CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Lightweight aggregate concrete also called porous concrete is type of lightweight concrete which is

made of cement and other cementitious substances like fly ash, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, some

chemicals, and water. The chemical admixtures and silica fume result in high strength and durable

concretes. Anyway, conventional concrete and porous concrete have the similar components what

differs is that the porous concrete has less fine aggregates and coarse aggregate remains close allowing

some space between them.

Recycling concrete is a regular method to get benefit of debris. It once used to be concrete to landfills

by tractor-trailer, but recycling became more attractive due to number of positivitys like perfect

environmental alertness and laws. as well as the costs, will go down. All concrete from the demolition

sites goes through a crushing machine, which only allow clean materials which are free of papers,

wood and so on. On the other side accept metals which are collected by magnets and inspection tools.

Finally, pieces collected are sorted according to size, you can put them under crushing again in some

cases. After that other particles go under the same process and the water is collected manually. Porous

concrete properties turned out to be very convenient for road pavement and sidewalks. the porous

concretes mixture may be required due to lack of obligatory between materials.

1
One of the porous applications is to improve the workability of newly made concrete, ameliorate

resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, the cement usage will decrease either. The reason behind

all of this is alkali-aggregate expansion and the sulfate attack. Silica fume or also called micro silica

is a byproduct of silicone, it is mostly used for skyscrapers it can pass compressive strength of 20,100

psi. Silica fume will replace cement in quantities of 5-12%. Little particle dimensions, big surface

area and huge amount of silicon dioxide are the specialties of the silica fume which makes it very

incompatible. Modification of porous concrete with silica fume affects amazingly in its properties, not

to mention the cost.

In this research, we will be handling a successful application procedure of recycled aggregate which

is the waste concrete created from river improvement works and resumption work of water way,

deformed concrete debris from the previous concrete structures. Not omitting the construction site

state, recycled aggregate is manufactured by deforming of waste concrete, and the cement paste is put

together and combined with the aggregates to obtain the lightweight porous concrete. The compressive

strength of porous concrete is specified. Compressive strength test is determined as the fundamentals

for this study since it carries the small amount of random results in comparison to other examinations.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Basically, concrete is weak in tension it cracks with excessive tension. In order to heighten concrete

strength, we use aggregate which is the most suitable material which has lower cost than cement.

Construction of Concrete usually suffers corrosion due to unfamiliar material, corrosive and organic

substance that is in contact with. By heightening the compactness and the strength of the concrete this

corrosion will stop. That will be managed by employing water to lower the admixtures. It is
2
unfortunate that Malaysia has no technical figures and information obtainable on development actions

and implementation of porous concrete using recycling aggregate. The rate of rainfall in Malaysia is

up to 2500mm per year. Therefore, it is important to find manners of showing and make porous

concrete technology popular in Malaysia. This way the adverse effects resulted from rainfall on

mudslides and floods will be reduced.

Porous concrete is a solution for some problems of the environment it supports attainable growth

either. The performance of water-retaining, water-draining and water-permeating of this porous

concrete is being employed in building extension, sidewalks, road pavement and for plant bedding.

Because of development, a lot of ancient building have to be knocked down to rebuild more developed

building. Concrete block and other wastes will be handy out of these operations. also, it is a waste to

environment.

1.3 Research Objectives

1. Analyzing the porous concrete properties when it is combined with silica fume and when it is

not.

2. Studying differences and similarities of porous concrete using normal aggregate and recycled

aggregate.

3
1.4 Scope of Study

This study was organized to design materials according to the needs with the parts of recyclability,

availability, price and environmental. Thus, the material and its properties should be enhanced before

employing it as a building material and it should be studied entirely in so careful way. The main goal

of this research is to find the key to make porous concrete from recycled aggregate using silica fume.

Each cube dimension is 150150150 10^-3m. The dimension of aggregate which is specified by

sieve analysis. The range of recycled aggregate and usual aggregate is around 20 mm. twenty-seven

cubes of recycling aggregate combined with silica fume are provided this project with nine cubes for

control sample. So many sorts of tests are there such as slump examination, analyzing sieve and the

common compressive strength test.

1.5 Significant of study

Many countries had done variety of studies and tests on porous concrete including porous concrete

properties and uses like road pavement and fishing bank not to mention the sidewalks. Thus, the

material and properties has to be ameliorated before it is extensively used. The main goal of this

research is to find the key to manufacture porous concrete from recycled aggregate using silica fume.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Porous is defined as a zero slump, open graded material consisting of cement, coarse aggregate, no or

little fines, admixtures and water. This is the definition used in the ACI 522R-06 porous Concrete.

The properties of the concrete vary, but the mix targets air voids of 15% to 25% and the water

permeability is typically about 2.0 to 6.0 mm/s. It is the properties that provide the performance for

storm water management that is in high demand from environmental services of Canadian

municipalities.

However, silica fume modified porous concrete also has their fatigue behavior. Highly permeable

materials provide drainage and noise-absorption properties that are useful in pavement to layers. In

such porous concretes, the voids reduce the mechanical integrity, which may have to be compensated

for with the incorporation of nonconventional components, such as silica fume. A basic property need

for the design of pavements is the fatigue behavior of the material, which has not been studied

thoroughly for silica fume-modified porous concrete. Moreover, porous concrete also has ability to

reduce pollutants concentrations through several ways. The aggregate filters the

storm water and slows it sufficiently to allow sedimentation to occur. Previous studies also found that

beneficial treatment bacteria in the soils have been discovered established on aggregate bases. (Pratt

et al., 1999)

5
 Figure 2.1: Pervious concrete allows water to pass through it.

In order the admixture must be added together to increase the strength of porous concrete. Some

examples of admixtures are polymers, fibers, silica fumes, and others. Silica fume modified porous

concrete has their own fatigue behavior.

Recently, research of porous concrete which covers the destructed environment has made a remarkable

development nowadays. Mechanical properties such as strength and durability have been improved

and the required properties for various applications are successfully obtained. It was first used in 1852

but only recently has become popular in part due to federal sanitation regulations and water

conservation. European countries have been used porous concrete since the nineteenth century

(Francis, 1965). In 2001, Japan Concrete Institute organized Technical Committee on Establishment

of Design and Practical Method of Porous Concrete. In 2002, and 2003, the presentation of

committees report and the symposium on porous concrete was held in Tokyo.

6
This proceeding consists of sour sections:

1. State of the art report by the committee.

2. Invite papers.

3. Abstracts of general papers.

4. List of others papers.

2.2 Materials

Porous concrete are using the same materials with conventional concrete. So in the porous concrete

there are some material should be preparation to do to concrete like the Portland cement and silica

fume and aggregate that to allow you to start doing your work in lab easily in this study will conducted

the porous concrete with silica fume will use instead of the other material.

2.1.Cement

Portland cement often referred to as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most common type of

cement in general use around the world because it is a basic ingredient of concrete, stucco, mortar and

most non-specialty grout. It is a fine powder produced by grinding Portland cement clinker more than

90%, a limited amount of the calcium sulfate to controls the set time and up to 5% of the minor

components as permitted by different standards. The main raw material for the manufacture of

Portland cement is usually limestone (CaCO3) mixed with a second material containing clay as a

source of aluminon-silicate. Usually, it is the use of limestone that contains clay of unclean or SiO2.

Content can CaCO3 of this limestone be as low as 80%. Second raw materials depend on the purity

of the limestone. Some ores second used are: clay, stone, sand, iron ore, bauxite, and fly ash.
7
2.2.Recycled Aggregate

The idea of using waste concrete as recycled aggregate concrete in construction industry not new. In

the beginning, has been approved recycling concrete after the destruction of World War (Hansen, 1992

T.C. Hansen, porous recycled term of crushed concrete and masonry, E and FN SPON, London (1992).

Only after that time, people began to gain some knowledge about recycled aggregate concrete. In

recent years, due to the rapid urbanization and the requirement of sustainable development, more and

more researches have been undertaken. So far, over 30 universities, institutes and companies have

been engaged in the researches and applications of recycled aggregate concrete.

The main research activities of recycled aggregate concrete include:-

1. The impact of the recycled aggregate concrete content on the strength, deformation characteristics

and the durability aspects of concretes with similar composition.

2. The application of aggregate concrete recycled in pavements and buildings.

Figure2.2: Recycled crushed aggregate.

8
Nowadays, almost all demolished concrete has been mostly dumped to landfills. As concrete is an

essential, mass-produced material in the construction industry, efforts have been made to recycle and

to conserve it. Complete and repeated recycling have recently become important aspects of the

construction industry, as is the case for aluminum and steel. Since concrete compose only of

cementitious materials and powders generated during the production of recycled aggregate which can

be reprocessed as cement resources, this permits repeated recycling in a fully-closed system. Concrete

recycling can be achieved by reusing concrete products, and then processed in the secondary raw

materials as packing materials and the rules of the road sub-bases, or a compilation of new concrete

production.

A two-stage approach was developed to improve the quality of mixing recycled concrete aggregate

for high-quality applications. The experimental results showed that the optimal performance of the

total concrete using a two-stage approach mixing occurs with about 20% replacement of the total

recycled. This can be attributed effects of the approach phases mixing of the nature of porous rubble

recycled, and can therefore be pores and cracks filled successfully through the process of pre-mixing,

resulting in more concrete density, and regions all over the home improvement Total recycled and thus

higher power compared with concrete using conventional approaches mixing. This approach is

intended to two phases to improve the overall quality of the concrete mixing and reduce the volatility

of its strength.

9
Recycled aggregate will typically have higher Specific absorption and less serious normal aggregate

and concrete production with creep and high drying shrinkage. These differences become larger with

increasing amounts of recycled fine aggregate. Too many recycled fines can also produce mixture stiff

and unworkable.

Figure 2.3: The relationship between water absorption of recycled and normal aggregate.

Many transportation departments have found that using 100% recycled coarse aggregate, but only

approximately 10% to 20% Recycled and fines works well. The remaining percentage of fines is

natural sand. Totals chloride content of recycled aggregates is of concern if the materials use in

reinforced concrete. However, the amount of chloride in old concrete the pavement is usually lower

than critical threshold value. Construction and demolition waste generation has exceedingly increased

around the World. In Australia, is created about 40% of the waste construction and demolition annually

out of the different types of construction and demolition waste and concrete make up about 80% of

the total waste. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle waste recycled concrete for the collection and

recycling of concrete aggregate.

Figure 2.3: The relationship between water absorption of recycled and normal aggregate.

10
2.3.Water

Concrete or specifically, cement needs moisture to hydrate and treat (harden). Thus, water is also an

important material in the mixing ratio required. When the concrete dries, it stops in fact be stronger.

Concrete can with a little water be very dry, but not quite a reaction. And concrete properties such this

to be less than that of wet concrete. Interaction water with cement in the concrete very important to

their properties and reactions persist for many years.

Figure 2.4: The water/cement ratio and porosity relationship

Concrete strength is highly dependent of hydration reaction. Water is an important role, in particular,

the amount used. Less water used can lead to increased hydration force. In fact, concrete is mixed

with large amounts of water required for hydration reaction

11
This additional water is added to provide sufficient performance concrete. Concrete fluid needed to

correct and form.Voda filling composition is not used in hydration reaction in the pore space of the

microstructure. Due to lack of resistance training calcium silicate hydrate bonds the pores make

concrete weaker. Some remain regardless of the specifics compacted.

Figure 2.5: show the Concrete strength to water cement ratio as function

Porosity determined by the water to cement ratio. The relationship between cement ratio to water and

strength is show in figure 2.5. Low water to cement ratio leads to low strength but low workability.

High water to cement ratio leads to low strength, but good workability.

2.4.Silica fume

The silica fume is a secondary in the reduction of high purity quartz with coke in Supply are ranges

in the production of silicon alloy and ferrosilicon. silica fume is composed of fine particles with an

area upon the order of (215.280 ft / lb (20,000 m / kg)) while measured by nitrogen Sorption
12
techniques, with about 100 particles size and because of high silica content and absolute purity

Cement, silica fume is extremely effective particle pozzolanic materials.

Improve Portland cement concrete properties by added silica fume, particularly its bond strength,

compressive strength in, and abrasion resistance. As mechanical improvements resulting these

improvements result from the addition of a very fine powder for mix the cement paste and the

pozzolanic reactions between free calcium hydroxide and the silica fume in the paste. The addition of

silica fume reduces the permeability of concrete to chloride ions, Which Protects the steel

reinforcement in concrete from corrosion, particularly In chloride-rich environments Such as coastal

regions. When silica fume is integrated, the rate of hydration of cement during first hour is increases

due to the liberation of ions and OH and alkalis into the pore fluid. The rate of increased might be due

to hydration capacity of the silica fume to supply nucleation sites for active hydration products such

as lime, C S H, and ettringite. The pozzolanic reaction of silica fume is very important and

decreases evaporable water content between 90 and 550 days of low water / binder ratios with the

addition of silica fume.

13
Figure 2.6: Silica fume in dry forms.

14
2.3 Physical Contribution:

1. Adding Silica Fume brings millions and millions of very small particles to concrete mixture.

2. Just like fine aggregates fills in the spaces between coarse aggregate particles, Silica Fume fills in

the spaces between cement grains.

3. This phenomenon is frequently referred to as particle packing or micro-filling.

2.4 Chemical Contribution:

1. It is very high amorphous silicon dioxide content because of that silica fume is a very reactive

Pozzolanic material in concrete.

2. As the Portland cement in concrete begins to react chemically it releases Calcium hydroxide.

3. The Silica Fume reacts with this Calcium hydroxide to form additional binder material called

Calcium Silicate hydrate, which is very similar to the Calcium hydrate formed from the Portland

cement.

4. It is largely this additional binder that gives silica-fume concrete its improved hardened properties.

2.5 Properties

2.5.1 Water Permeability

The water permeability is an important parameter for practical porous concrete is designed to function as

a drain layer of pavement structures. Given porosity and interconnected air route spaces, Darcy law S "for

laminar flow is not applicable to porous concrete. The flow through the porous concrete depends on the

materials and processes put. The water permeability is usually approximately 2.0 to 6.0 mm / sec.

15
2.5.2 Compressive Strength

Porous concrete admixtures can develop strengths in a pressure range of 400 psi to 4000 psi (2.8 to 28

MPa) that is appropriate for a wide range of applications. Typical values are approximately 17 MPa. As

with any concrete, the properties and combinations of specific materials, as well as placement techniques

and environmental conditions, will dictate the actual in-place strength. Drilling cores are the best measure

of in-place strength, as compaction differences make cast cylinders less representative of field concrete.

2.6 Applications of Porous Concrete

The high of water flow rate through a porous concrete pavement allows rainfall to capture and to filter

into the soil. So the application of porous concrete as the following is:

1. Road pavement.

2. Noise Absorbing and Thermal Performance.

3. Moisture-Conditioning/Absorbing Performance.

2.7 Road Pavement

Porous concrete usually used as materials in road pavement, side walk and park because of the

performance of water-permeating, draining, and retaining. Particularly for road pavement, the porous

concrete has been used since 1985, most of which are of permeable full-depth types. Also, porous

concrete having high rutting resistance, abrasion resistance and oil resistance as well as drainage

function is bonded and unified with continuous reinforced concrete slabs into composite pavement to

withstand the repeated stopping and starting motions of cars. For the purpose of tentative pounding of

16
rainwater and recharging into the ground, the porous concrete is used for permeable trenches, gullies,

and side gutters.

Figure 2.7: Road pavement using porous concrete.

2.8 Noise Absorbing and Thermal Performance

Porous concrete materials can be used as noise-absorbing products. Active attempts have been made

in recent year to develop precast acoustic panels using the porous concrete, to impart not only a noise-

insulating effect but also noise-absorbing one to concrete products. Practical application of the porous

concrete to noise barriers, the backside of elevated roads and inside walls of tunnels is under way.

Meanwhile for the thermal performance of the porous concrete refers to its performance to mitigate

or improve the environment in terms of thermal conditions. Investigation into thermal performance of

the porous concrete has just commenced. The examples including used in rooftop gardens.

17
2.9 Moisture-Conditioning/Absorbing Performance

The moisture-conditioning performance of the porous concrete is said to depend on the moisture-

absorbing properties of aggregate, void content, the conditions of internal void surfaces and the

properties of the binder. Excellent moisture-conditioning performance can therefore be achieved for

buildings requiring such properties by properly selecting the aggregate, binder and mixture

proportions to be used. Due to its large surface area, the porous concrete can be made to possess a

gas-adsorbing performance by selecting materials that absorb gas.

18
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This research is going through properties of the porous concrete whether the silica fume is added or it

is not. Normal aggregate and recycled aggregate both are used. Test procedures, specimens and the

materials used are all explained in this chapter. Stages this study is built on to accomplish the intended

objectives. The appropriateness of materials, facilities, resources and the testing machine checking

before launching. Cube test, slump test and other concrete samples tests are being processed.

Eventually, the results are employed to draw out the summary. The stages flow is indicated in (Figure

3.1) and experimental methodology in (Figure 3.2).

19
 Research Design

Find the Material Resources

Literature Review

Calculation Work Laboratory Work

Data Collection & Compilation

Analysis & Interpret the Data

Prepare the Report

Figure 3.1: Flow Chart of Study stages

Materials Specimen Preperation Test Method

Cement Mix Composition Slump Test
Water Mould Density
Course Aggregate Producing Sample Compressive
Silica Fume Curing Strength

Figure 3.2: Experimental Methodology

20
3.2 Materials

Essentially, porous concrete carries the same foundation idea with conventional concrete but porous

concrete has less or no fine aggregate. One of the secrets to a successful project is Gradation of

aggregate; a small change in aggregate grading results noticeably in their strength. Therefore, the

aggregate should be very clean and conveniently graded. Aggregate concrete combination needs

variety of considerations in everything such as curing process, placing, and compaction. In order to

obtain a desired result mixing proportion must have more tight controls on batching. Porous concrete

elements are coarse aggregate, cement, water and some silica fume. Porous concrete using twenty

millimeters dimension of coarse aggregate or recycled coarse aggregate are to be tested and their

strength will be compared consequently the properties are recognized and the usage for future

development in Malaysia will be clear. The silica fume is added either for extra strength.

21
3.2.1 Cement

OPC Ordinary Portland Cement this type is necessary to produce the porous concrete. to produce the

porous concrete. Table 3.1 is showing chemical composition of the cement OPC. Manufacturer of the

OPC include the chemical analysis data.

Table 3.1: The Chemical Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Constituent Percentage by weight

Lime (CaO) 62.561

Silica (SiO2) 19.757

Alumina (Al2O3) 5.591

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.393

Magnesia (MgO) 1.233

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.382

(P2O5) 0.078

(N2O) 0.019

Insoluble Residue -

Los of Ignition 2.144

Lime satrurated factor 0.9498

22
 Figure 3.3: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

3.2.2 Water

Water is one of the basic requirements for usual ready mixed concrete. Insufficient water results in

lack of compatibility in the mix and weak bond strength between aggregate particles. Anyway,

elevated water content in the mix reduces and eliminate the void structure. It is necessary for the

porosity.

3.2.3 Aggregate

The surface-dry condition in porous concrete can be created by the usage of aggregate and it is free

moisture. As a matter of fact, control of water is major in porous concrete. The water absorbed by

aggregates mixture which compact well or do not place. Anyway, adding water in order to heighten

the water cement ratio contributes to the mixing water. Porous concrete is called eco-friendly to the
23
environment and that is because recycled aggregate lower the waste from construction site. The

recycle aggregate that left out of demolish building made of a single particle size is suitable to fulfill

the specified void. Fine aggregate are not used and the grading dimension of coarse aggregates is

twenty mm. Because of the increased water absorption, recycled aggregate should be kept in water

for one day before mixing to maintain sustained water-cement ratio of the porous concretes mix.

Concrete recycling is kind of easy process, it includes removing, breaking and crushing concrete into

materials with exact size and strength. The quality of concrete counts on the recycled materials used.

Attention should be there to avoid contamination with the rest materials, like balls, chlorides, glass,

asphalt, soil and clay, sealants, paper, wood, gypsum board, and roofing materials. They all can be

dangerous.

Figure 3.4: crushed aggregate

24
3.2.4 Silica Fume

The main object from adding silica is to help ambient curing properties of the concrete. A silica

fume was tested to make sure it influences on the mechanical and acoustical properties. Silica fume

takes from 10-30% of the weight of cement. Basically silica fumes are existed in the shape of fine

particles, therefore the concrete become slighter impermeable on addition

Figure 3.5: Silica Fume Powder.

3.3 Mixing Preparation

To obtain a better property to the porous concrete some stages when preparing the mix must be done.

fundamentally porous concrete must have void structure between fifteen to twenty-five percent. The

void content and size affect the performance of the porous concrete, so they are vital and must be

selected conveniently. In addition, the durability also needs to be put in consideration where the porous

concrete should be managed with a small water cement ratio to compensate the reduced durability of

the conventional concrete. At the same time, the particular design strength must be sufficiently formed

as stated by the use because the strength of aggregate concrete is deeply connected to the void content.

The strength of mix preparing must be designed by the addition of a margin of the variations of

standard to the determined design strength. Construction condition considered as well. The sort of
25
aggregates matters too, recycled aggregate of various sizes are used. Comparison between all types of

porous concrete properties is established.in fact, the dimension of cube used is hundred-fifty to the

power of three for different aggregate and silica fume from zero to thirty percent is employed.

Table 2: Mix Proportions

% of Water Fine Coarse Cement

Silica Fume (kg) Aggregate Aggregate (kg)

(kg) (kg)

7.9 25 15 13.19
0%

9.15 0 35 12.51
10%

10.4 0 35 11.12
20%

12.9 0 35 9.73
30%

Total 40.35 25 120 47.26

26
3.4 Mixing

Before mixing all materials in the mixing machine, extra water is added into the recycled aggregate

because it has low water content and that will prevent it from absorbing the mixing water. Finally we

put cement, coarse aggregates and water all inside the mixing machine.

Figure 3.6: Concrete Mixing using machine

27
3.5 Preparing Specimens

All mixing are compressed by vibrator table to ascertain the specimen is correctly compressed. This

specimen casting is done in cube molds with similar three sides dimension of 150150150mm. in

order to obtain perfect results the concrete must go under vibration for more accurate results. The

specimens are maintained 24 hours after compaction at room temperature.

Table 3.2: Percentage of silica fume

Amount of Curing days

Silica Fume 7 14 28

3 cube 3 cube 3 cube

0% (control sample )

3 cube 3 cube 3 cube

10%

3 cube 3 cube 3 cube

20%

3 cube 3 cube 3 cube

30%

Total 36

28
3.6 Curing Condition

One of the vital stages for porous concrete is curing to maintain appropriate moisture and temperature

to make sure the hydration is continuous. The concrete should not dry in a short time after mixing

because it can lead the surface to weakness and cracking when the shrinkage of concrete starts which

expose the concrete to other effects like concrete deterioration.

3.7 Test Methods

Physical examination ways to evaluate properties of porous concrete were suggested by Japan

Concrete Institute and they were employed in many states. Anyway, practical tests by these methods

divulged some points which need enhancement. Enhancement to these methods and new methods are

provided below:

3.7.1 Slump Test

This experiential test measures the feasibility of fresh concrete. Particularly, it measures the

consistency of the concrete in that specified batch. This test is carried out to check the consistency of

new made concrete. Consistency is connected to workability. It explains the condition of fresh

concrete. It indicates the ease of concrete flowing. It also symbolizes the amount of wetness.

Workability of concrete is vitally influenced by consistency. Drier mixes will be less practicable than

wetter mixes. Witter mixes is very workable by consistency. But concrete that have the same

consistency sometimes differ in workability. It can also be employed to dictate consistency between

individual batches. The test is general due to the clarity of equipment used and easy procedure.

29
Unluckily, the simplicity of the examination usually permits a vast variability in the way that the test

is going. The slump test benefit is to look deep at the uniformity for different batches of the same

concrete with different conditions and to make sure the outcome of plasticizers to calculate the

workability of the porous concrete.

Figure 3.7: Slump Test

3.7.2 Compressive Strength Test

Compression test is always done by the compressive test machine at the material laboratory at

Department of Civil Engineering as particular in the test method BS 1881-Part 116,1983. To obtain

the maximum compression must raise the compressive load by exerting the specimen until failure

begins that is before the test sample dimension is taken As stated earlier porous concrete increase the

compressive strength.

30
Porous concrete can ameliorate compressive strength which is convenient for various applications of

around 400-4000 Pascal. Features values are about seventeen MPa. Typically like any concrete, the

particular material amalgamation and properties like environmental conditions and placement

techniques, will exert the real force in-place strength. That takes twenty-eight days of curing operation.

Figure 3.8: Compressive Strength Equipment

31
REFERENCES

[B] Bhutta, R. Aamer and Tsuruta, Ken,. Dec.(2007). Study on the application of porous concrete

pavement Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Cement Based

Materials and applications in Civil Infrastructure (ACBM-ACI), Lohore, Pakistan,

pp.743-752.

[B] British Standards Institution,(1881) Method for determination of compressive strength of concrete

cubes, BS -Part 116.

[H] Hou J, Chung DDL. (2000). Effect of admixtures in concrete on the corrosion resistance of steel

reinforced concrete. Corros Sci; 42:1489507.

[K]Kajio S, Tanaka S, Tomita R, NodaE, Hashimoto S. (1998). Properties of porous concrete

strength. In: Proceedings 8th international symposium on porous concrete roads, Lisbon;. p.

1717.

in cold weather climates. Final Report. National Concrete Pavement Technology Center,

Iowa State University, Ames, IA;

[S] Somayaji, S.(2001). Civil Engineering Material, Second Edition, Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle

River,

New Jersey, p. 3-22.

[L] Tennis PD, Leming ML, Akers DJ.(2004). Porous Pavements. EB302 Portland Cement

Association

Skokie Illinois and National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Maryland: Silver Spring;

[W]T. Watanabe, Y. Todoroki and S. Iwai,( Apr. 2004) Concrete Journal, The Fatigue Characteristics

and

Structural Design of Porous Concrete Pavement with Flexibility, Vol.42, No.4.

[W] Schaefer VR, Wang K, Suleiman MT, Kevern JT.(2006). Mix design development for Porous

concrete
32