HIV / AIDS

GROUP IX

JUSMITA
PO713201151166
MELDA ASTUTI DARNI
PO713201151167

POLTEKKES KEMENKES MAKASSAR

DIII KEPERAWATAN
2017-2018
A. Definition

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a set of symptoms and infections (or:

syndromes) arising from the destruction of the human immune system due to infection with
the HIV virus or the infection of other similar viruses that attack other species (SIV, FIV , and
others).

The virus itself called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (or abbreviated HIV) is a virus
that weakens the immunity of the human body. People affected by this virus will be
susceptible to opportunistic infections or easily affected by tumors. Although existing
treatment can slow the rate of progression of the virus, it is not completely curable.
Anatomi virus hiv aids:

B. Pathophysiology

The important role of T cells in "lighting up" all the forces of lymphocytes and
macrophages, making helper T cells can be considered the immune system's "main button".
AIDS virus selectively invades helper T cells, destroys or paralyzes cells that normally
immune most immune responses. The virus also attacks macrophages, which further
paralyze the immune system, and sometimes also enter brain cells, resulting in dementia
(severe intellectual capacity disorder) encountered in some AIDS patients.

In the body of PLWHA, viral particles join the patient's cell DNA, so that once a
person is infected with HIV, he will remain infected for the rest of his life. Of all people
infected with HIV, some develop into the stage of AIDS in the first 3 years, 50% develop into
AIDS after 10 years, and after 13 years almost all people infected with HIV show symptoms
of AIDS, and then die. Symptoms that occur are fever, swallowing pain, swollen lymph
nodes, rash, diarrhea, or cough. After acute infection, initiation of asymptomatic
(asymptomatic) HIV infection begins. This asymptomatic period generally lasts for 8-10
years.
 At a time when people with HIV infection still feel healthy, the clinic does not show
symptoms, at that time there is high HIV replication, 10 particles every day. Along with HIV
replication, high CD4 lymphocyte destruction occurs, fortunately the body can still
compensate by producing about 10 daily CD4 lymphocytes.

C. Symptoms of HIV infection

1. Early symptoms

- The symptoms are just like the flu and will heal a few days later.
- Blood tests are still not able to show the presence of HIV infection (still negative).
- After 1 to 3 months before the blood test becomes positive.
- At this stage people still look healthy.
- This healthy state can last 2-10 years.

2. The next symptoms

- Prolonged fever.
- Appetite lost.
- Diarrhea is continuous without cause.
- White spots on the tongue.
- Weight drops drastically.

3. Typical signs of the patient

- Pneumonia
- Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
- Skin cancer
- Inflammation due to mildew in the mouth and throat
- Nervous disorders
- TBC

D. Risk factors

Risk factors infected with AIDS include:

1. Not wearing a protector when having sexual intercourse with more than one
partner
2. No protective wear when having sex with HIV positive people
3. Have other sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia,
gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis.
4. Take turns in using a syringe
5. Getting a blood transfusion infected with the HIV virus
6. Have few copies of the CCL3L1 gene that helps fight HIV infection
7. Mothers who have HIVC.
E. Mode of transmission of HIV / AIDS

1. Sexual relationships with people living with HIV

HIV is present in blood, burrows, and in sperm with HIV and people with
AIDS. At the time of sexual intercourse is generally a small injury, so that HIV can
enter the bloodstream through the wound and then infect the partner.

2. Transfusions of blood containing HIV.

3. Using a puncture that contains HIV such as syringes, piercings, tattoos, and razors.
4. From a mother with HIV to her baby.

It can occur during pregnancy through placenta (placenta / tembuni) but may
also occur during labor through injury that occurs at the time of delivery.

5. Through breast milk (possibly small infected).

HIV / AIDS prevention

There is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and there is no cure for AIDS. Keep your
health and protect yourself from risk factors is the best way.

If you are HIV negative then the best action is:

1.Know what HIV is and how it is transmitted

2.Know the health status of your sexual partner
3.Use a condom every time you have sex
4.Consideration for male circumcision
5.Use a sterile syringe
6.Be wary of blood transfusions
7.Have regular health checks

If you are HIV positive then you should protect the people around you by:

1.Make safe sex with condoms

2.Tell your partner that you have HIV
3.If your partner is pregnant, tell him you have HIV and take care to keep him and his
baby healthy
4.Tell the other person you feel is necessary to know that you have HIV
5.Do not share a syringe
6.Do not donate your blood and organs
7.Do not share a razor or a toothbrush
8.If you are pregnant, take medical care as soon as possible.
Clinical Manifesstation

- After primary infection, 50 70 % poeple get sick

- Fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, extremities rash, ulcer of the mount or
genitalia, myalgia, anemia, leukopenia
- Dramatic decrease of CD4+ cell count
- Vulvovaginal candidiasis

Medical management

- Laboratory evaluation
- Antiretroviral therapy
- Nucleosid analog
- Protease inhibitors
- Vaccines
- Prophylaxis for opportunistic infection

Nursing management

Goals:
- To collect baseline information for planning to manage the client throughout the
course of illness
- To provide healt teaching to prevent complication
- To provide accurate information
Assessment:
- Preexisting level of knowledge
- The psychological burden: fear, anxiety, defression
- Social stressor: disclosure of HIV status, stigmaa, insecurity, loneliness and social
isolation

Nursing diagnosis

- Knowledge deficit
- Risk for altered body temperature
- Risk for fluid volume deficit
- Fatigue
- Altered nutrition: less than body requirement

Planning and Implementation

- Healt teaching
- A high protein, high calorie diet
- Learning to control stress
- Exercising regularly
- Following food and water safety guideline
- Provide support group