CE 309

Structural Analysis

Fundamentals

04/10/2016
 Outline of Lecture

Structure
Structural Elements
Joints and Internal Stability
Supports and External Stability
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy
Loads
Direct actions
Indirect loading
Response
Equilibrium of forces
Compatibility of displacements
Force-displacement relations
 Structural Analysis & Design

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS

LOADS RESPONSE ?
(Input) (Output)

Stability
STRUCTURE Strength
(system) Stiffness
Economy
Aesthetics
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural Modelling
Space Frames and Plane Frames
Plane Frames and Beams
Grids and Beams
Typical Skeletal (framed) structures
Surface Elements
 Modelling of Structure

STRUCTURE

SKELETAL SPATIAL

Space frame Walls

Plane frame Slabs
Space truss Shells
Plane truss Folded Plates
Beam
Grid
 Joints and Supports

Inter-connection between various structural elements

Supports are special types of joints, located at the boundaries

Two important functions served by joints :

To provide the desired
structural integrity
Kinematic function Different connecting parts
should displace identically
(translate/rotate) at the joint

To transmit internal forces

Static function (axial/shear/bending
moment/twisting moment)
from one element to another
 Joints and Supports

Pinned (Free relative rotation)

Joints Semi-rigid
Rigid (No relative rotation or translation)

Provide stability to the structure by preventing

undesirable displacements
Supports Provide resistance to applied loads by
generating reactions
 Joints and Supports

Rigid Joint at B

Rigidity in the joint ensures that the included angle between the
connecting members (AB and BC) remain unchanged in the
deformed configuration
Thus, both members undergo same clockwise rotation, B
The value of bending moments at the two member ends at B will
be equal and opposite (Newtons third law)
 Joints and Supports

Pinned Joint at B

Pinned joint permits free relative rotation between the connecting

members (AB and BC), while ensuring that the translation is same.
Column AB behaves like a vertical cantilever, with no flexural
participation from beam BC
 Internal Stability

Structures that are internally unstable are

deficient in terms of minimum rigidity
requirements to maintain their geometric
configurations. They exhibit mechanism-
like behaviour

P
A B

Instability due to presence of an

internal hinge
 Supports and External Stability

Structures that are externally unstable are

deficient in terms of adequate support
conditions
 Degree of Static Indeterminacy

When we provide more supports than the minimum required for external stability,
we make the structure externally redundant

Similarly, when we provide more internal constraints than the minimum required to
make the structure internally stable, we make the structure internally redundant

The force/moment associated with the extra external restraint or internal

constraint is the redundant in the structure

The degree of static indeterminacy is the number of redundants (externally or in

any given over rigid system
Degree of Static Indeterminacy, ns
Degree of Static Indeterminacy, ns
 Degree of Kinematic Indeterminacy

While the term statics is associated with forces, the term kinematics is associated
with displacements

The degree of kinematic indeterminacy is the degrees of freedom or independent

displacement co-ordinates at the various joints in a skeletal structure.
Degree of Kinematic Indeterminacy, nk
Static vs Kinematic Indeterminacy
 Loads - Direct Actions

Dead Loads (due to self-weight)

Live Loads (due to human occupancy; vehicles)
Wind Loads (aerodynamic forces due to wind)
Snow Loads (due to snow accumulating on the top of a
structure)
Earthquake (seismic) Loads (inertial forces due to ground
motions)
Soil and water pressures
Wave Loads (on offshore platforms)
Blast Loads (due to explosions)
 Loads Indirect Loading

Support displacements
Constructional errors
Environmental changes
 Loads Indirect Loading

Support displacements

In determinate structures,
Rigid Body motions ; no force response
 Loads Indirect Loading
In indeterminate structures,
Bending moments; shear forces; support reactions induced

Propped Cantilever beam

Fixed beam
 Loads Indirect Loading

Constructional errors
Lack of Fit in trusses
 Loads Indirect Loading

Environmental changes
Temperature Effect
 Response
When a structure is loaded, it responds by :
developing internal force resultants and support reactions
(force response)
undergoing displacements in the form of deflections,
rotations, curvatures, etc (displacement response)

For stable, linear elastic structure, there exists a unique

response that satisfies the following 3 requirements:
1. Equilibrium of forces (ensures static admissibility)
2. Compatibility of displacements (ensures kinematic
admissibility)
3. Force-displacement relations (involve material stress-strain
laws)