Chapter 14.

1
The Gas Laws
Important Tables:
- Table 13.1, page 390

Gas Behaviour Variables

There are 4 variables that change the behaviour of any gas. They are:
1. pressure
2. ______________
3. ______________
4. amount of ______________ present

Kinetic Theory Variables

There are 5 concepts that the kinetic theory assumes. They are:
1. Gas particles do not _______________ or _______________ each
other.

2. Gas particles are much _______________ than the distances between

them.

3. Gas particles are in _______________, _______________ motion.

4. No _______________ _______________is lost when gas particles

collide with _______________ _______________ or with the
_______________ of the container they are in.

5. All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given

_______________.

Boyle's Law (pg 421)

Boyle's Law states that the ___________ of a given amount of gas held at
a constant temperature varies inversely with the ____________.
Read the first paragraph and explain in your own words how he came up
with his law.

The plot of an inversely proportional relationship results in a (straight,

curved) line. (circle one)

Formula for Boyle's Law:

- P1 and V1 are the initial conditions of a gas and P2 and V2 are the new
conditions.
P = _______________
V = _______________

eg. A sample of helium gas in a balloon is compressed from 4.0 L to 2.5 L

at a constant temperature. If the pressure of the gas in the 4.0 L
volume is 210 kPa, what will the pressure be at 2.5 L?

Practice Problems: #1 5, page 422

Charles Law (pg 423)

Charles Law states that the ___________ of a given mass of gas is

directly proportional to its kelvin ______________ at constant pressure.

Formula for Charles Law:

 - V1 and T1 are the beginning conditions and V2 and T2 are any new set
of conditions
V=
T=
You can solve for unknowns if you know 3 of the 4 values. The temp must
ALWAYS be converted to ____________.

__________ Celsius = 0 Kelvin

eg. A gas sample at 40.0C occupies a volume of 2.32 L. If the

temperature is raised to 75.0C, what will the volume be, assuming the
pressure remains constant?

Practice Problems: #6-8, page 425

Gay-Lussacs Law (pg 426)

Pressure: the result of the collisions between ____________________

and the walls of their container. The more collisions there are, the
(higher, lower) the pressure of the gas. (circle one)

How does an increase in temperature change the energy of a molecule?

Gay-Lussacs Law states that the _______________ of a given mass of

gas varies directly with the kelvin _______________ when the
_______________ remains constant.

Formula for Gay-Lussacs Law:

eg. The pressure of a gas in a tank is 3.20 atm at 22.0C. If the
temperature rises to 60.0C, what will be the gas pressure in the tank?

Practice Problems: #9-13, page 427

 Chapter 14.2
The Combined Gas Law & Avogadros Principle

All of the variables can be combined into a single law. We are now going
to use Boyle's, Charles's and Gay-Lussac's laws so that we can determine
the Combined Gas Law.

Formula for the combined gas law:

To determine the unknown, we must have ____ pieces of information.

eg. A gas at 110 kPa and 30.0C fills a flexible container with an initial
volume of 2.00 L. if the temperature is raised to 80.0C and the
pressure increased to 440 kPa, what is the new volume?

Practice Problems: #19-23, page 430

Avogadro's Principle

Avogadro's Principle states that equal _______________ of gases at the

same _______________ and _______________ contain equal numbers of
_______________.

One mole contains _________________ particles.

STP stands for _______________ _______________ & _______________

- It equals _____C & _____ atm pressure
- At STP, 1 mole of a gas equals __________.
Converting Moles & Mass to Volume

The conversion factor for volume and moles is equal to:

To calculate volume from number of moles:

1. Multiply the number of moles by the conversion factor of moles to

volume (make sure that moles is on the bottom in the conversion
factor so units cancel out!!)

eg. Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of gas at standard temperature
and pressure (STP) will occupy.

Practice Problems: #24-28, page 432

To calculate volume from mass:

1. Convert the given mass into number of moles (make sure the mass
sample is in g, not kg).

2. Multiply the number of moles by the conversion factor of moles to

volume (make sure that moles is on the bottom in the conversion
factor so units cancel out!!)

eg. Calculate the volume that 2.0 kg of methane gas (CH4) will occupy at
STP.

Practice Problems: #29-33, page 433

 Chapter 14.3
The Ideal Gas Law

P=
V=
n=
T=
R=

Ideal gas law equation =

What R value are you most likely going to use?

Applying the Ideal Gas Law

You can solve for P = V= T= n=

()
In the equations, n can also be replaced by , where m is the
()
mass and M is the molar mass.

**Remember that the temperature in your equations must always be in

Kelvin.
**Remember that the pressure must be in atm not kPA

eg. Calculate the number of moles of gas contained in a 3.0 L vessel at

3.00 x 102 K with a pressure of 1.50 atm.

Practice Problems: #41-45, page 437

Using Density

Density = , so you can also use the formula:

M = mRT = DRT
PV P so that you can also solve for density of a gas.

M=
m=
D=

eg. What is the molar mass of a pure gas that has a density of 1.40 g/L at STP?

Practice Problems: #46-50, page 438

 Chapter 14.4
Gas Stoichiometry

**Remember that stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships

between the amounts of reactants used and products formed by a
chemical reaction. It is based on the law of conservation on mass.

From the balanced equation, you should recall that the number of moles is
represented by the coefficients. The coefficients in a balanced equation
represent not only molar amounts but also _______________.

Calculations Using Only Volume

1. Write the balanced equation

2. Multiply the volume given by the mole ratio of the two molecules
asked for in the question
- The mole ratio is the same as the volume ratio

SO YOU CAN SOLVE FOR UNKNOWN VOLUME WHEN YOU KNOW

THE BALANCED EQUATION BY USING THE MOLE RATIOS.

eg. What volume of oxygen gas is needed for the complete combustion of
4.00 L of propane gas (C3H8)? Carbon dioxide and water are
produced. Assume constant pressure and temperature.

Practice Problems: #56-59, page 441

Calculations Involving Volume and Mass

When working on these questions, you must use balanced equations once
again. This will only tell you mole ratios and gas volumes NOT MASSES.
You have to use the molar mass conversion m/M from the periodic table to
find moles or volumes.

This is more difficult and you really have to pay attention to the information
from the questions. Take a deep breath and relax.

eg. Ammonia is synthesized from hydrogen and nitrogen gases.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

If 5.00 L of nitrogen reacts completely by this reaction at a constant

pressure and temperature of 3.00 atm and 298 K, how many grams of
ammonia are produced?

Practice Problems: #60-64, page 443

Assessment Questions

14.1: #90, page 448

14.2: #92 & 96, page 449

14.3: #98, page 449

14.4: #67, page 443; #104, page 449