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The distinguishing features of different air texturing jets have been described and the test methods used to
assess some impo rtant properties of air textured ya rns have been discussed. The properties of air textured
yarns produced using various currently used commercial jets have been compared . The results show that the
performa nce of cylindrical jets and Taslan type XX jet for parallel end tex turing of 76 denJ36 fil polyester
yarns is superior. The effects of some impo rtant process parameters such as overfeed percentage, air pressure
and heater temperature on various properties of air-jet textured yarns have been reported . The relationships
between air-jet textured yarn properties and processing pa rameters have been assessed in terms of regression
equations and it has been shown that with a few exceptions, most of the properties of air-jet textured yarns are
linearly related to the process parameters studied.
Keywords: Air-jet texturing, Insta bility, Loops, Physical bulk , Texturing jet
2Y
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 1991
Air hole.
Compressed
air
Coando bar
Air hole
Compressed Comprt'ssed
air air
Compressed
air
Feed yarn
Feed yarn Fee d yorn
process are locked in place when the yarn is In 1960, Taslan type X jet, which is shown in Fig.
withdrawn from the turbulent zone at an angle of 90. I(b), was introduced by Du Po nt. In contrast to the
The type IXjet was especially suitable for pre-twisted type IXjet, the yam in type Xjet enters axially. The air
yams since a strong untwisting action was provided in stream passes uniformly around the circumference of
the venturi. the yarn input channel. The needle extends into the
Type IX jet, however, had serious drawbacks . opening of the nozzle through which the compressed
Firstly, the texturing speed was very low (10-50 air enters the so called turbulence chamber. Axial
mjmin) and there were problems of uniformity, movement of the needle alters the cross-sectional
confining the process to the production of bulky and area of the clearance and has an influence on the air
effect yarns. Secondly, the twisting of the yarn before mass flow rate. An important feature of this texturing
or after the jet was essential for obtaining a stable yam nozzle is the way in which the asymmetric flow profile
structure; this increased the costs. Thirdly, the jet was is obtained. Uniform smooth flow of compressed air
very difficult to set and suffered from serious wear is disturbed by means of the eccentric setting of the jet
problems. element, thus the necessary turbulence and
30
KOTHARI & TIMBLE: AIR-JET TEXTURING
31
INDIAN 1. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 1991
32
KOTHARI & TIMBLE : AIR-JET TEXTURING
Chosl>n
Sl>C tion ( I)
""" 1m m
Loop hl>ight =
Loopfrequl>ncy n
=T X 1000 loops/m
taken as the breaking elongation. Knowing the linea r and the volume occupied by the yarn on the package.
density of the yarn being tested and its gauge length, Untextured yarn (parent yam) was wound with the
the Ibad-elongation curve can be transformed to the same tension on a different package to obtain parent
stress-strain curve and the tenacity, initial modulus yarn package density . The textured yarn package
and breaking extension of the yarn can then be density and the pa rent yarn package density values
determined . were used to calculate the physical bulk of the air
textured yarn . HemaJets have fixed settings except
3.6 Evenness Properties the baffle setting which is dependent on the denier of
The evenness properties can be assessed using the the yarn being produced . In stability (%) is obtained
Uster evenness tester. A yarn monitor with using the Du Pont test method discussed earlier. Yam
appropriate condensor slot is used at a speed of 100 tenacity and breaking extension were obtained using
m/min to assess the CV% of mass per unit length . an Instron tensile tester. Uster CV (%) and neps/ lOOO
Neps per unit length are counted usi ng an imperfection m were obtained on Uster Evenness Tester UT I.
indicator with a setting of 140% to identify neps. To study the effect of process parameters, nett
overfeed was varied between 10 % and 30% at 8
4 Experimental Procedure . kg/cm z a ir pressure without heater; air pressure was
Five converging-diverging type jets, viz. Taslan X, varied between 6 kg/cm z a nd 10 kg/cm 2 at 20% nett
XI, XIV, XV and XX , and two cylindrical jets, viz. overfeed without heater; and the heater temperature
HemaJet T 100 and T31 0, were used in the present was varied between 150C and 210C at 20% nett
study with the aim of comparing the performance of overfeed and 8 kg/cm 2 air pressure using HemaJet
various jets. Two ends of 76 den/ 36 fil polyester with T 100 jet core . Nett overfeed is defined as the
multifilament yarn were air textured together using percentage increase in yarn denier after texturing
33.3% overfeed, 9kg/cm 2 air press ure, 4.7 % calculated on the basis of pa rent yarn denier of
mechanical stretch, 200C heater temperature and 2 x 76.
0.7% take-up underfeed at 300 m/ min take-up In add ition to obtaining the physical bulk,
speed. The yarns were pre-wetted before texturing instability (%) and tensile properties as described
using HemaWet system at a pressure of2 kg/cm 2 and earlier, yams were tested for hot water shrinkage. The
water consumption rate of I litre/h . The optimum st ructural parameters of the air textured yarns like
texturing conditions were obtained by adj usting the core diameter, loop size and loop frequency were
Taslan jets to get the maximum delivery and obtained using a Projectina microscope.
stabilizing zone tensions. Once the optimum
conditions were obtained, the air textured yarn was 5 Results and Discussion
wound on a new package and the package density was Table 1 shows instability, physical bulk, tenacity,
calculated based on the mass of the total yarn wound breaking extension , Uster CV and neps/ IOOO m for
33
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT RES .. MARCH 1991
yarns produced using difTerent jets. The physical bul k extension with the increase in overfeed. It is
of ya rn s produced using HemaJet TIOO, HemaJet important to have higher levels of overfeed to get
TJIO and Taslan XXjet is higher as compared to the higher levels of physical bulk but after a certain level
ph ysical bulk of yarns produced from other texturing of physical bulk , there is a significant reduction in
jets. HemaJet TIOO, HemaJet T310 and Taslan XX other quality features like stability of air textured
jet also produce yarns whose instability , brea king yarns. These factors put a limit to the level of overfeed
extension, Uster CV and nep density are rel ativel y that ca n be used .
lower. The differences in tenacity of yarns produced
using different jets are not significant. Thus, for the Physical bulk a nd loop frequency inc rease while
parallel-end tex turing o f 76 den/ 36 fil polyester the insta bility and loop size reduce with increase in air
ya rns, HemaJets and Taslan XX jet produce yarns of pressure. Rea so nably high ai r pressures are req uired
better quality as compared to the other Taslan jets. to produce good quality yarns. However, with the
Table 2 shows the effect of overfeed , air press ure increase in air press ure the tenacity reduces and the
and heater temperature o n the properties of the yarns beco me more stiff as indicated by the hi gher
air-jet textured ya rn s. Increase in overfeed (%) value of modulu s. With the increase in heater
increases the physical bulk , core di a meter and loop temperature, the stability of the yarn increases a nd
frequency but at the same time in stability and loo p th e residual hot wa ter shrink age reduces
size also increase. There is also significant reducti o n significantly. Heating also reduces the loop size of the
in tenacity and modulu s and increase in breaking yarn.
Tahlc I Pr o p~rtit' s of air-Je t t~xtu r~tl yam s produ~ed using different jets wi th optim um settin g',
Jet type Instabi lity Physical Tenacity Breaking Uster Neps/
% bulk g/den extension CV % 1000 m
% 0/ 0
Air pressure
(kg/em ' )
6 0.23 250 4.35 2 16 1:19 ISSO 2.X4 25. 9 2 1. R
7 O. IX 255 4.23 214 116 34 70 2.74 25.4 273
S 0. 15 270 4.67 2 15 lOS 33')0 2.72 26.3 29.2
9 0. 13 274 4.50 2 17 X5 3670 2.70 26.0 30.6
10 n. lo 2XI 4.7J 216 X2 41XO 2.60 26.2 31. X
Heater temp .. eC )
150 0.0') 263 H)5 20 1 X7 ,1270 2.76 235 36.2
160 0.05 259 2.00 204 XS 3310 2.74 21 ..\ 39.1
170 0.05 265 1.96 1')6 XI .1230 2. 77 2 1. 6 3X. 5
Ixn 0.04 264 UQ 192 X3 3 170 2.XO 20.0 41 .7
190 0.03 266 UO 194 XO 3 150 2.7X 19.2 43 .3
34
KOTHARI & TIMBLE: AIR-JET T EXTURING
Table 3 shows the linear regression equations yarn properties and a ir pressure and heater
between va riou s air-jet text ured yarn properties temperature respectively. Linear regression
(except instability) and the percentage ove rfeed . The eq uations between core diameter/ breaking extension
log values of instability were found to correlate better and air pressure have relatively lower values of
with the log va lues of overfeed . High correlation correl ation coefficients (Table 4). Correlation
coefficients (> 0.9) in each case indicate that linear between other properties and air pressure is quite
regression eq uations given in the table ca n be used to good . Similar linea r regression ana lysis between air
estimate the various properties of ai r-jet textured textured yarn properties and heater temperature
yarn s processed wit h different values of overfeed. (Table 5) indicates that most of the properties are
Table 3 a lso gives the standard erro rs of the Y reasonably well correlated linearly with heater
estimates and the X coefficients. temperature. Correlation coefficient values of
Tables 4 a nd 5 show the results of simi lar linear physical bulk and tenacity are , however, relatively
regression analysis between various air-jet textured lower.
Table J - Regression equati o ns representing the effect of overfeed percentage on air-jet textured yarn properties (XI = overfeed %.
10 <::; XI <::; 30)
Yam property Regression equation Correlation St.d. error of Std. error of
coefficien t Yestimate X coefficien t
Instability ('Yo) Log Y I = 3.453 log XI - 4.981 + 0.933 0.290 0.769
YI
Physical bulk (% ) Y2 = 4.50 XI + 171.6 +0.907 19. 102 1.208
Y2
Hot wate r sh rink age (% ) Y1 = - 0.058 XI +5.796 - 0.997 0.04J 0.003
Y)
Core diameter (11m) Y4 =X I + 195.6 + 0.999 1 . 0~2 0.065
Y4
Loop size (11m) Ys = 2. 16XI+ 64.8 + 0.999 0.730 0.046
Ys
Loop frequency (no ./m) Y6 = 302 .6 X I - 2 152 + 0.98 1 549.6 34.7
Y6
Tenacity (gjden) Y7 = - 0.051 XI + 3.8 -0.985 0.082 0.005
Y7
Breaking extn., (% ) Yx = 0.502 XI + 16.24 +0.982 0. 884 0.056
Y8
Initial modulus (gjden) Yg = - 2.074 XI + 71.28 - 0.996 1. 646 0.104
Y9
Table 4-- Regression equations representing the effect of air pressure on air-jet textured yarn properties (X 2 = air press ure in kg/cm!.
6 <::; X 2 <::; 10)
Yam properly Regression eq uation Correlation Std. erro r of Std . error of
coefficient Yestimate X coefficient
Instability (% ) Y I = - 0.031 X2 + O.406 - 0.9H6 0.009 0.003
YI
Physical bulk (% ) Y2 =8. IX 2 = 201.2 + 0.98 1 2.938 0.929
Y2
Hot water sh rink age (% ) Y, = 0.103 X2+3 .672 + 0.774 0. 154 0.049
Y)
Co re diameter (11m) Y4 = 0.3 X2+ 2\3.2 +0.416 1.197 0.378
Y4
Loop size (11m) Ys = - 14.5 X 2 + 222 -0.975 5.986 1.893
Ys
Loop frequency (no.jm) Y6 =580 X2 - 1522 + 0.986 178.0 56.3
Y6
Tenacity (gjden) Y7 = - 0.04 X 2 + 3.052 - 0.941 0.026 0.008
Y7
Breaking extn. (% ) Yx= O. 1\ X2+25.1 + 0.558 0.298 0.094
Y8
Initial modulus (gjden) Y9 = 2.33 Xl + 9.5 +0.940 1.547 0.489
Y9
35
I DIAN 1. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARC H 199 1
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KOTHARI & TIMBLE : AIR-JET TEXTURING
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Fig. 6---Effect of overfeed. air pressure and heater temperature on Fig. 7- Effect of overfeed. air pressure and healer temperature on
properties of air-jet te xt ured yarns: (a) Co re diameter, (b) Loop properties of air-jet textured yarns: (a) Tenacit y. (b) Breaking
size. and (cl Loop frequ enc y extension , and (el I nitial modulu s
37
INDI AN J. FIBR E TEXT. RES .. MAR C H 199 1
processing pa rameters, viz. a ir press ure and heater ance as compared to the o th er jets. Air-j et textured
temperature . Figs 5(a), 5(c) a nd 6(a) indicate that ya rn prope rties like in stabilit y, physical bulk , hot
hea t-se tting reduces in sta bility, ho t water shrinkage water shrinb ge, core di a meter , loop size, loop
and core diameter of the yarn . Increase in physical frequency, tenacity, breaking extension and initi a l
bulk with the increase in a ll the three process modulus are affected by process parameters such a ~
parameters (Fig. 5a) may be ex pl a in ed as follows. ove rfeed , air press ure a nd heater tempe rature .
With the increase in ove rfeed , the core diameter and Regression analysis shows tha t m ost of the properties
loop frequenc y (Figs 6a and 6c) increase as a result of of air-jet tex tured yarns are linea rl y rela ted with the
which physica l bulk increases. The inc rease in bulk overfeed, a ir pressure and heater temperature .
with increasin g air press ure and hea ter temperature, Howeve r, a log- log relationship between instabilit y
on the other ha nd , is main ly due to reduction in loop and overfeed is o bse rved. The effect of various
size (Fig. 6b) as smaller loops a re much more ri gid . processing pa ramete rs on the pro perties of air-jet
The tenacity of air-jet tex tured ya rn decreases with tex tured ya rn s indicates th a t overfeed ha s much
increase in all the three process variab les (Fi g . 7a). greater effec t th an the ot her iwo .process pa rameters,
The breakin g extension increases considerably with viz . air press ure a nd hea ter tempe rature.
increase in overfeed (Fig. 7b) due to the lo wer stability
of yarns produced wit h hi ghe r ove rfeeds. However, References
the hea t setti ng tends to red uce the brea king I Price S T. Mod Text. 57( 7) ( 1976) 28.
exten sion considerably. The lowe r initi a l modulus of 2 US Pat4.096.612(toE I Du Pont de Nemoufs&Co. lnc.) 27 June
the yarns produced with hi g her ove rfeed s (Fig. 7c) is 1978.
3 US Pat4. 157.605 (to E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co . Inc.) 12
also due to th e lowe r structura l sta bility of these
June 197 1.
yarns. Increase in a ir pressure and hea ter tempera ture 4 US Pat 4, 189,8 12 (to E I Du Po nt de Nemours & Co. Inc.) 26
increases structural sta bility, th us producing yarn s of February 1980.
higher initial modulus. 5 Kothari V K, Sengupta A K, Rengasamy R S & Goswamy B C,
Text Res 1,59 (1989) 317.
6 Conclusions 6 Sengupta A K. Kot hari V K & Alagirusamy R, Tex t Res 1 , 59
A compari so n of different a ir texturing jets ( 1989) 758 .
indicates that some jets perform better than the others 7 Sengupta A K. K o th a ri V K & Ren ga samy R S.
Chemiefasern/ Text-Ind, 39/91 ( 1989) 111 2.
for a given feed yarn. For texturing the two ends of a 76
8 Sengupta A K. K o th a ri V K & Ren gasa my R S.
den/ 34 fil ya rn togethe r, Hem aJe t T I 00, HemaJet Chemiefasem / Te xt- Ind, 40/92 ( 1990) 998 .
T310 and Tasla n XX sho w rela tivel y better perform- 9 Du Pont Technical In/ormation Bulletin X-241 . Ma rch 1974.
3H