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SHEAR WALL

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Shear Walls are specially designed structural walls incorporated in the buildings to resist lateral
forces that are produced in the plane of the wall due to wind, earthquake and other forces. They
are mainly flexural members and usually provided in tall buildings to avoid the total collapse of
the tall buildings under seismic forces. Walls can be designed as plain concrete walls when there
is only compression with no tension in the section. Otherwise, they should be designed as
reinforced concrete walls. The usefulness of the Shear Walls in the framing of buildings has long
been recognized. When situated in advantageous positions of buildings, they form an efficient
lateral force resisting system, while simultaneously fulfilling other functional requirements. For
buildings up to 20stories the use of shear walls is a matter of choice. For buildings over 30
stories, shear walls may become may become imperative from the point of view of economy and
control of lateral deflection. Because a large fraction of lateral force on the building and the
horizontal shear force resulting from it is often assigned to such structural walls hence the name
has been called as Shear Walls. These walls generally start at foundation level and are
continuous throughout the building height. Their thickness can be as low as 50mm or as high as
400mm in high rise buildings. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of
buildings (Fig.1).
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Fig.1 Reinforced concrete shear walls in buildings an excellent structural system for
earthquake resistance.

Shear walls are like vertically oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the
foundation. Hence, it is always advisable to incorporate them in buildings built in regions likely
to experience earthquake of large intensity or high winds. Shear walls for winds are designed as
simple concrete walls as elastic response is expected whereas the design of these walls for
seismic forces requires special considerations as they should be safe under repeated loads and
they are subjected to inelastic deformation. They are usually provided between columns, in
stairwells, lift wells, toilets, utility shafts, etc. Initially shear walls were used in reinforced
concrete buildings to resist wind forces. These came into general practice only as late as 1940.
However since recent observations have consistently shown the excellent performance of
buildings with shear walls even under seismic forces. Such walls are now extensively used for all
earthquake resistant designs. Surveys of buildings after earthquakes have consistently shown that
the loss of life due to complete collapse was minimal in buildings with some sort of reinforced
concrete shear wall. Earlier, tall buildings were made only of steel as bracings, to take lateral
wind loads. With the introduction of shear walls, concrete construction can be used for tall
buildings also. Tall buildings with flat slabs should invariably have shear walls. Such systems as
compared to slabs with beams have very little resistance even to moderate loads.

PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR WALLS

Shear walls are not only designed to resist gravity / vertical loads (due to its self-weight and
other living / moving loads), but they are also designed for lateral loads of earthquakes / wind.
The walls are structurally integrated with roofs / floors (diaphragms) and other lateral walls
running across at right angles, thereby giving the three dimensional stability for the building
structures.
Shear wall structural systems are more stable. Because, their supporting area (total cross-
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sectional area of all shear walls) with reference to total plans area of building, is comparatively
more, unlike in the case of RCC framed structures.
Walls have to resist the uplift forces caused by the pull of the wind. Walls have to resist the shear
forces that try to push the walls over. Walls have to resist the lateral force of the wind that tries
to push the walls in and pull them away from the building.

COMPARISONS OF SHEAR WALL WITH CONSTRUCTION OF

CONVENTIONAL LOADBEARING WALLS

Load bearing masonry is very brittle material. Due to different kinds of stresses such as shear,
tension, torsion, etc., caused by the earthquakes, the conventional unreinforced brick masonry
collapses instantly during the unpredictable and sudden earthquakes.

The RCC framed structures are slender, when compared to shear wall concept of box like three-
dimensional structures. Though it is possible to design the earthquake resistant RCC frame, it
requires extraordinary skills at design, detailing and construction levels, which cannot be
anticipated in all types of construction projects.

On the other hand even moderately designed shear wall structures not only more stable, but also
comparatively quite ductile. In safety terms it means that, during very severe earthquakes they
will not suddenly collapse causing death of people. They give enough indicative warnings such
as widening structural cracks, yielding rods, etc., offering most precious moments for people to
run out off structures, before they totally collapse.
For structural purposes we consider the exterior walls as the shear-resisting walls. Forces from
the ceiling and roof diaphragms make their way to the outside along assumed paths, enter the
walls, and exit at the foundation.

FORCES ON SHEAR WALL

Shear walls resist two types of forces: shear forces and uplift forces. Shear forces are generated
in stationary buildings by accelerations resulting from ground movement and by external forces
like wind and waves. This action creates shear forces throughout the height of the wall between
the top and bottom shear wall connections.

Uplift forces exist on shear walls because the horizontal forces are applied to the top of the wall.
These uplift forces try to lift up one end of the wall and push the other end down. In some cases,
the uplift force is large enough to tip the wall over. Uplift forces are greater on tall short walls
and less on low long walls. Bearing walls have less uplift than non-bearing walls because gravity
loads on shear walls help them resist uplift. Shear walls need hold down devices at each end
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when the gravity loads cannot resist all of the uplift. The hold down device then provides the
necessary uplift resistance.

Shear walls should be located on each level of the structure including the crawl space. To form
an effective box structure, equal length shear walls should be placed symmetrically on all four
exterior walls of the building. Shear walls should be added to the building interior when the
exterior walls cannot provide sufficient strength and stiffness.
Shear walls are most efficient when they are aligned vertically and are supported on foundation
walls or footings. When exterior shear walls do not provide sufficient strength, other parts of the
building will need additional strengthening. Consider the common case of an interior wall
supported by a sub floor over a crawl space and there is no continuous footing beneath the wall.
For this wall to be used as shear wall, the sub floor and its connections will have to be
strengthened near the wall. For Retrofit work, existing floor construction is not easily changed.
Thats the reason why most retrofit work uses walls with continuous footings underneath them as
shear walls.

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

Simple rectangular types and flanged walls (bar bell type)

Coupled shear walls
Rigid frame shear walls
Framed walls with in filled frames
Column supported shear walls
Core type shear walls

METHODS OF DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL

There are three types of design methods

Segmented shear wall method
Force transfer ground openings method
Perforated shear wall method
The segmented shear wall method uses full height shear wall segments that comply with ratio
requirements and are usually restrained against overturning by hold down devices at the ends of
each segment.
The second method force transfer-ground openings method consider the entire shear wall with
openings and the wall piers adjacent to openings are segments. The method requires the forces
around the perimeter of the openings to be analyzed, designed, and detailed. With this method,
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the hold-down devices generally occur at the ends of the shear wall, not at each wall pier, and
special reinforcement around the opening is often required. .

The third and newest method is the perforated shear wall method which is an empirical approach
that does not require special detailing for force transfer adjacent to the openings. The perforated
shear wall method, however, specifically requires hold-down devices at each end of the
perforated shear wall.

TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS

RC Shear Wall
Plywood Shear Wall
MIDPLY Shear Wall
RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall
Steel Plate Shear Wall

OVERALL GEOMETRY OF SHEAR WALL

Shear walls are oblong in cross section, it means, one dimension of the cross section is much
larger than other. While rectangular cross section is common, L and C- shaped section are also
used. Thin walled hollow RC shafts around the elevator core of buildings also act as shear walls,
and should be taken advantage of to resist earthquake forces.
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RC SHEAR WALL

It consists of reinforced concrete walls and reinforced concrete slabs. Wall thickness varies from
140 mm to 500 mm, depending on the number of stories, building age, and thermal insulation
requirements. In general, these walls are continuous throughout the building height; however,
some walls are discontinued at the street front or basement level to allow for commercial or
parking spaces. Usually the wall layout is symmetrical with respect to at least one axis of
symmetry in the plan.

Floor slabs are either cast-in-situ flat slabs or less often, precast hollow-core slabs. Buildings are
supported by concrete strip or mat foundations; the latter type is common for buildings with
basements. Structural modifications are not very common in this type of construction.
Reinforcement requirements are based on building code requirements specific for each country.
In general, the wall reinforcement consists of two layers of distributed reinforcement (horizontal
and vertical) throughout the wall length. In addition, vertical reinforcement bars are provided
close to the door and window openings, as well as at the wall end zones (also known as boundary
elements or barbells).

PLYWOOD SHEAR WALL

Plywood is the traditional material used in the construction of Shear Walls. The creation of pre-
fabricated shear panels have made it possible to inject strong shear assemblies into small walls
that fall at either side of a opening in a shear wall. As well as the use of a sheet steel, and steel-
backed shear panel (i.e. Sure-Board) in the place of structural use plywood in shear walls, has
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proved to be far stronger in seismic resistance when used in shear wall assemblies.
Plywood shear walls consist of:

Plywood, to transfer shear forces

Chords, to resist tension/compression generated by the over turning moments
Base connections to transfer shear to foundations.

MIDPLY SHEAR WALL

The MIDPLY shear wall is an improved timber shear wall that was developed by redesigning the
joints between sheathing and framing members, so that the failure modes observed in standard
wall testing are virtually eliminated at lateral load levels high enough to cause failures in
standard walls.

In MIDPLY shear wall design, one ply of sheathing material is placed at the center of the wall
between a series of pairs of studs oriented in a 90 rotated position relative to those in standard
shear walls

RC HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY WALLS

RHCBM walls are constructed by reinforcing the hollow concrete block masonry, by taking
advantage of hollow spaces and shapes of the hollow blocks. It requires continuous steel rods
(reinforcement) both in the vertical and horizontal directions at structurally critical locations of
the wall panels, packed with the fresh grout concrete in the hollow spaces of masonry blocks.

Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry (RHCBM) elements are designed both as load
bearing walls for gravity loads and also as shear walls for lateral seismic loads, to safely with
stand earthquakes. This structural system of construction is known as shear wall diaphragm
concept, which gives three-dimensional structural integrity for the buildings.

STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL

In general, steel plate shear wall system consists of a steel plate wall, boundary columns and
horizontal floor beams. Together, the steel plate wall and boundary columns act as a vertical
plate girder. The columns act as flanges of the vertical plate girder and the steel plate wall acts as
its web. The horizontal floor beams act, more-or-less, as transverse stiffeners in a plate girder.

Steel plate shear wall systems have been used in recent years in highly seismic areas to resist
lateral loads. Figure shows two basic types of steel shear walls; unstiffened and stiffened with or
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without openings.

Advantages of Steel Plate Shear Wall to Resist Lateral Loads:

1. The system, designed and detailed properly is very ductile and has relatively large energy
dissipation capability. As a result, steel shear walls can be very efficient and economical lateral
load resisting systems.

2. The steel shear wall system has relatively high initial stiffness, thus very effective in limiting
the drift.

3. Compared to reinforced concrete shear walls, the steel shear wall is much lighter which can
result in less weight to be carried by the columns and foundations as well as less seismic load
due to reduced mass of the structure.

4. By using shop-welded, field-bolted steel shear walls, one can speed-up the erection process
and reduce the cost of construction, field inspection and quality control resulting in making these
systems even more efficient.

5. Due to relatively small thickness of steel plate shear walls compared to reinforced concrete
shear walls, from architectural point of view, steel plate shear walls occupy much less space than
the equivalent reinforced concrete shear walls. In high-rises, if reinforced concrete shear walls
are used, the walls in lower floors become very thick and occupy large area of the floor plan.

6. Compared to reinforced concrete shear walls, steel plate shear walls can be much easier and
faster to construct when they are used in seismic retrofit of existing building.

7. Steel plate shear wall systems that can be constructed with shop welded-field bolted elements
can make the steel plate shear walls more efficient than the traditional systems. These systems
can also be very practical and efficient for cold regions where concrete construction may not be
economical under very low temperatures.

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS OF SHEAR WALLS

Most RC buildings with shear walls also have columns; these columns primarily carry gravity
loads (i.e., those due to self-weight and contents of building). Shear walls provide large strength
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and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral
sway of the building and thereby reduces damage to structure and its contents.

Since shear walls carry large horizontal earthquake forces, the overturning effects on them are
large. Thus, design of their foundations requires special attention. Shear walls should be
provided along preferably both length and width. However, if they are provided along only one
direction, a proper grid of beams and columns in the vertical plane (called a moment-resistant
frame) must be provided along the other direction to resist strong earthquake effects.

Door or window openings can be provided in shear walls, but their size must be small to ensure
least interruption to force flow through walls. Moreover, openings should be symmetrically
located. Special design checks are required to ensure that the net cross-sectional area of a wall at
an opening is sufficient to carry the horizontal earthquake force.

Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill effects of twist in
buildings. They could be placed symmetrically along one or both directions in plan. Shear walls
are more effective when located along exterior perimeter of the building such a layout
increases resistance of the building to twisting.

ADVANTAGES OF SHEAR WALLS IN BUILDINGS

Properly designed and detailed buildings with shear walls have shown very good performance in
past earthquakes. Shear walls in high seismic regions require special detailing. However, in past
earthquakes, even buildings with sufficient amount of walls that were not specially detailed for
seismic performance (but had enough well-distributed reinforcement) were saved from collapse.
Shear wall buildings are a popular choice in many earthquake prone countries, like Chile, New
Zealand and USA.

Shear walls are easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively straight
forward and therefore easily implemented at site.

Shear walls are efficient, both interims of construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing
earthquake damage in structural and nonstructural elements like glass windows and building
contents.

DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL

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Introduction
A 16 storeyed R-C building with shear wall in zone 3 has been consideres for the illustruction of
design of shear wall. The lateral forces have been resisted by dual system Cosisting of special
moment resisting frames(SMRF) and reinforced concrete shear walls.

Description of building
The building is a multystoried office building (I=1.0) situated in zone 3 (Z=.16) consisting of
five blocks out of which the central block with shear wall has been considered for study.the
building has a dual system; the response reduction factor(R=5) has been opted for two reason (a)
the shear wall and the SMRF system are designed to resist total design force in proportion of
their relative rigidities considering the interaction of dual system at all floors levels; and (b) the
SMRF are designed to independently resist not less than 25% of the design seismic base shear.
The typical plan and elevation of the elevation of the central block and its elevation shown
below.

The X-direction of the block consist of 4 bay of SMRF @ 6.5 m each and in Z- direction 3 bay
of frames @ 6 m each. The building is 16 storeyed and floor to floor heights 3 m. the column
and structural walls have same c/s throughout the height of the building. The floor and beam slab
also have the universal dimensions at all floor levels. A shear wall of 250 mm thickness is
centrally located at the exterior frames in X- direction of the block. It is assumed that the
thickness of roof and floor slab is 200 mm. The dimension of all beams of frames are 500 x 500
mm and column size 750 x 750 mm. the structure is assumed to be fixed at base. The grade of
concrete is M20 and the grade of steel is Fe 415. On the basis of following data and dimensions,
the weight of typical floors and roof has been estimated in table 1. The calculation of base shear
corresponding to whole structure in the X- direction is calculated in table 2 as per IS 1893 (Part
1): 2002. The distribution of total base shear along the height of the building at each floor is
given in table 3 and corresponding shear has been given in table 4.
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Fig 2. Typical plan of the building with shear wall

Determination of design lateral forces

1. Weight of the slab = 26 x 18 x 0.2 x 25 = 2340 kN

2. Weight of beam = 0.5 x 0.5 x (18 x 5 + 26 x 4) x 25 = 1212.5 kN
3. Weight of the column = 0.75 x 0.75 x 3 x 25 x 20 = 843.75 kN
4. Weight of shear wall = 6 x 0.25 x 3 x 25 x 2 = 225 kN
5. Live loads on floors = 26 x 18 x 1.5 x (25/100) = 175.5 kN
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Table 1. Seismic weight calculation of the building

Floor No. Slab (kN) Beam (kN) Column (kN) Shear Wall (kN) Live Load (kN) Total Load (kN)
16 2340 1212.5 421.875 112.5 0 4086.875
15 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
14 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
13 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
12 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
11 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
10 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
9 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
8 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
7 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
6 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
5 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
4 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
3 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
2 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
1 2340 1212.5 843.75 225 175.5 4796.75
76038.125

Table 2. Calculation of seismic base shear (VB) as per IS 1893 ( Part 1): 2002

1. Fundamental natural time period (Ta)

Ta = 0.075 x h^0.75 ( h = total height of the building )

Ta = 0.075 x (3 x 16)^0.075 = 1.3677 sec

2. Design horizontal seismic coefficient ( Ah)

Ah = ( Z/2) x (I/R) x ( Sa/g)

Z = seismic intensity
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From table 2 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Z = 0.16 ( for zone 3)

I = importance factor
From table 6 for office building I = 1.0
R= response reduction factor
From table 7 for SMRF R = 5.0
For medium soil sites, Ta = 1.3677 sec , 5% damping Sa/g = (1.36/Ta) = 0.994
Ah = 0.08 x 0.2 x 0.994 = 0.016

3. Design base shear, VB = Ah x W (W = Total load = 76038.125 kN )

VB = 0.016 x 76038.125
= 1216.61 kN

Table 3. Floor-wise distribution of design lateral force

Floor number Wi(KN) hi(m) Wi hi2 Wi hi2/ Wi hi2 Qi(KN)

= VB*col 5
16 4086.875 48.0 9416.16*103 0.1495 181.883
15 4796.75 45.0 9713.418*103 0.1543 187.723
14 4796.75 42.0 8461.467*103 0.1344 163.512
13 4796.75 39.0 7295.856*103 0.116 141.126
12 4796.75 36.0 6216.588*103 0.0987 141.126
11 4796.75 33.0 5223.66*103 0.083 100.978
10 4796.75 30.0 4317.075*103 0.0686 83.46
9 4796.75 27.0 3496.83*103 0.055 66.91
8 4796.75 24.0 2762.928*103 0.0439 53.409
7 4796.75 21.0 2115.366*103 0.0336 40.878
6 4796.75 18.0 1554.147*103 0.0247 30.05
5 4796.75 15.0 1079.268*103 0.0171 20.8
4 4796.75 12.0 690.732*103 0.0109 13.26
3 4796.75 9.0 388.536*103 0.006 7.3
2 4796.75 6.0 172.683*103 0.0027 3.285
1 4796.75 3.0 43.170*103 0.0007 0.85
Total 62947.884*103
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Table 4. Design lateral force at each floor in the X- direction corresponding to

entire structure and resulting shear.

Floor level Height (m) Storey weight Seismic forces

(KN) Lateral forces Fx Storey shear Fx
(KN) (KN)
16 48.0 4086.875 181.883 181.883
15 45.0 4796.75 187.723 369.606
14 42.0 4796.75 163.512 533.118
13 39.0 4796.75 141.126 674.224
12 36.0 4796.75 141.126 815.37
11 33.0 4796.75 100.978 916.348
10 30.0 4796.75 83.46 999.808
9 27.0 4796.75 66.91 1066.718
8 24.0 4796.75 53.409 1120.127
7 21.0 4796.75 40.878 1161.005
6 18.0 4796.75 30.05 1191.055
5 15.0 4796.75 20.8 1211.855
4 12.0 4796.75 13.26 1225.115
3 9.0 4796.75 7.3 1232.415
2 6.0 4796.75 3.285 1235.7

1 3.0 4796.75 0.85 1236.55

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Table 5 : design forces in shear wall under different load cases

LOAD CASE MOMENT SHEAR AXIAL AXIAL LOAD

(KN.m) (KN) FORCE(KN) (KN) ON
BOUNDARY
ELEMENTS
1.5*(DL+LL) 2047 81.06 12320 2684

1.2*(DL+LL+EQ) 19820 2858 8508 4712

1.2*(DL+LL-EQ) 22730 2992 8342 5240

1.5*(DL+EQ) 24620 3522 10502 5622

1.5*(DL-EQ) 27810 3680 9250 6180

0.9*DL+1.5*EQ 24240 3592 6820 5007

0.9*DL-1.5*EQ 27500 3612 6770 5330

CLAUSE
AS PER DESIGN REQUIREMENT AS PER IS 13920 : DETAILS
IS 1993 PROVIDED IN THE
SHEAR WALL
13920:1993
GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Lateral force resisting

9.1.1 The design of shear wall is based on the system in the building is a
assumption that it will the part of the lateral force dual system consisting of
resisting system of the structure. special moment resisting
frames (SMRF) and shear
wall will resist all the
lateral force being a
relatively stiff element .
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9.1.2 In order to safeguard against premature out of plane Assumed thickness of

buckling in the potential plastic hinge position of shear wall 250mm.
the walls, minimum thicknessof shear wall should
not be less than 150mm.

9.1.3 Shear wall is subjected to combined flexure and The shear walls are
axial load therefore; the end of the wall is subjected provided in between the
to high axial load. Therefore it is necessary to middle two columns of
thicken the wall in boundary regions. This is exterior frames. These
readily achieved by providing flange elements with columns will act as flange
sufficient dimensions so as to provide adequate elements or boundary
flexural rigidity at the end of the wall section. This elements for shear wall.
effective flange width to be use in the design of Therefore, there is no
flanged wall sections, shall be assumed to extend needing of further
beyond the face of the web for a distance which thickening of shear wall at
shall be smaller of the end of boundary
region.
a) half the distance of an adjacent shear wall web
b) 1/10 th of total wall height.

The control of width of inclined cracks in the

9.1.4 wall,the code recommended the reinforcementin Calculated reinforcement
both of the direction of wall it means horizontal in the horizontal and
and vertical. The minimum reinforcement ratio vertical direction is greater
should be 0.0025 of the gross area in each direction than the minimum
of the wall and should be uniform across the cross prescribed reinforcement.
section of wall. Provided reinforcement
should be uniformly
distributed in both the
direction.
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SHEAR STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS

The nominal shear stress,

v = Vu / ( tw * dw) = (3680/2) /(250*4800) = 1.533 N/mm2

Vu = factored shear force

tw = thickness of web= 250mm

dw= effective depth of wall section this can be taken as 0.8lw for rectangular sections.

lw= horizontal length of wall

v> 0.25fck ^ 0.5 = 1.25 hence its ok .

Assume horizontal and vertical reinforcement(As) is 0.25% and concrete grade M20 , permissible shear
stress in concrete isc= 0.36 N/mm2

(c)max =2.8 N/mm2

Therefore ,c(0.36 N/mm2) < Tau v (1.533 N/mm2) < (Tau c)max

Horizontal reinforcement required to resist the shear of amount Vus

Where, Vus = (v c)*tw*dw

=(1.534-0.36)*250*4800 = 1408 KN

Let us provide two legged 8 mm diameter tor bar

So, spacing required Sv=(0.87*415*(3.14/4)*82*2*4800)/(1408*103)

=123.738 mm

Hence , provide 8mm diameter bar at 120 mm c/c in two curtains as horizontal reinforcement.

The vertical reinforcement that is uniformly distributed in the wall shall not be less than horizontal
reinforcement .

Hence , provide 8mm diameter bar at 120 mm c/c in two curtains as vertical reinforcement.
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FLEXURAL STRENGTH

IS:13920-1993 , clause 9.3.1 , the moment of resistance, Muv, of the wall section shall be calculated as for
column subjected to combined axial load and uniaxial bending as per IS:456-1978. The moment of
resistance that is provided by uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement in a slender rectangular wall
section may be calculated as follows:

From ANNEX - A of IS:13920-1993,

(a) For xu /lw<= (xu /lw)lim

(Muv/fck*tw*lw2)=[(1+/)*(0.5-0.416xu /lw) (xu /lw)2*(0.168+2/3)]

Where,

xu /lw = [(+)/(2* +0.36)] =0.553

[ = (0.87*fy*/fck) ; = Pu/fck*tw*lw

= vertical reinforcement ratio = Asv/tw*sv = 0.812/250 = 0.00325

so, = 0.0586 and = 0.2053 ]

= 0.87*fy/0.0035*Es = 0.516

Es = elastic modulus of steel = 2*105

(xu /lw)lim = 0.0035/(0.0035+0.87*415/2*105) = 0.66

Since ,xu /lw<= (xu /lw)lim

(Muv/fck*tw*lw2)= 0.066 ;Muv= 11880 KN.m

Remaining moment = (27810/2) 11880 = 2025 KN.m

This 2025 KN.m amount of moment shall be resisted by boundary elements.

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BOUNDARY ELEMENT

Boundary elements are the portion along wall edges that are strengthened by longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement. Though they may have same as that of the wall web, it is advantageous
to provide them with grater thickness.

As per code IS:13920-1993 , clause 9.4.1 , Extreme fiber compression stress in the wall due to
combined axial loadand bending is greater than 0.2fck , boundary element shall be provided
along the vertical boundary of walls. The boundary element may be discontinued where the
calculated compressive stress become less than 0.15 fck .

Gross sectional properties ,lw = 6000mm, tw = 250mm , Ag = 1500*103 mm2

Iy= tw*lw3/12 = 250*60003/12 = 4.5*1012mm2>(0.2*20 = 4.0)

fc = [(Pu/Ag)+Mu*(lw/2)/ Iy] = 13.376 N/mm2 >(0.2*20 = 4.0)

(Pu = (12320/2 )=6160KNand Mu = 13905KN.m)

Therefore provide the boundary elements. The adjacent columns of shear wall act as boundary
element .from table 5, maximum compressive axial load on boundary element column is 6180
KN under differential loading conditions.

Let with existing column size having dimension 750x750 and assume longitudinal reinforcement
2% of gross area.

Ag = 750*750 = 56.25*104 mm2

As = 0.02 *56.25*104 = 11250 mm2

Axial load capacity of boundary element column acting as short column

Pu = 0.4*fck*Ag + (0.67*fy 0.4*fck)*As

= ( 0.4 * 20 * 56.25 * 104) + ( 0.67* 450 - 0.4 * 20 ) * 11250

= 7801.875 KN >6180 KN

Provide vertical reinforcement is 2% of gross area = 11250 mm2

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As per clause 9.4.4 of IS:13920-1993 : the percentage of vertical reinforcement in the boundary
element shall not be less than 0.8% neither greater than 6%. In order to avoid congestion, the
practical upper limit would be 4% of gross area.

Provide 24 bars of 25 mm diameter equally distributed on the four sides of the

section.

DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

6000 mm

24 longitudinal bar of 25 mm
8 mm dia. Bar @ 120
750 mm x 750 mm diameter equally distributed
mm in 2 curtains
on the four sides of section.
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9.1.5 To reduce fragmentation and premature Since the thickness of

deterioration of the concrete under load in inelastic shear wall is 250 mm and
range, it is preferred that the longitudinal and also the factored shear
transverse reinforcement should be provided stress is greater than
in two curtains if (a) factored shear stress in the 0.25fck the reinforcement
wall exceeds 0.25fck or (b) wall thickness > 200 is provided in two curtains.
mm.

To prevent the use of very large diameter of Diameter of bar used in

9.1.6 reinforcement, the code restricts the diameter of bar horizontal and vertical
upto (1/10) of the thickness of part. reinforcement is 8mm,
which is smaller than
1/10(250) = 25mm.

The maximum spacing of reinforcement in either Spacing provided in

9.1.7 direction shall not exceed the smallest of lw/5, 3tw horizontal and vertical
and 450 mm ; where lw is the horizontal length of direction of reinforcement
wall, and tw is the thickness of wall web. This is 120 mm which is smaller
limitation has been guided by the experience and of (a) l w/5 =1160
various tests to confine the concrete. mm,(b) 3tw ==750 mm and
450 mm.
Hence its ok.
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