08 160607 Bonding of Glass

ACCESS 2016
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernhard Weller
ACCESS Structural Use of Glass
Bonding of Glass
Felix Nicklisch
Institute of Building Construction
Technische Universitt Dresden
07.06.16
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonding of Glass
Outline
Glass in building
Adhesive connections
Structural Sealant Glazing
Bonded glass frames
Timber-Glass-Composites
Photo: Steffen Spitzner
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Glass in building

Photo: Margherita Spiluttini
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ACCESS 2016
Glass in building
Structural performance
Glass in building
Fail-safe design
Glass in building
Design considerations
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ACCESS 2016
Glass in building
Connections point and linear supports
Patent glazing bar Clamp fixing Disc point fixing
[Weller/Hrth/Tasche/ Unnewehr: Glass in Building)]
Glass in buildings
Joining methods - stress distribution in the substrate material
Bolted connection Adhesive connection
Options to join flat glass
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ACCESS 2016
Point-, linear, planar-type connection
Bonded point fixing Structural Glazing System Bonded glass frame
Evaluation
Advantages: Disadvantages:
No weakening of the substrate Low thermal resistance

materials (no borehole and recess) Degradation of the joint by
homogeneous load-transfer environmental influences (ageing)
Low thermal impact on the substrate decrease of adhesive strength
materials embrittlement
Joining of different materials Cleaning and/or surface treatment
Sealing of the joint reduced required (additional work process)
corrosion Curing time implication on the
Joining of thin components production process, storage
(lamination) Nondestructive testing nearly

impossible
Adhesion und cohesion
Adhesion by physical interaction:
hydrogen bond/van der Waals forces

Adhesion by chemical bond:
atomic/ionic/metallic substrate
boundary layer
near-boundary zone
Cohesion
polymer (bulk)
sticking together of a substance
near-boundary zone
boundary layer
Mechanical adhesion:
substrate
interlocking with a rough surface
structure positive connection
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ACCESS 2016
Glass surface
hydrophilic character
agglomeration of tin-oxide at the bath-side (float glass process)
Weight percentage SnO2 [%]
Depth [m]
1 air 5 diffusion zone

2 adsorbate 6 undisturbed glass
3 organic molecules 7 dirt particle
4 water film
Selection criteria for the adhesive
service temperature -20C to +80C
adequate shear and tensile stength

durability (UV, corrosive media,
moisture, cleaning agents)
high stiffness for point fixings
high flexibility for linear or large planar

joints between materials with different
coefficients of thermal expansion
intermediate stiffness/flexibility for

load-bearing joints
reduced tendency to creep

color/transparency
Material behavior of different adhesives
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ACCESS 2016
Polymeric structure of adhesives
thermoplastic (semicrystalline) cross-linked elastomer cross-linked thermoset material
Joint design and typical stress distributions
shear (off-centered)
shear (centric)
tension, compression
unfavorable
split and peel
Failure pattern according to EN ISO 10365
Adhesive failure Adhesive failure on Cohesive failure

(AF) both substrates (AF) (CF)
Substrate-near cohesive failure (SCF) Adhesive-cohesive

failure with peeling
(ACFP)
Substrate failure (SF)

[Habenicht: Kleben]
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ACCESS 2016

Photo: Steindl Glas Austria

General types of joint detail design according to ETAG 002
Quelle Steindl Glas
Type I: Self-weight carried on mechanical support a Adhesive

Type III & IV: Self-weight of glazing carried by adhesive b Setting block
Type I & III: Additional retaining device to reduce danger in case of bond failure c Mechanical self-weight support
Type II & IV: No retaining device d Retaining device

European standardization
Doors, windows, shutters, building

EN 13830 EN 14351-1 hardware and curtain walling
Curtain Windows and (CEN/TC33)
walling external doors
prEN 16759 Structural Sealant Glazing Systems (SSGS)
EN 15434 EN 13022-1 EN 1279-5

structural/ UV- Glass products Insulating glass
resistant sealant for SSG units
Sealants
(CEN/TC349) EN 13022-2
Assembly
Glass in building
rules
(CEN/TC129)
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ACCESS 2016

Joint detail (System Raico THERM+ SG2)
Raico
1 Weather seal
2 Tapping screw
3 Toggle
4 U-profile integrated in edge
seal of IGU
5 Gasket
6 Screw channel
7 Mullion (aluminum, steel,
timber)

Retaining devices and mechanical supports
Steindl SG Eckelt Vario Raico Therm+ SG2

Innovative concepts
Fraunhofer ISC, Wrzburg

(photo: Christoph Seelbach | Saint-Gobain Glass)
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ACCESS 2016

Worked example

Worked example
Determination of bite hc
a W 2,04 m 1,20 kN/m 2

hc 8,7 mm
2 des 2 0,14 N/mm 2
hc 8 mm 12 mm 20 mm 8,7 mm
hc bite (dimension of the structural seal measured in the plane

of a panel), range 6 mm hc 20 mm
a short side dimension of the glass pane
W combined actions of the wind and the snow
des tension design stress des= Ru,5/tot = 0,14 MPa (DC993)
Ru,5 characteristic breaking stress (5% quantil with 75%
confidence)
tot total safety factor tot = 6,0
Corner detail

Worked example
Determination of the thickness e (e 6 mm)
G 0,47 4,4
e 9,4 mm 10 mm
2 des 2 0,11
if a b ( the pane is supported at side a)
the maximum thermal movement is calculated by
(Tc T0 ) c (Tv T0 ) v (a 2)2 b 2
(55 20 ) 24 (80 20 ) 9 10 6 (2,04 / 2) 2 3,50 2 4,4 mm
a/b short/long side dimension of the glass pane

coefficients of thermal expansion: glass v = 910-6 1/K,
sealant support frame (aluminum) c = 2410-6 1/K
T temperatures Tv = 80C (glass), Tc = 55C (metallic frame),
T0 = 20C (during silicone application)
G shear modulus G = E/3 = 0,47 MPa (DC 993)
des shear design stress des = Ru,5/tot = 0,11 MPa (DC 993)
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ACCESS 2016

Supervision and quality control - overview
Sealant mixing (pump start-up, container change)

Glass test
Butterfly test
Snap time test
Site glazing considerations

Application temperature range +10C to +40C
Cleaning and priming of surfaces
substrate must be kept free of condensation or
moisture
Gluing within one hour after cleaning and
pretreatment
Adhesion and cure quality control

Peel adhesion test
H-piece test

Supervision and quality mixing
[Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual]

Supervision and quality control snap time
[Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual]
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ACCESS 2016

Supervision and quality control adhesion on different substrates
Peel adhesion test

Supervision and quality control mechanical performance
Tensile test on H-Pieces Cohesive failure
Bonded glass frames

Photo: Friedrich May
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ACCESS 2016
Bonded glass frames

Glass enclosure for a helium storage unit, Leibniz IFW Dresden
Rendering: Blum & Schultze Architekten, Dresden
Bonded glass frames

Material characteristics of the adhesive uniaxial tensile test
Stress
E2
1
E1
1 2 Strain
Youngs Modulus according to E-20C = 1,409 MPa

EN ISO 527 calculated between E+23C = 0323 MPa
0.05 % and 0.25 % strain E+60C = 0007 MPa
Bonded glass frames

Structural design
Regular scenario Failure scenario
Structural design: GSK Glas Statik Konstruktion GmbH, Dresden
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Bonded glass frames

Experimental evaluation of the load bearing capacity
Bonded glass frames

Detailing
Bonded glass frames

Manufacturing
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Bonded glass frames

Installation
Photos: Stefan Unnewehr
Bonded glass frames

Gluing on site
Bonded glass frames

Finished structure
Photos: Stefan Unnewehr
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ACCESS 2016
Benefit and vision
Timber building with conventional Timber building with glass bracing Prefabricated wall/facade elements
facade (Photo: L. Blatzek) (Photo: C. Hasenauer) (Rendering: S. Hernandez G&M)
Non-load-bearing facade
Adapter frame (UNIGLAS|Facade)
IGU bonded with on a timber sub-structure (UNIGLAS|Facade) Dead load support (UNIGLAS|Facade)
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ACCESS 2016
Shear wall element in the facade
Selection and evaluation of a suitable adhesive
Manufacturing of dog-bone specimens Uniaxial tensile test Manufacturing of shear specimen
UV-exposure Shear test Numerical model of the joint
Manufacturing of prototypes
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ACCESS 2016
Quasi-static and cyclic racking test
Specimen
Flat bondline 12 x 3mm
Bonded directly to LVL-substructure
(similar to mid-size specimens)
Glass pane 2276 x 2276 mm

Laminated safety glass
6 mm FG/0.76mm PVB/6 mm FG
Timber profile 80 x 160 mm LVL
Tests
1 x monotonic (EN 594)
3 x cyclic (ISO 16670)
Facility: University of Ljubljana/ZAG/CBD
ZAG test site in Ljubljana (SLO)
Quasi-static and cyclic racking test results
Quasi-static and cyclic racking test failure mode
Test set-up Timber failure (bottom left) Timber failure (bottom right)
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Large scale creep test set-up and measuring points
Large scale creep test results
Timber Innovation Showroom in Binswangen (GER)
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Showroom, Gumpp & Maier GmbH, Binswangen (GER)
References
Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual. Dow Corning Corporation, 2011.
Habenicht, G.: Kleben: Grundlagen, Technologien, Anwendungen. Berlin, Heidelberg,

New York: Springer, 2006.
UNIGLAS: Handbuch fr die Planung und Erstellung von uniGlas | FACADE Holz-
Glas-Verbundelementen. uniGlas GmbH & Co. KG, Montabaur, 2014.
Weller, B.; Hrth, K.; Tasche, S.; Unnewehr, S.: DETAIL Practice Glass in Building.
Principles, Applications, Examples. Basel: Birkhuser, 2009.
Weller, B. et al.: Kleben im konstruktiven Glasbau. In: Stahlbaukalender 2011. edited

by Ul. Kuhlmann. Berlin: Ernst und Sohn, 2011. pp. 585-646.

Thank you.

Photo: Steffen Spitzner
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08 160607 Bonding of Glass

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ACCESS 2016

ACCESS Structural Use of Glass

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Bonded glass frames

Photo: Steffen Spitzner

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 2|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 3|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 4|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 5|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 6|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Patent glazing bar Clamp fixing Disc point fixing

[Weller/Hrth/Tasche/ Unnewehr: Glass in Building)]

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 7|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bolted connection Adhesive connection

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 8|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 9|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded point fixing Structural Glazing System Bonded glass frame

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

No weakening of the substrate Low thermal resistance

Sealing of the joint reduced required (additional work process)

corrosion Curing time implication on the

Joining of thin components production process, storage

(lamination) Nondestructive testing nearly

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 11|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesion by physical interaction:

hydrogen bond/van der Waals forces

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 12|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

agglomeration of tin-oxide at the bath-side (float glass process)

Weight percentage SnO2 [%]

1 air 5 diffusion zone

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

service temperature -20C to +80C

adequate shear and tensile stength

high stiffness for point fixings

high flexibility for linear or large planar

intermediate stiffness/flexibility for

reduced tendency to creep

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 14|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

23.04.15 Bonding of Glass Felix Nicklisch 15|57

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

thermoplastic (semicrystalline) cross-linked elastomer cross-linked thermoset material

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive failure Adhesive failure on Cohesive failure

Substrate-near cohesive failure (SCF) Adhesive-cohesive

Substrate failure (SF)

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction