Across the element of period 3 ,it contains

sodium,magnesium,aluminium,silicon,phosphorus,

,sulphur,chlorine and argon.By going through this experiment,the manipulated

variable is the type of period 3 oxide used.In this experiment ,the period 3 oxides used
were soium peroxide,magnesium oxide...While the ressponding variable were
appearance ,temperature of solution,...The pH value of solution was tested by adding
2-4 drops of universal indicator solution and compare with the chart provided.

Sodium peroxide ,Na2O2 is a strong oxidizer.It will react with water and hydrolyzed
by water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide.The product sodium
peroxide is very soluble in water and it release heat when react with water and form
alkali solution based on the chemical equation: (EQN)
Magnesium oxide only slightly soluble in water and release very small amount of heat
when react with water.The solution form is slightly alkaline which is magnesium
hydroxide as the chemical reaction shown.(EQN
Aluminium oxide is very unreactive,it is insoluble in water and doesn`t react simple
way with water bacause the oxide ions of aluminium oxide held too strongly in the
solid lattice.However, aluminium oxide is amphoteric,it has reactions as both acid and
base .
Silicon dioxide does not react with water and insoluble in water since it is covalent
macromolecule structure which hard to break up.
Phosphorus (V)oxide reacts with water to form acidic solution.It is exothermic reaction
when react with water as it release heat and form phosphorus acid.(EQN).
Chlorine oxide soluble in water and form acidic solution when react with water.It
produce chlorine acid (l) with also called as hypochlorous acid.EQN

Across the period 3oxides,the melting point,biling point and conductivity of the
solution of these period 3 oxdes will change base on the structure and the bonding
of the oxidesThe trend in structure of period3 oxide is divided in three partwhich is
first part is the metallic oxides which containing metal ions and oxide ion which is
Na2O2,MgO and Al2O3.These have high melting points and boiling points due to the
strong attraction force between oppositely charge ions that needed a lot of energy
to break the ionic bond.Na2O2 and MgO giant ionic lattice of sodium ions(Na+) and
oxide ions(O2-).The strong alectrostatic forces give the strcture a high melting and
boiling point.Both of them can conduct electricity when ionizes in water to form free
ion either in molten or aqueous solution.Aluminium oxide essentially an ionic lattice
of aluminium ions(AL3+),but despite the higher charge of the aluminium
ion,although the melting point is very high but lower than magnesium oxide and
sodium peroxide.The aluminium ion is highly polarising and distorts the electron
clouds of te oxide ions towars it ,thereby producing some covalent character.It can
only conduct electricity in molten state.The second part is the giant covalent oxide in
the middle of period3 which is silicon dioxide.It is very high meting and boiling point
as there are many strong covalent bonds which strong covalent bonds which needed
a lots of energy to break.Due to silicon dioxide doesn`t have any mobile electron and
ions,so it doesn`t conduct electricity in any physical state.The last part is simple
molecular oxides consists of P4O10 and Cl2O which have the weak intermolecular
forces which is van der waals forces or dipole-dipole attraction then combine the
molecules together.Both of the have low melting and boiling point because only
required a small amounts of energy to break the weak forces between
molecules.Both of them cannnot conduct eectricity in any physical state as they
doesn`tcontain free electrons or ions.Cl2O with smaller relative molecular mass will
has a lower melting and boiling point than P4O10 . P4O10 and Cl2O have melting point
lower than the meta oxides and also silicon oxides.

The elements in period 3 will increase in atomic number when across the period

3 from left (Group1to right Grup18When across period 3,the valence

electron of the elements also increase and become more eletronegative.The atomic
number increase across the period 3 from left to right.Oxides become more acidic
from left to right across the period 3.Ionic oxides of group1 and 2 metallic elements
are basic.Aluminium oxide is amphoteric,it is capable of acting as either acid or
base.Oxide of the semi-metal,silico only weak acidic.Oxides of the non_metallic
elements on the right of the period are all acidic.Sodium peroxide is a strong base
which will react with acids.For an example,it react with dilute hydrochloric acid to
produce sodium chloride solution.(EQN)
Magnesium oxide reacts with warm dilute hydrochloric acid to form magnesium
chloride as magnesium oxide act as a basic oxide.(EQN)
Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide which has both acid and base
properties.Aluminium oxide contain oxide ions and thus react with acids.Aluminium
oxide react with hot dilute hydrochloric acid to give aluminium chloride
solution.(EQN)Aluminium oxide also displays acidic properties.Variuos
aluminates(compounds in which the aluminiu is a coupounds in which the aluminium
is a component in a negative ion)exist,which is possible becuase aluminium can for
covalent bonds with oxygen.This is possible because the lectronegativity difference
between aluinium and oxygen is small,unlike the difference between sodium and
oxygen.For example,aluminium oxide reacts with hot,concentreted sodium
hydroxide solution o produce colourless solution of sodium
tetrahydroxoaluminate.(EQN)
Silicon dioxide is very weak acidic which wil reats with strong bases.For
example,silicon dioxide reacts with hot,concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution ,forming a colorless solution of sodium silicate.(EQN)
Phosphorus pentoxide is a strong acid andphosphorus located in group15.Trisodium
phosphate solution are produced when phosphorus pentoxide reacts with sodium
hydroxide solution.(EQN)
Diclorine monoxide is a strong acid and chlorine is in group17.Sodium hypochlorite
solution and water are produced when it reacts with sodium hydroxide
solution.(EQN)
During this experiment ,there were several precaution steps should be
taken to ensure the accuracy of the result and prevent errors.Firstly,when
measuring the pH of the solution, a white tile or even a piece of white
paper should be kept behind the test tube so as to find out the correct
colouur change to be commpare with that on the pH colour chart.Usage of
a digital pH meter would make the results more accurate.A pipette should
be used instead of a measuring cylinder in order to accurately measure
the volume of the distilled water .The error of the thermometer could be
improved by repeating the measuring of temperature 3 times and taking the
average value.Otherwise , a digital thermometer could be used to immprove
the accuracy of the results.Beside,a glove should be used to prevent the
corrosion of corrosive chemicals.