL owner receives the NR message, it starts the Wait to block on their blocked ports
Restore Timer (WTR) 18 . Stable normal condition all nodes go to Idle state
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 73
Protection Switching Trigger Condition
In the revertive mode, when the protection is no longer requested, i.e., the failure condition has been cleared, a
wait-to-restore state will be activated on the RPL owner node. This state shall normally time out and become a no-
request state. The wait-to-restore timer is deactivated when any request of higher priority pre-empts this state. In
short, This is the number of seconds the RPL owner waits from receiving indication that topology has returned to its
pre-failure state untill it actually operates according to that indication, i.e. blocks the RPL-port.
Guard Timer R-APS messages are transmitted continuously. This, combined with the R-APS messages
forwarding method, in which messages are copied and forwarded at every ring node around the ring, can
result in a message corresponding to an old request, which is no longer relevant, being received by ring
nodes. The reception of messages with outdated information could result in erroneous interpretation of the
existing requests in the ring and lead to erroneous protection switching decisions
The guard timer is used to prevent ring nodes from receiving outdated R-APS messages. During the
duration of the guard timer, all received R-APS messages are ignored by the ring protection control
process. This allows that old messages still circulating on the ring may be ignored. This, however, has the
side effect that, during the period of the guard timer, a node will be unaware of new or existing ring
requests transmitted from other nodes.
The period of the guard timer may be configured by the operator in 10 ms steps between 10 ms and 2
seconds, with a default value of 500 ms. This time should be greater than the maximum expected
forwarding delay for which one R-APS message circles around the ring.
Time Synchronization
Timing signal of system A t all nodes have access to the information on
the reference time. The time synchronization is
00:00:00 00:00:01 00:00:03 00:00:04 also referred to as time-of-day synchronization
System A or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks
t in question are traceable to a time-base such
Timing signal of system B as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an
alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day)
00:00:00 00:00:01 00:00:03 00:00:04 signals are applied for this synch..
System B
t
iPasolink O&M Training PAGE 78
Synchronous Ethernet Concept
CX2200 CX2600
CX2200 CX2600
t3 = t 2 tC C t2 = t 1 tB B t1 = t tA A t
Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Clock (PDU Information)
delay = tC delay = tB delay = tA Timestamp = t
Intermediate node doesnt terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.
PTP Server
CX2200 CX2600
C B A
S