ETAP IPP Load Flow Example

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHRIDGE
High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis
A Graduate Project submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of Master of Science in
Electrical Engineering
By
Erfan Bamdad
December 2014
The graduate project of Erfan Bamdad is approved:
_________________________ _________________
Dr. Ali Amini Date:
_________________________ _________________
Dr. Bruno Osorno Date:
_________________________ _________________
Dr. Kourosh Sedghi Sigarchi, Chair Date:
California State University, Northridge
ii
Table of Contents
Signature Page .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables............................................................................................................................................................vi
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. vii
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Costs of Solar Photovoltaics ....................................................................................................................2
2. Practical Implemented PV Systems in the US .................................................................................................4
2.1. 10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico ..................................................................................................4
2.2. Colorado State University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado .....................................................5
2.3. Kapaau Solar Project, Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii ..............................................................................6
2.4. 2 MW Plant in Fontana, California ..........................................................................................................8
3. PV model in Simulink MATLAB .................................................................................................................. 10
4. Photovoltaic System in ETAP Software ......................................................................................................... 14
4.1. Photovoltaic (PV) Module ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2. PV Panel Page........................................................................................................................................ 16
4.3. PV Array Page ....................................................................................................................................... 20
4.5. Physical Page ......................................................................................................................................... 28
5. Load Flow Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 29
5.1. Load Flow Calculation Methods ............................................................................................................ 29
5.1.1. Newton-Raphson Method ............................................................................................................. 29
5.1.2. Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method .............................................................................................. 30
5.1.3. Fast-Decoupled Method ................................................................................................................ 31
5.1.4. Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method ................................................................................................ 31
5.2. Load Flow Convergence ........................................................................................................................ 32
5.3. Modeling of Loads ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.4. Modeling of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) ..................................................................................... 35
5.5. Different Factors Affecting the Load Calculation ................................................................................. 36
5.6. Load Flow Calculation for Single Phase Panel System ......................................................................... 38
5.6.1. Special Load Flow Calculation Conditions for Single Phase Panel System ................................. 38
5.7. Load Flow Required Data ...................................................................................................................... 40
6. PV Simulation in ETAP Software .................................................................................................................. 44
7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 57
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 59
Appendix: Full Load Flow Reports ......................................................................................................................... 61
iii
List of Figures
Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price ... 2
Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system ..... 3
Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system ..... 3
Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus ..... 6
Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii ........ 7
Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram .... 8
Fig. 7. View of the 2.0 MW PV system installed on a warehouse rooftop in Fontana, California (photo courtesy
Southern California Edison) .... 9
Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB ........ 10
Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc ............ 11
Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc ......... 11
Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda ......... 12
Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda ........ 12
Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda ......... 13
Fig. 14. PV array ........ 14
Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell ........ 14
Fig. 16. Short circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the PV module ......... 15
Fig. 17. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV module ........ 15
Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP ........ 16
Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module ......... 16
Fig. 20. Different IV Curves: The current (A) changes with the irradiance and the voltage (V) changes with the
temperature ......... 18
Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP ........ 19
Fig. 22. PV Array editor in ETAP ......... 20
Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels ...... 21
Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP ........... 22
Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor .......... 25
Fig. 26. Inverter editor in ETAP ............. 27
Fig. 27. Cable library quick pick ........ 27

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Fig. 28. Constant power load ............ 33
Fig. 29. Constant impedance load ............. 34
Fig. 30. Constant current load ........... 34
Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV ........... 44
Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results ........... 45
Fig. 33. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus 46
Fig. 34. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ... 47
Fig. 35. IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ... 48
Fig. 36. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus .......... 48
Fig. 37. IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ......... 51
Fig. 38. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses .... 52
Fig. 39. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus .................... 53
Fig. 40. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses ... 54
Fig. 41. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus .... 57
Fig. 42. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses .. 58
v
List of Tables
Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation ... 36
Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation ........ 36
Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models . 37
Table 4. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus .... 46
Table 5. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ...... 47
Table 6. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus ..... 53
Table 7. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses ........ 54
Table 8. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ..... 57
Table 9. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ... 58
vi
ABSTRACT
High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis
By
Erfan Bamdad
Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
High penetration solar energy has been introduced in many different ways; however, it
applies to the comparison between the amount of power generation and the maximum load
demand on a feeder which can be considered as the minimum load on a feeder. The main
highlights of applying high penetration level solar panels are to provide the electrical power for
the remote areas. Considering this concept instead of designing and building transmission lines
would decrease the power loss throughout the entire power electrical system and increase the
overall reliability and stability of the system theoretically. However, dispersed power generation
may cause significant voltage regulation and stability problems into the power system.
This project demonstrates a typical structure of solar-connected network and analyzes the
operation and functionality of PV system comparing the single penetration and dispersed
penetration upon the simulation model. The simulation would be analyzed with different cases
which are different penetration levels containing PQ and PV control types of generations. The
load flow of this system would be analyzed to find the optimal point of voltage quality and
stability. At the end the tables are provided to make conclusions about advantages of dispersed
PV power generation.
The tested power system in this project is modeled by ETAP software which is a perfect package
for power system and load flow studies.
vii
1. Introduction
1.1. Problem Statement
It has been a long time that engineers are looking forward to substituting the fossil energy with
renewable energies which are using the natural energy without polluting the environment.
However, they are always dealing with drawbacks and limitation of these type of energies. Solar
energy has been recognized as of the easiest and cheapest resources considering the recent vast
improvements in PV array materials which decreased the solar panel price drastically [2].
The photovoltaic systems are becoming more famous among the sources of renewable energy for
electric power generation since they have pretty small size and no moving mechanical part in
their structure which results in smooth operation without any noise. Base on all of these
advantages, solar system applications are growing significantly throughout the entire power
electrical systems.
PV arrays have small amount of energy individually so they need to be used together and in large
amount of installations to be considered as a reliable source of energy. High penetration PV
systems is one of the recent topics in this field which tries to disperse the solar generation
throughout the entire distribution system and even can be generalized to the fact that each home
can be considered as a source of PV generation individually [2, 4].
Some of the advantages of the high penetration PV systems are mentioned below:
Clean energy
Low maintenance
No noise because of absence of the rotating parts
Improving voltage profile
Improving voltage stability
Reducing power losses
Reducing reactive power flow
On the other hand, installing solar panels and interconnect all of them throughout the entire
system causes some major issues which mostly are resolved using grid-connected systems,
storage devices and dynamic control systems.
Over voltage of the system

Affecting voltage stability
Harmonic injection due to the presence of inverters
Protection challenges due to bidirectional fault current contribution
Affecting the power quality
Decrease the overall reliability of the power system
No solar generation after daylight
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In this study, the proper distribution power system is modeled and analyzed to overcome some of
the mentioned defects. Dispersed generation is implemented practically in many sites and they
satisfied the overall expectations such as introducing the smooth voltage profile and making up
the voltage drops during the full load conditions. However, they are still experiencing some
challenges [3].
1.2. Costs of Solar Photovoltaics
Constant decrease in solar photovoltaic systems price have made the solar generation more
efficient compared to the other types of renewable energies. The average price of a typical solar
system with the installation fee has dropped by 33 percent since the beginning of 2011 as shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price [7]
The cost of solar photovoltaic systems ows the significant improvements in material sience
technology. PV cells are the fundamental element of the whole solar panel generation which
make the PV arrays when connected together. Currently, the PV cells are cheaper than ever
before and they keep becoming cheaper which result in the better efficiency of solar dispersed
generation throughout the power electrical distribution system [5].
2
The sample grid connected PV generation systems cosidered as home-based grid
connection are demonstrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system
Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system
3
2. Practical Implemented PV Systems in the US [7]
Some of technical challenges with the installation of high penetrations photovoltaic (PV) systems
are grid stability, voltage regulation, power quality (voltage variation, sags, flicker, change of
frequency and harmonics) and protection and coordination. The current utility grid is designed to
allow for power flows from the central generation source to the transmission system and
ultimately to the distribution feeders. At the distribution level, the grid is designed to carry power
from the source toward the load. Renewable distributed generation, particularly solar panels
(PV), generate power at the distribution level challenging this classical paradigm. As these
resources become more common, the nature of the distribution network and its operation is
changing to handle the power flow in both directions [7].
A large portion of distribution system components, including voltage regulators and protection
systems are not designed to coordinate with bidirectional power flow and bidirectional fault
currents from dispersed generation and solar systems in particular. Coordinating these devices in
the presence of high penetration PV areas introduces additional challenges to feasibility and
system impact studies. Some cases require modification of existing protection schemes,
additional distribution equipment, or reactive power requirements on the PV inverters [7].
High penetration PV focuses on large solar panel installations where penetration is significantly
greater than 15% of maximum daily feeder load. However, this percentage would be different in
different studies. Currently the impact on the electric utility and its customers has not been
problematic in most of the implemented cases. The solar panel installations described below
exceeds what most experts consider high penetration scenarios. The voltage, power quality and
other operating parameters have been maintained within the required ranges with minimal
negative impact on distribution operations and utility customers. These case studies are intended
to demonstrate success stories with integration of large PV plants at the distribution level as well
as some of the solutions employed by the utility to ensure safe, reliable operation of both the
solar system and the distribution power system [7].
2.1. 10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico
This is a 10 MW PV integrated system facility located near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It is

connected in the distribution network 0.75 miles from the substation on a dedicated branch of the
feeder. It is located within Southwestern Public Service Companys service territory.
Southwestern Public Service Company is a part of the Xcel Energy Group. Data for this case
study was compiled from data provided by Xcel Energys distribution engineers working with
applicable circuits [7].
Xcel Energy Group is the private power company serving several states in the mid-west and
west. Its service territory includes portions of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Southeastern New Mexico and northwest
Texas are served by Southwestern Public Service Company. Southwestern Public Service
Company serves about 350 thousand customers and one million people across its territory. In
4
2011, Southwestern Public Service supplied about 4,700,000 MWh to customers. New Mexico
State made the rule 10 percent of its retail energy should come from renewable sources.
Additionally at least 20 percent of this renewable energy should to be solar generation and at
least 1.5 percent distributed generation. The Carlsbad PV Plant helps to satisfy reaching goals.
PV System: The Eddy County PV plant is a 9.9 MWDC power plant supervised by Sun-Edison.
It is located 0.7 miles west of the intersection of Old Cavern Highway and Hopi Road near
Carlsbad, New Mexico. The plant is integrated to a distribution panel 0.75 miles west of the
substation. This plant started working and integrated to the grid on August 2011. The solar
panels are Trina TSM270PC14 cells with a max DC output power of 270 W at standard test
conditions (STC). The manufacturer stated efficiency of these modules is 13.9 percent at STC.
These modules use a single direction tracking system. These solar modules feed a group of
online inverters which includes three types of inverters: the PVI-330-TL-EN, PVI-275-TL-EN,
and PVI-220-TL-EN which have 330, 275 and 220 kilo watt AC power respectively [7].
2.2. Colorado State University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado
Xcel Energy Group manages the dispersed circuit described here which has approximately 47
percent PV penetration. Roughly 5.2 MW AC power is coming from the renewable energy on
the Colorado State University (CSU) Foothills Campus, on the western edge of Fort Collins,
Colorado. Xcel Energy worries about the integration of this solar system while maintaining
voltage levels within the range A defined under the IEEE Standard. The solar system was split
in two parts. While the Phase one was completed which was 2 MW AC power, there voltage
profile or power quality were not within the expected ranges. However, after addition of phase
two which had 3.2 MW AC power, the voltage profile and power quality parameters remained
within acceptable levels [7].
After completion the whole project, Xcel Energy Group was considered as the fifth highest rank
regarding solar system installation capacity according to the Solar Electric Power Association
(SEPA) and it got the first rank in wind energy generation based on the American Wind Energy
Association (AWEA). The Xcel Energy Group companies cover eight states in the US
(Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and
Wisconsin) which covers almost 3.4 million electric users and 1.9 million natural gas users. The
Xcel Energy Company in Colorado is part of the Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo).
PSCo has 74 MW AC power of PV interconnected to low voltage circuits and feeders, for a total
of over 7,000 subsystems. PSCo has 1,260 MW AC power generated from wind farms which is
about 10 percent of the PSCo total generated energy in Colorado, and it is planned to have an
extra 700 MW AC power of additional wind power within the next two years. Specifically, PV
installations in the solar systems increased drastically because of major financial incentives in
Colorado. Xcel Energy Group provides significant part of the funding for the Solar Rewards
program projects. Xcel Energy is required to obey the standard of state Renewable Portfolio
Standards which was introduced to decrease carbon emissions which this rule is forced in most
of the states. In Colorado, Xcel Energy Group has its requirement for electrical dispersed energy
5
resources (DER) and bring the customer and developer incentives for the implementation of
solar systems. Xcel Energy Group has established some guidelines for DER interconnections and
forced the inter-connections to be complied with some special IEEE standards (IEEE 1547). This
makes them to have integrated renewable energy sources connected to the grid as long as the grid
can safely connect to the new generation sources and meet the standard requirements. Xcel
Energy Group has deployed all proposed DER interconnections throughout the system [7].
The solar system built at the CSU west campus is one of the most significant solar systems in
Colorado and one of the most significant solar systems installed in the university campus as a
major electrical power source. The electrical energy produced by this power system will provide
almost one-third of the energy requirements for the CSU west campus over the next 20 years.
This solar system covers the area about 15 acres which uses both single-direction tracking and
fixed-mounted PV system. The CSU solar system was built in two separate phases which
provides of 5.2 MW. First phase was finished in 2009 using Trina Solar modules [7].
Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus [7]
2.3. Kapaau Solar Project, Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii
In late 2005, the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) updated its Inter-Connected Resource
Plan from the old one which was built in 1997. Considering the importance of renewable energy
in the power systems, KIUC came up with a huge plan to integrate the huge amount of renewable
energy to the power system from 2008 through 2023. In November 2007, KIUC planned to
produce at least 50 percent of its electrical power energy with renewable energy by the end of
2023. Currently, KIUC generates most of its power from diesel generators and combustion
turbines which uses naphtha known as the contaminating material for the environment. There is
also approximately 7 percent hydro-electric power which is produced directly on the Kauai
Island. The island presently has 5 MW AC power of solar dispersed energy throughout the island
6
and the new one MW AC power (1.2 MW DC power) Kapaau Solar PV project has increased the
total amount to 5 MW AC power. A 1.5 MW plant scale battery storage (1.5 hours) that was
built by Xtreme Power Company has been worked online requiring the voltage and frequency
regulation mode standard since October 2011. The Hawaii Renewable Portfolio Standards plans
for producing 40 percent of its electrical power energy to be coming from renewable energy
sources by 2030. KIUC has planned for substation scale solar systems totaling 30 MW with 12
MW and 9 MWH of Battery Energy Storage to come on-line during the next 2 years. This plan
covers the 6 MW solar power generations which is located next to KIUC Port Allen and two
other 12 MW solar system facilities on the east and south sides of Kauai Island run by KIUC
subsidiaries. This project is planned to be done by the end of 2014 [7].
KIUC is a private company which owns two main electrical power plants on Kauai Island: Port
Allen and Kapaau Power Station (KPS). Port Allen has 12 electrical generators which can
produce up to 96.5 MW AC power. In addition, it has a heat self-regulatory steam generator.
This generator uses the waste heat from two of the combustion turbines to take out steam for
additional electrical generation. KPS has a 27.5 MW power steam injected gas turbine plant
purchased in 2003 which is KIUCs the most efficient and cleanest electrical power plant. This
plant produces most of the electrical power on the island. Currently KIUC derives 93 percent of
its own power from diesel and naphtha. KIUC also owns the Waiahi hydro power plant which
covers the Upper and Lower Waiahi hydro-electric units rated at 500 kW and 800 kW power,
respectively. The Waiahi hydro plant in addition to several other existing hydro-electric units
that KIUC purchased produces nearly 7 percent of the total renewable energy annually [7].
Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii [7]
Kapaa Solar is a private company owns and finances of the solar systems and worked to
negotiate a power purchase agreement with KIUC. REC Solar Inc. was the Kapaas contractor in
order to mount the solar systems. KIUC, Kapaa Solar, and REC Solar marked the official
structure, operating and maintaining of the 1.2 MW DC power solar utilities on February 11,
2011. The Kapaa Solar project is mounted on Olohena Road, Kapaa, Hawaii. Fig. shows an
image of the Kapaa 1.2 MW DC power mounted solar system. Features of the Kapaa Solar PV
7
system include specific corrosion resistance on the racking in order to protect against exposure,
rapid design and build collision and direct interconnection to the utilities distribution circuit
using a three-phase 1000 KVA, 480V/12.8 kV transformer. The solar system is installed with
5376 fixed 225 W DC power solar panels tilted at 21 degrees, and covers an area of nearly 5
acres. There are four 250 kW power inverters installed by Solaron Company with an
approximate AC operating voltage of 480 V three- phase star-delta connected. The frequency
range required by the standard is 57 to 60.5 Hz. One of the KIUCs major challenges with the
injection of more solar power to its system is the adjustment with the under-frequency load-
shedding protection diagram. ANSI Standard inverters usually trip at the ANSI Standard
recommended settings of 59.3 Hz. However, KIUC would like the inverters to stay inter-
connected in order to adjust with its load shedding protection diagram. Thus the Solaron
Company inverter under frequency trip set-point is 57.0 Hz. The under-voltage and over-voltage
time delay of the inverters are adjusted to 2.5 seconds. Fig. depicts a simplified one-line diagram
of the Kapaa PV inter-connection to KIUC 12.47 kV low voltage distribution system [7].
Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram [7]
2.4. 2 MW Plant in Fontana, California
The two MW AC power mounted solar system in Fontana, California is considered as the first
installed and interconnected system in Southern California Edison (SCE) Solar Photovoltaic
Project (SPVP). This project aims at mounting a sum of 500 MW AC Power of dispersed
connected solar systems in total within the area covered by SCEs by the end of 2015. The solar
system and interconnected dispersed circuit explained here is considered under SCE's High-
Penetration Photovoltaic Project. A report on the project is available and contains more
information about integrating solar systems into the SCE distribution system. SCE provided the
technical information in the full report which can be found in SCE website [7].
8
Southern California Edison (SCE) is one of the largest non-profit companies in the United States.
It covers nearly 14 million people in the whole southern California area including most of the
greater Los Angeles area [7].
The Fontana solar plant denoted as SPVP #1 is located in a warehouse district in the city of
Fontana, California. This system was totally designed, installed and interconnected by SCE. The
system interconnects to the low voltage and distribution system using an independent
transformer to connect the solar system. The system, although located on industrial warehouse
rooftop, is not connected to the transformer serving the warehouse which means the system is not
a net energy metering installation. The mounted system includes a total amount of 30,472 solar
modules which equals 256 DC string combiner boxes, 12 master fuse boxes and four 500 kW
power inverters. Each of the inverters is connected to the 200/480 V single- phase transformers
that would be connected in parallel to a single 480/12 kV transformer that interconnects with the
local distribution system [7].
Fig. 7. View of the 2.0 MW PV system installed on a warehouse rooftop in Fontana, California (photo courtesy
Southern California Edison) [7]
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3. PV model in Simulink MATLAB
Based on the formulas given in [1], the complete model of photovoltaic system is simulated in
MATLAB as it is shown below:

/ exp

/ 1
/ exp 1/ 1/ /
exp/ 1
Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB
The results show that increasing the temperature decreases the voltage and hence the efficiency
of the PV system.
The other factor which affects the output power of the PV is . Lambda is the solar insulation in
kW/m2.
Increasing the solar insulation improves the efficiency via increasing the current of the solar cell.
10
I-V output characteristics with different Tc
2.5
Tc = 0
Tc = 25
Tc = 50
Tc = 75
2 Tc = 100
1.5
Current (A)
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Voltage (V)
Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc
P-V output characteristics with different Tc

1.4
Tc = 0
Tc = 25
Tc = 50
1.2
Tc = 75
Tc =100
1
Power (W)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Voltage (V)
Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc
11
I-V output characteristics with different Lambda
Lambda=1.0 [kW/m2]
2
Lambda=0.8 [kW/m2]
Lambda=0.6 [kW/m2]
Lambda=0.4 [kW/m2]
Lambda=0.2 [kW/m2]
1.5
Current (A)
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Voltage (V)
Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda
P-V output characteristics with different Lambda

1.2
Lambda=1.0 [kW/m2]
Lambda=0.8 [kW/m2]
Lambda=0.6 [kW/m2]
1
Lambda=0.4 [kW/m2]
Lambda=0.2 [kW/m2]
0.8
Power (W)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Voltage (V)
Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda
12
For obtaining higher voltage for the PV system, solar cells need to be connected in series to
increase the amount of output power. In that case, the PV can be considered as an acceptable DG
source for the load and the network.
The larger amount of the solar insulation was used to represent the higher output active power.
As it is shown in the figure below, the output power is almost 70 W which is much higher
compared to the output power of just one solar cell.
P-V characteristics with large Lambda (50[kW/m^2])

70
60
50
40
Power (W)
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Voltage (V)
Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda
Solar cell can be simply modeled by a simple electrical circuit with a diode. This causes the PV
to have a breaking point in the current as the voltage increases.
Since the output for the current in solar cell is almost linear, the output power tracks the voltage
waveform and it drops drastically at the maximum power point.
The higher the solar insulation, the higher the output current and output power which indicates
the direct relation between lambda and the output voltage of the solar cell.
The higher the temperature, the less the output current and output power which indicates the
inverse relation between lambda and the output voltage of the solar cell. Based on this fact,
always the less temperature is desired to be used in modeling of photovoltaic system, although
the optimal point should be considered because of the limitations in temperature.
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4. Photovoltaic System in ETAP Software
4.1. Photovoltaic (PV) Module
PV array is an the important device in renewable energy field in power electric grids. It takes the
solar energy and convert it to dc power by using semiconductors. It gives out the electric power
using inverters afterward. ETAP PV Array is used to show individual PV panels integrated in
series and parallel schemes with the converter and inverter and displays summation of PV power.
As indicated below, a typical PV system consists of a lot of modules which would be connected
in different combinations to provide the designed power, current and voltage as the output.
Fig. 14. PV array
The characteristics of the Photovoltaic system (PV) can be defined by introducing irradiance of
the PV and setting the parametes of the electrical system inverter in the PV Array Editor.
The physical specifications of the PV cell is close to the regular p-n junction diode. As soon as
the light is absorbed by the PV cell, the solar energy of the existing photons is transmitted to the
electronic system of the material which makes the electrical charges to move and produce the
electricity which are dispersed at the junction. The charge carriers may be electron-ion pairs in a
liquid electrolyte or electron hole pairs in a solid semiconducting device. The electrical charges
enter the region of the electrical field which makes the electrical potential voltage, get much
faster and increase speed influenced by the electrical field and moves around while the current
goes through the external system. The electrical power of the circuit is calculated by squaring the
current multiplied by the resistance of the circuit. The difference between the solar power and the
electrical power dissipates the heat and increase the temperature.
Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell
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A PV module consists of many solar cells and a PV array consists of many modules. In ETAP,
the PV system parameters the number of the PV panels combined in series or parallel can be
defined to produce the desired PV array.
A PV array would be consists of many PV panels connected in series or parallel. The PV panel
specifications such as P-V and I-V curves which represent the PV array can be specified in this
part of the editor.
I-V curve of the PV system would be specified during either sunlight or dark time of the day.
The first quadrant (the top left of the I-V curve) at zero voltage represents the short-circuit
current. The short-circuit current is measured when the output ports of the PV panel are shorted
(zero voltage). The fourth quadrant (the bottom right of the curve) at zero current represents the
open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage is obtained when the output ports of the PV are
open.
Fig. 16. Short circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the PV module
If the external voltage inserts in the bias direction, e.g. during a short-circuit system fault, the
current does not change and the PV cell consumes the power. However, the PV electronic
junction collapses after passing the certain amount of bias voltage. Thus the significant short-
circuit current which flows throughout the system. The current stays zero until the voltage
reaches the breakdown value which equals the breakdown voltage in the light condition [17].
Fig. 17. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV module
15
4.2. PV Panel Page
Electrical specification of the photovoltaic panel is defined in the in the PV Panel editor as
follows:
Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP
Power
The power of the individual PV panel is its nominal power with the unit in watts (W). The power
parameters are fixed and cannot be changed if the model is selected directly from the library
because all those information are linked to the manufacturer catalog. The nominal power which
can be delivered by the PV panel ( ) is the area under the I-V curve which represents the
largest rectangle as shown below.
Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module

16
Tol. P
The user can define the proper tolerance of the PV panel power here with the units in watts.
However, the tolerance is defined by the manufacturer. This field is only informative and it is not
used in the PV calculations.
Vmp
The user can define the maximum-peak-power voltage of the PV panel with the units in volts
(V).
Voc
The user can define the open-circuit voltage of each individual PV panel in volts (V).
% Eff
Eff represents the PV panel efficiency which is in percentage:
Panel efficiency = Power / (Area in m^2 * Base Irradiance in W/m^2)
The physical length and width of the PV Array are used to obtain the area.
Imp
The maximum-peak-power current of each PV panel is defined in amperes.
Isc
The short-circuit current of each PV panel is defined in amperes.
% Fill Factor
The percentage of the fill factor is calculated in percentage. It is specified using the rectangular
area in the I-V curve which considers the knee-point as the edges of the rectangle. Fill factor
would be greater than 0.7 to represent an efficient panel. Fill factor is calculated as follows:

=
( )
Performance Adjustment Coefficients
The performance of the PV panels is affected by the temperature. This decrease has inverse
proportion with respect to the open-circuit voltage (VOC) which means cells with the greater
magnitude of VOC have less voltage decrease while the temperature is increasing. For most of the
crystalline silicon PV cells, the VOC changes versus temperature with the ratio close to 0.50%/C.
However, the change ratio for the most efficient crystalline silicon PV cells is about 0.35%/C.
In addition, the change ratio for amorphous silicon PV cells is about 0.20%/C varies to
0.30%/C, which depends on the structure of the PV cell. The magnitude of the current generated
in the PV cell (IL) rises with the increase of the temperature since it improves the capability of the
thermal carriers in the PV cell. However, this change is slight which is about 0.065%/C for
crystalline silicon PV cells and 0.09% for amorphous silicon PV cells. Most of the crystalline
silicon PV cells have efficiency around 0.50%/C and most amorphous PV cells change with the
ratio around 0.15-0.25%/C. The following figure shows the I-V curves which represent the
typical crystalline silicon solar cell at various temperatures.
17
Fig. 20. Different IV Curves: The current (A) changes with the irradiance and the voltage (V) changes with the
temperature.
Alpha Isc
The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for short-circuit current. This coefficient
affects the calculation of the short circuit current of the PV panel.
Beta Voc
The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for open-circuit voltage. This coefficient
affects the calculation of the open-circuit voltage of the PV panel.
Delta Voc
The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for open-circuit voltage. This coefficient
affects the calculation of the open-circuit voltage based on the defined irradiance levels but not
the base irradiance.
Base
Temperature, Irradiance and NOCT fields described below are defined in this part:
Temp
The user can define the base temperature which is usually provided by the manufacturer to
calculate the maximum PV panel power in degrees Celsius (C). Default base for temperature is
25 degrees C. However, the base can have optional value if the data is not selected from the
library.
18
Irrad
The user can define the base irradiance which is provided by the manufacturers to determine
rated PV panel power in W/m^2. The base can have optional value if the data is not selected
from the library then. Default base for irradiance is 1000 W/m^2 which would be fixed and
cannot be modified if the data is selected from the library.
NOCT
The user can define the normal operating cell temperature (NOCT) in degrees Celsius (C).
Default NOCT is 45 degrees C.
P-V Curve
The P-V curve is plotted based on the PV array rating data. Maximum power point (MPP) will
be shown in the graph.
I-V Curve
The I-V curve is plotted based on the PV array rating data. Maximum power point (MPP) will
be shown in the graph as well.
Library
The user would use the default data in the library. Selecting the Library button brings up the
Library Quick Pick page which shows all the PV array manufacturers. Choose the desired
manufacturer and the PV model from the list to use the data for PV system calculations [17].
Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP
19
4.3. PV Array Page
Electrical specifications of the photovoltaic panel are defined in the PV Array page of the PV
Array Editor.
Fig. 22. PV Array Editor in ETAP
Watt per Panel
This shows the individual panel rated power in watts which is obtained from the PV Panel page
of the PV Array. This field cannot be modified and it is display only.
#in Series
The user can define the number of PV panels connected in series. Series connected panels
determine the overall PV panel voltage but the current stays the same.
#in Parallel
The user can define the number of PV panels connected in parallel. Parallel connected panels
determine the overall PV panel current in amps but the voltage stays the same.
20
Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels
PV Array (Total) #of Panels
This field displays the total number of panels by multiplying the number of connected PV panels
in parallel and series
Volts, dc
This field displays the DC voltage of the whole number of PV panels in series.
kW, dc
This is the total DC power in kW calculated based on the number of panels in series and parallel
that make up the PV array.
Amps, dc
This is the calculated DC current of the entire PV array based on the number of panels in
parallel.
Generation Category
This field displays names of the ten different generation categories. The names can be defined in
the project settings and are also representing utility and generator components.
Irradiance
This field displays the solar irradiance on the PV panel in watts per square meter (W/m^2). The
magnitude in this field can be user-defined or it can be updated based on the solar calculations
(Irradiance Calculator). The output power of the PV array is determined based on the irradiance
value and displayed in the MPP kW column.
21
Ta
This field displays the ambient temperature in degrees Celsius (C) and is the temperature of the
place where PV panels are installed. Ta is user-defined the output power of the PV array is
calculated and displayed in the MPP kW column based on this value.
Tc
This temperature of the photovoltaic cell is obtained by using the below equation. The cell
temperature Tc is calculated dynamically while irradiance and ambient temperature Ta are
changing. The temperature has the inverse relation with the efficiency and power output of the
PV panel.
MPP kW
The maximum peak power output of the PV panel is calculated based on the defined irradiance
and ambient temperature in kW considering the efficient collector tilt.
Irradiance Calculator
The irradiance calculator operates based on the information defined by the user and date and
time. Also it defines the best hypothetical irradiance in W/m^2. Notice that all calculations are
based on the zero altitude which is at sea level.
Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP
22
Latitude
The user can define the latitude in degrees assuming North portion of the equator is positive
direction.
Longitude
The user can define the longitude in degrees assuming West of the Prime Meridian is the positive
direction.
Time Zone
The user can define the time zone difference from UTC for the desired latitude and longitude.
Local Time
The local time is autonomously updated by the computer system while the calculator is operating
and would be user-defined.
Date
The date is autonomously updated by the computer system while the calculator is operating and
would be user-defined.
Calculate
This option is gathering the information and using location, time and date to define solar position
and the proper irradiance.
Declination
Declination is the angle of the sun with respect to the earths equatorial plane.
Equation of Time
The equation of time is measuring the offset between real solar time and mean solar time at the
desired instant in the determined location of the earth. This calculated value is constant at any
instant time for all the locations.
Solar Altitude
The user can define the solar elevation angle of the sun which is the angle between the geometric
focus of the sun imagined disk and the idealized horizon.
23
Solar Azimuth
The user can define the solar azimuth angle of the sun which is the angle from the north direction
of the earth in a clockwise direction.
Solar Time
Solar time is the time elapse between movements and different positions of the sun in the sky.
The basic unit for the solar time is a day. The calculator at any longitude can measure the sun's
position in the sky and calculate its hour angle while the sun is in the sky and it accounts for the
local time of that point.
Sunrise
Sunrise is defined as the time at which the higher edge of the sun passes over the horizon in the
east.
Sunset
Sunset or sundown is defined as the time at which the sun disappears over the horizon in the west
caused by the earth's rotation. In astronomy this time is defined as the time at which the lower
edge of the sun disappears below the horizon in the west.
Air Mass
Air Mass represents the amount of sun energy which is either absorbed or dispersed based on the
length of the path throughout the air. This direction is basically considers as a vertical distance to
sea level, which is defined as air mass = 1 (AM=1). If the angle of the sun is not vertical then Air
Mass has avalue more than one.
Irradiance
The Irradiance of the PV panel illustrates how much solar power is absorbed in the desired
location which depends on the time and the season of the year. It also depends on the location of
the sun in the sky, and the weather whether it is sunny or cloudy.
24
4.4. Inverter Page
The user can define the electrical specifications of the inverter in the Inverter page of the PV
Array Editor. Notice that all the fields in this page are informative and are not used in any
calculation.
Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor
Total Rated
Total Rated illustrates the DC voltage and the DC power and the DC current of the PV Array in
PV Array Editor. It demonstrates all PV array and inverter ratings together.
Inverter
Inverter calculates and demonstrates the AC and DC power of the inverter.
ID
ID assigns the unique name to the inverter which can be made up of at most 25 alphanumeric
characters.
DC
DC demonstrates all the DC ratings of the inverter.
25
kW
This field shows the input DC power rating of the inverter in kW.
This field shows the input DC input voltage to the inverter in volts.
FLA
This field shows the input DC current of the inverter in amperes.
%EFF
This field shows the percentage of the DC to AC conversion efficiency for the inverter.
AC
This field shows the AC rating of the inverter in kW.
kW
This field shows the output AC power rating of the inverter in kVA.
kV
This field shows the rated AC output voltage of the inverter in kV.
FLA
This field shows the AC current rating of the inverter in amperes.
%PF
This field shows the rated power factor of the inverter as the percentage.
Inverter Editor
Inverter data can be edited using the regular inverter editor. Click on the Inverter Editor button
to launch a regular Inverter Editor with Info page, Rating page, Generation page, Harmonic page,
etc. You can change/enter inverter data; AC operating mode and other characteristics using this
regular inverter editor, and this data will be reflected or affected to the Inverter section of
Inverter page of PV Array Editor.
26
Fig. 26. Inverter Editor in ETAP
PV Array to Inverter Cable
The PV array generally does not include the cable data. In this case all the related fields would
be left blank.
Cable Library
Cable Library Quick Pick brings up all the available cable types with different characteristics to
be selected as cable for the inverter if applicable.
Fig. 27. Cable Library Quick Pick
27
Cable Editor
Cable editor brings up all the DC cables available in the library in order to allow the user to
insert the cable data. This option is invisible when a cable is not selected for the inverter from
library.
Delete Cable
Delete cable option is only available when a cable is selected from the library to be used for the
inverter. Using this option will empty the cable selection and disable the Cable Editor [17].
4.5. Physical Page
The physical structure data of the PV panel (e.g. length, width, depth and weight) are defined in
the physical page of the editor. The physical structure information of the PV panel is pre-
determined if the PV array is selected from the library. However, this information is user-defined
if the PV array is not selected from the library.
Length
The user can define the length of the PV panel in inches.
Width
The user can define the width of the PV panel in inches.
Depth
The user can define the depth of the PV panel in inches.
Weight
The user can define the weight of the PV panel in lbs. [17].
28
5. Load Flow Analysis
The Load Flow Analysis module in ETAP software works based on the voltages of all busses,
power factors of the branches, currents and power flows which propagates throughout the
electrical system. Different voltage sources can be used as swing, voltage regulated, and
unregulated power sources along with different power grids and different generator
configurations. ETAP software can run the load flow study for both radial and loop electrical
system configurations. Also ETAP offers different types of load flow analysis methods so the
user can select the best match for his specific study.
Load flow definitions and tools are introduced here in order to run load flow studies in ETAP
software. Also different methods of load flow analysis are explained briefly in order to have a
better understanding of Load Flow module in ETAP software.
The Load Flow analysis shows the way of running a load flow study, creating the output report
or displaying the desired results throughout the one-line diagram. The Load Flow Study has a
case study similar to all the other modules in ETAP software to define the specifications and
proper parameters and adjust the defined parameters considering the desired study. The Display
Options gives the electability so the user can display the desired results simultaneously with the
one-line diagram of the electrical system including both system parameters and the load flow
results as the output of the system. The Load Flow Calculation Methods illustrates the
calculations and formulas and assumptions used for different load flow calculation methods.
Also different load flow calculation methods are compared with respect to their rate of
convergence, accuracy and number of iterations based on different system specifications and
topologies and also it shows some factors on how to select the proper load flow method. The
required information for load flow analysis is explained and the way that data is used through the
calculations is showed. The Load Flow Study also has a section for generating the report for the
results and shows that the output can be generated in different formats. Finally, the Load Flow
Result Analyzer will be introduced to demonstrate how to put the outputs of different analysis
together in order to make the comparison between different studies much easier.
5.1. Load Flow Calculation Methods
ETAP provides four load flow calculation methods: Adaptive Newton-Raphson, Newton-
Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel. These four different load flow
calculation methods have different convergence specifications which means each one can be
used in a particular situation in order to get better results with less error. Each of these load flow
calculation methods can be selected based on the system topology, type of generation, loading
condition and also the initial value of bus voltages.
5.1.1. Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton-Raphson method calculates the load flow by using the following load flow equation
throughout continuous iterations:

=

29
In this equation P and Q are representing real and reactive powers of different buses,
respectively. The real and the reactive power are generated because of the mismatch error
between the calculated and the real value of the bus voltages. and represent bus voltage
magnitude and angle vectors, respectively. J1 through J4 represent the elements of the Jacobin
matrix.
The Newton-Raphson method has some advantages to the other load flow calculation methods
includes the unique convergence characteristic. Generally, this method has a very quick
convergence speed compared to other load flow calculation methods which makes it much faster
as well. It also has the advantage that there are some criteria for the convergence characteristic
which defines the convergence limit for bus real power and reactive power errors. This
specification provides the proper control of the desired error limits specified by the user for the
load flow analysis. The typical value convergence criterion for the Newton-Raphson method is
about for both active and reactive power.
Although the Newton-Raphson method depends on the initial voltage of the buses directly, the
proper selection of the initial bus voltages can prevent from the significant error and
convergence. That is the reason why ETAP uses some iterations base on Gauss-Seidel method in
order to estimate the proper initial values for the bus voltages to be used in the Newton-Raphson
method.
Generally the Newton-Raphson method is usually used as the default calculation method for load
flow analysis [10].
5.1.2. Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method
This improved Newton-Raphson Method provides less number of iterations throughout the load
flow calculations; however it has a greater chance of divergence throughout the load flow
studies. Although, the smaller increments in this method gives the better chance to the
convergence of load flow calculations, the ordinary Newton-Raphson method would diverge in
this condition.
The Newton-Raphson method is based on the expansion and estimation of Taylor series. The
linear interpolation and/or extrapolation of the incremental steps are used in order to make the
calculations easier which brings the speed through the whole set of calculations.
+ < ( )
The incremental steps would be adjusted by changing the value of in order to achieve the best
results in the minimum number of iterations.
The test results shows that the adaptive load flow method can control the convergence of
distribution and transmission systems in a more efficient way with taking significant series
capacitance effects like negative series reactance into account. It is also proved and shown that
the adaptive load flow method can improve convergence for systems with very small impedance
values; however it is not a fact.
30
Not being fast compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method is one of the disadvantages of
this method since it uses smaller incremental steps grows the number of iterations [10].
5.1.3. Fast-Decoupled Method
The Fast-Decoupled method is another way of the regular Newton-Raphson method which uses
some simple assumptions to make the number of iterations less. It considers the fact that a small
change in the magnitude of bus voltage does not affect the real power significantly and also the
small change in the phase angle of the bus voltage does not affect the reactive power of the bus
significantly. Having said that, the load flow equation from the Newton-Raphson method can be
broken down into two completely separate and independent decoupled sets of load flow
equations, which can be calculated throughout the iterations like the regular Newton-Raphson
method:
= [ ]

= [ ]
The Fast-Decoupled method uses less computer memory roughly about fifty percent compared to
the regular Newton-Raphson method since it breaks down the Jacobin matrix into two
independent sub matrices. In addition, it also calculates the load flow formulas in considerably
less time compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method since it breaks down the Jacobin
matrix into two independent sub matrices.
Compared to the Newton-Raphson method, the Fast-Decoupled method has the typical
convergence criteria of real power and reactive power error limits which are about 0.001 for both
active power and reactive power.
The Fast-Decoupled method does not have as much accuracy as the regular Newton-Raphson
method considering the same iteration numbers. However, it uses much less time and computer
memory and better convergence criteria which make this method to have an acceptable rate of
performance.
Generally the Fast-Decoupled method can be used as the alternative option to the Newton-
Raphson method especially when time of calculations is vital in order to keep the system running
and the regular Newton-Raphson method fails to operate load flow analysis and get divergent
specifically in the long radial systems or the systems with long transmission lines or cables since
they experience huge amount of voltage drop throughout the whole system [10].
5.1.4. Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method
The system nodal voltage equation can be written as:
= []
The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method uses the load flow equation and iterations to give the
result as follows:
31
+
=
[
]
Where P and Q are the real and reactive power vectors of the bus, V is the bus voltage vector and
YBUS is the admittance matrix of the electrical system. Y*BUS and V* are the conjugates of YBUS
and V, respectively and VT is the transposed matrix of V which is the bus voltage.
The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has less limits and requirements compared to the Newton-
Raphson method and the Fast-Decoupled method from the bus initial voltage values aspect of
view. The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method checks bus voltage magnitude tolerance between
two consecutive iterations instead of using bus real power and reactive power errors as
convergence criteria in order to approach the more accurate results. In this method, the typical
error limit for the bus voltage magnitude is 0.0001 percent per unit by default.
The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has less convergence speed compared to the other
methods. However, if the proper acceleration factors are applied, then the convergence speed
will be improved significantly. The typical range of the acceleration factor is about 1.2 to 1.7 and
it is adjusted to 1.45 by default [10].
5.2. Load Flow Convergence
Regardless of the selected method for the load flow calculations, there are some parameters
which affect the convergence of the load flow results:
Negative Impedance
Negative impedance diverge the load flow calculations. For instance, the classic method of
modeling the three-winding transformers called Y equivalent model uses one impedance along
with two two-winding transformers which sometimes injects the negative impedance to one of
the branches of the electrical system. The negative impedance would be interconnected with
some other series circuit elements in order to make it positive impedance in such cases. Load
flow calculations would diverge if the electrical system has huge negative impedance. ETAP
software is capable of modeling three-winding transformers directly without causing any
negative impedance to avoid such cases.
Negative Reactance
Negative reactance diverge the load flow calculations. Series transmission line capacitance
would cause the negative reactance in the electrical system branches. Latest versions of ETAP
software offer a new method called Adaptive load flow calculation which avoids the significant
negative reactance to diverge the load flow results.
Zero or Low Impedance
A zero or low impedance diverge the load flow calculations. The admittance matrix of the
electrical system depends on the branch impedances and zero or low impedance values cause
infinity in this matrix which results in convergence in the load flow calculations. However this
type of impedance can be cut off from the system by using a tie circuit breaker and avoid
divergence in load flow calculations.
32
Completely Different Branch Impedance Values
Completely different branch impedance would cause divergence in the load flow calculations.
However, using different solutions like interconnecting series branches which has low
impedance, not considering the short coverage length of transmission system including cables or
representing a branch with little impedance which has tie circuit breakers would solve the issue.
Long Radial System Topologies
Long radial system Topologies typically take more time to converge compared to the loop
system topologies. Typically, the Fast-Decoupled method operates quicker than the Newton-
Raphson or the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method considering having only radial system
topologies.
Improper Initial Values of Bus Voltages
Improper initial values of bus voltages would cause divergence in the load flow calculations.
However, if the proper initial bus voltage values are selected, the load flow calculations will
converge. In addition, if the selected values are close to the final result for bus voltages, the load
flow would take less iteration to give the results which make the operation much faster. On the
other hand, if the initial bus voltages selected off the final result, the load flow calculations
would be slower so using the updated bus voltages through the iterations is suggested in such
cases [10].
5.3. Modeling of Loads
Constant Power Load
Constant power load covers induction motors, synchronous motors, all different types of loads
(static and unbalanced lumped loads combined with some motor loads), UPS and batteries. The
load power stays constant regardless of all the changes in the source voltage. Both I-V and P-V
diagrams for a constant power load are shown below:
Fig. 28. Constant Power Load
Constant Impedance Load
Constant impedance loads covers static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters and dynamic and
unbalanced lumped loads in addition to some static motors. The square of the source voltage has
direct relation to the load power. Both I-V and P-V diagrams for a fixed resistive load are shown
below:
33
Fig. 29. Constant Impedance Load
Constant Current Loads
Constant current loads cover unbalanced loads in addition to some fixed current loads. The
magnitude of current stays fixed regardless of the voltage changes. Both I-V and P-V diagrams
for a fixed current load are shown below:
Fig. 30. Constant Current Load
Generic Load
Generic loads are the special application of dynamic loads which can be modeled by applying
the exponential, polynomial or comprehensive functions.
A generic load demonstrates the specifications of the dynamic load as a function of time using
algebraic equations considering the magnitude of the bus voltages along with the instantaneous
frequency.
Modeling of Converters (AC-DC)
Electric chargers in load flow studies are represented as static loads connected to source side bus
which provides the AC input. A converter is illustrated as an AC source which has some the
internal impedances. The advantage of converter compared to AC source is having different
operating modes.
Modeling of High Voltage DC Line
The High Voltage DC Line in the load flow studies can be considered as a branch containing a
Rectifier feeding a DC line and also an Inverter at the end of the line to be connected to AC
system. Both the Inverter and the Rectifier of the High Voltage DC line need to be connected to
a swing bus either directly or indirectly through an electrical system.
34
Modeling of Static Var. Compensator (SVC)
The Static Var. Compensator in load flow studies can be considered as a variable static load. The
SVC adjusts the voltage at the terminal of the bus by regulating the flow of reactive power
throughout the whole power system. In the load flow studies, load flow algorithm starts
calculating the system bus voltages ignoring the Static Var. Controls. If the calculated voltage
magnitude of the bus connected to SVC are less than the initial set voltage, then the SVC acts as
a compensator injecting reactive power to the power system. However, if the calculated voltage
magnitude of the bus connected to SVC is more than the initial set voltage, the SVC acts as a
reactive load consumes the existing reactive power in the power system.
Modeling of UPS
The UPS in the load flow studies is considered as a fixed static load at its source side and a
swing source at its load side energizing the output.
The power system which is connected to the load side of the UPS gets disconnected when the
UPS is operating as a load category defined in its editor. This case happens if and only if there is
no other swing bus in the power system and the UPS should be modeled as a fixed load.
The load side of the UPS will be modeled as a swing bus including regulating voltage control for
the load side bus of the UPS when the UPS is operating as a load category defined in its editor.
This case happens if the calculated voltage of the load side of the UPS is considered as side
loading voltage.
If some UPS are used simultaneously to share the connected loads to the specific load bus, the
calculated bus voltage of the load side of the UPS will have its maximum value considering the
fact that all the UPS are using their nominal powers. The calculated values for the load side of
the UPS will affect the voltage of the UPS source side bus by taking its efficiency and the
nominal power and power factor into account. For instance, if there are some UPS sharing their
output power to feed their load side bus P + j*Q, then the UPS loading parameters will affect the
source side bus voltage considering the operating power factor of the source side bus as follows:
P/EFF + j*P/EFF*sqrt(1-PF*PF)/PF where the EFF represents the UPS efficiency and PF is the
operating power factor of the source side bus [10].
5.4. Modeling of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
The Variable Frequency Drive in the load flow studies is represented similar to the UPS model
considering the below exceptions:
The VFD is modeled as a fixed load with parameters based on the connected load.
The bus voltage of the source side of the VFD is affected by the VFD loading type.
The load parameters connected to the load side of the VFD affect the bus voltage of the
source side. If the VFD is feeding different source branches, it will share the load equally
between the connected branches. In such a case, the connected loads to the VFD load side
effects the bus voltage connected to the source side [10].
35
5.5. Different Factors Affecting the Load Calculation
ETAP has a significant flexibility considering the load variations for modeling using specific
load factors like demand factor, loading percentage, service factor and application factor. These
factors can be applied differently in loading calculations depends on the specifications of the
system under different circumstances:
Load Editor This is used for calculations of loading categories and voltage drop.
Input for Studies This is used for calculations of loading parameters for load flow and
initial load for motor starting and transient stability analysis.
Studies Results This is used for calculations of load which is shown in the power
system diagram from load flow, motor starting and transient stability analysis.
Bus Editor This is used for multiple loads connected to a bus.
The following two tables describe the application of introduced factors in different areas [10]:
Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation
Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Bus Editor

Studies
Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd
Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x
Bus Operating V x x x x x
Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x
Loading % x x x x x x x x x
Service Factor *
App. Factor *
Load Quantity x x x x x x x
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *
Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation
Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies Bus

Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd
Editor
Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x x
Bus Operating V x x x x
Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x
Loading % x x x x x x x x x
App. Factor *
Load Quantity x x x x x x x
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *
36
* Specifies the user-defined factor used in the calculations in the correspondent load editor.
Notes:
Motor load covers induction motor and induction generator, synchronous motor and the
dynamic load which include motor.
Static load covers static load, capacitor and the static load which consist of conventional
and/or unbalanced loads.
Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models
Dynamic Static
Element Load Flow Transient Stability Motor Acceleration Motor Starting

Generators Infinite Bus Dynamically Modeled Constant Voltage Behind Constant Voltage Behind
Xd Xd
Exciter/Governors Not Applicable Dynamically Modeled Not Modeled Not Modeled
Utility Ties Infinite Bus Constant Voltage Behind Constant Voltage Behind Constant Voltage Behind
X X X
Operating Motors Constant kVA Modeled Dynamically or Constant kVA Constant kVA
Constant kVA
Starting Motors Not Applicable Single1, Single2, DBL1, Single1, Single2, DBL1, Locked-Rotor Z and
& DBL2 Models DBL2, & TSC Models Power Factor
Starters Not Applicable Modeled Modeled Modeled
37
5.6. Load Flow Calculation for Single Phase Panel System
When the calculated Panel or UPS system is selected in the load flow study case, the panel or
UPS system load flow would be calculated considering the three phase system. However, the
calculations for single phase system are different from the calculated values for three phase
system because of the specific parameters of the single phase panel or UPS systems.
When the Calculated Panel or UPS system is not selected in the load flow study case, loads from
a panel or UPS system are combined together up to the top device which can be a panel, phase-
adaptor or even UPS system inside the panel or UPS system. The top element is considered as a
load connected to the three phase system. Loads should be combined not violating the nominal
voltage regardless of all the existing power losses and voltage drops in the power system.
Single-Phase Panel Systems
A panel system is represented as sub system with radial topology feeding the powered to the
three phase bus of the power system through a top panel, phase adaptor or single phase UPS. A
power system would have different panel systems while each panel system may have a three
phase panel or phase adapter as the top element.
5.6.1. Special Load Flow Calculation Conditions for Single Phase Panel System
Single Phase Panel System with Loop Topology
Single phase panel system is might have radial topology without any existing loops to be
calculated by load flow methods. ETAP software checks to see if there are any loops available
before starting load flow calculations. An error will pop up if ETAP detects any existing loop
inside the power system.
Transformer Load Tap Changer (LTC)
Transformer LTC cannot be taken into account for any transformer available in single phase
panel systems. However, the transformer LTC is ignored inside the single phase panel system for
the load flow calculations if the LTC option is not selected.
Shunt Impedance
Shunt impedance cannot be taken into account in the load flow calculations for single phase
panel system regardless of the type of the branch like cable, transmission line and impedance.
Feeder Cables for Loads inside the Panel
Internal loads inside the panel are combined together and considered as a single load for load
flow calculations. This behavior makes the feeder cables losses produced by the internal loads
inside the panel to be ignored in the load flow calculations. However, external feeder cables for
loads outside the panel are considered in the load flow calculation.
38
Calculation Methods
The load flow calculations for single phase panel system are basically done by three phase load
flow calculation methods in order to get better and more accurate results. The single phase load
flow calculation has three steps:
Load flow calculations are done for each single phase panel system for the defined loading
parameters and diversity factors before running the load flow calculation for three phase system.
The voltage of the source side bus which is the top element is considered the constant value
specified by the user during these calculations. The calculated load flow results for the single
phase panel system will be more accurate by running these load-flow calculations since it
considers the power losses of branches and also considers the voltage drop on the loads during
the calculations.
The result of single load flow calculations are saved for the top element after the calculations are
done. These results will be used for the load flow calculations of three phase system afterward
while the top element in any single phase panel system will be considered as a single load
interconnected to the three phase bus.
After completion of the load flow calculations for the three phase system, the load flow
calculation will be done again for each of the single phase panel systems with the new bus
voltage values of the top element which are obtained from the load flow calculations for the three
phase system. The final obtained values from the load flow calculations are reported after the end
of this last step [13].
39
5.7. Load Flow Required Data
Bus Data
The following data is required for load flow calculations of the buses:
Nominal kV
Initial percentage and angle of the voltage (if Initial Condition is selected to use Bus
Voltages)
Load Diversity Factor (if the Loading option is selected to use Diversity Factor)
Branch Data
Branch data is defined in the Branch Editors. Branch includes Transformer, Transmission Line,
Cable, Reactor, and Impedance. The following data is required for the load flow calculations of
the branches:
Z, R, X, or X/R values of the branches, tolerance and temperature only if applicable

The length of the cable and transmission line
Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings
Impedance base kV and base which can be in either kVA or MVA
Power Grid Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the power grids:
Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, MVAR Control, or PF Control)

Nominal kV
Initial value and the angle of the voltage sources for swing mode
%V, MW loading, and MVAR limits (
&
) for Voltage Control mode
MW and MVAR loading, MVAR limits for MVAR Control mode
Loading and PF, and MVAR limits for PF Control mode
Synchronous Generator Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the synchronous generators:
Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or MVAR Control)

Rated kV
Initial value and the angle of the voltage sources for swing mode
%V, MW loading, and MVAR limits (
and
) for Voltage Control mode
MW and MVAR loading and MVAR limits for MVAR Control mode
MW loading and PF, and MVAR limits for PF Control mode
Note: The MVAR limits (

and
) would be obtained from the capability curve. The
additional following data is required for this method:
40
The Capability curve including all the information
Synchronous reactance ( )
Inverter Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the inverters:
Inverter ID
Inverter DC and AC rating
AC output voltage regulating data
Synchronous Motor Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the synchronous motors:
Rated power and voltage

Power factors and efficiencies at 100, 75 and 50 percent loadings
Loading data for desired Loading Category
Cable data
Induction Motor Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the induction motors:

Power factors and efficiencies at 100, 75 and 50 percent loadings
Cable data
Static Load Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the static loads:
Static Load ID
Power factor
Cable data
Capacitor Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the capacitors:
Capacitor ID
Rated power and voltage for each bank and the number of banks
Cable data
41
Lumped Load Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the lumped loads:
Conventional
Load ID
Rated power, rated voltage, power factor and motor load data
Unbalanced
Load ID
Rated power, rated voltage, power factor, motor load data and static load data
Exponential
Load ID
Rated voltage, P0, Q0, a and b
Polynomial
Load ID
Rated voltage, P0, Q0, p1, p2, q1 and q2
Comprehensive
Load ID
Rated voltage, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3 and q4
Charger and UPS Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the chargers and UPSs:
Element ID
Rated AC voltage, AC power, power factor and DC rating data
HV DC Link Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the HVDC links:
Element ID
All data from the Rating page for Load Flow calculations
42
Inverter current margin ( )
SVC Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the SVCs:
Element ID
Rated voltage
Inductive Rating (QL, IL or BL)
Capacitive Rating (QC, IC or BC)
Max Inductive Rating (QL(Max) or IL(Max))
Max Capacitive Rating (QC(Min) or IC(Min))
Note: QC, QC (Min) and BL must be entered as a negative value since they represent the capacitor
reactive power.
Panel Data
The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the panels:
Element ID
Rated voltage and current
Number of Branch Circuits
Loading data
Phasing, Number of Poles and State
Connection Type (Internal, External, Spare, etc.)
Other Data
Some additional information is required for some of the studies as follows:
Load Flow Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)

Maximum number of Iterations
Precision percentage
Acceleration Factor (if Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)
Loading Category
Initial Voltage Condition
Report format
Update bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result
The study case related data is entered into the Load Flow Study Case editor [13].
43
6. PV Simulation in ETAP Software
The modeling and simulation of the power system including generation and distribution
networks is done in ETAP software.
Small power systems are not practical to be considered as high-penetration PV system since the
bus voltages in such systems are affected drastically by the power injection from the renewable
energy systems. At the first stage of this project, 5 bus system was studied in which over-
voltages up to 26 percent per unit were obtained. On the other hand, large systems have their
own issues as well. Injecting lots of power at once to the load buses, increase and improve the
full load buses at the far end load side of the system while the entire system collapses because of
the large amount of generation exists in the system. Load flow analysis got diverged using IEEE
13 bus system having PV penetration above 60percent. As a result, standard IEEE 9 bus system
is selected for the analysis in this project since the results are reasonable and the system load
flow calculations converge for the all types of PV penetration from zero to hundred percent.
However, the high PV penetration system has many limitations in practice. Lack of solar energy
after daylight time, necessity to have storage devices to supply the power during night, protection
and coordination with the classic power systems and space needed for PV farms are some of the
issues cause limitation for high penetration PV systems.
So the dynamic and more conservative control systems are needed to observe this type of system
and do not let the system to experience any risk causing power outage and decrease the stability
of the power system.
Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV
44
Fig. 31 shows the standard 9 bus system used for the analysis in this project which includes three
generators connected to three different buses in the looped network. Generator1 is considered as
the swing bus and Generator2 and Generator3 are considered as voltage control bus type. High
penetration PV injects a lot of power throughout the system which affect the active and reactive
power of all the existing buses. Based on this fact, it was avoided to model Generator2 and
Generator3 as PQ control bus type to give more realistic results.
Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results
Case 1: Single PV penetration applied to the PQ control testing system
In the first case, the voltage profile of the PQ control generation system obtained to determine
the bus with the maximum voltage drop as shown in Fig. 32. Then the solar panel along with the
inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses
feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels
including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while the
PV penetration percentage is defined as the PV generation over the total generated power in the
test system without considering any connected renewable energy. Based on this definition, zero
percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while
hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power
generation of three existing generators in the testing system.
45
Table 4. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
% of Penetration Power Solar Bus Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9
0 0 101.3 104 102.5 102.5 102.6 99.6 101.3 102.6 101.6 103.3
10 24.8 102.9 104 103.5 103.7 103.1 100.2 102.7 103.6 102.7 104.5
20 49.6 104.3 104 104.3 104.8 103.5 100.8 103.9 104.4 103.6 105.5
30 74.4 105.6 104 105 105.7 103.9 101.2 105 105 104.3 106.4
40 99.2 106.7 104 105.5 106.4 104.1 101.5 105.9 105.6 104.9 107.1
50 124 107.6 104 105.9 107 104.3 101.7 106.7 106 105.4 107.7
60 148.8 108.5 104 106.2 107.5 104.4 101.8 107.4 106.3 105.8 108.2
70 173.6 109.1 104 106.4 107.8 104.4 101.9 107.9 106.4 106 108.5
80 198.4 109.6 104 106.4 108 104.3 101.8 108.3 106.5 106.1 108.7
90 223.2 110 104 106.3 108 104.1 101.6 108.5 106.4 106 108.7
100 248 110.2 104 106.1 107.9 103.8 101.3 108.5 106.1 105.8 108.6
Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230
112
Solar Bus
110
Bus 1
108 Bus 2
Bus 3
106
Bus 4
104 Bus 5
102 Bus 6
Bus 7
100
Bus 8
98 Bus 9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Fig. 33. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
Case 2: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the PQ control testing system
In case 2 of this project, the voltage profile of the PQ control generation system obtained to
determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then three solar panels along with their
inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the
voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches.
The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV
penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses
shown in Fig. 34., voltages of Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9 are constantly increasing since they are
directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. However, this
increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected
to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases.
46
Table 5. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
% of Penetration Power per PV Solar Bus 1 Solar Bus 2 Solar Bus 3 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9
0 0 101.3 102.6 103.3 104 102.5 102.5 102.6 99.6 101.3 102.6 101.6 103.3
10 8.27 102.2 103.8 104.6 104 103.7 103.8 102.9 100.1 102.1 103.7 102.8 104.5
20 16.53 103 104.9 105.8 104 104.7 105 103.2 100.5 102.8 104.7 103.8 105.7
30 24.8 103.7 105.8 106.9 104 105.6 106 103.4 100.9 103.5 105.6 104.8 106.7
40 33.07 104.3 106.6 107.8 104 106.3 106.9 103.5 101.1 104 106.4 105.5 107.5
50 41.33 104.7 107.3 108.6 104 106.9 107.6 103.6 101.2 104.4 107 106.2 108.3
60 49.6 105.1 107.8 109.3 104 107.4 108.2 103.6 101.3 104.7 107.4 106.7 108.9
70 57.87 105.3 108.2 109.8 104 107.7 108.7 103.5 101.2 104.9 107.7 107.1 109.3
80 66.13 105.4 108.4 110.1 104 107.9 109 103.3 101 104.9 107.9 107.3 109.6
90 74.4 105.4 108.4 110.3 104 107.8 109.1 103 100.6 104.8 107.9 107.3 109.7
100 82.67 105.1 108.2 110.2 104 107.6 108.9 102.5 100 104.5 107.6 107.1 109.6
Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 0.22 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230
111
110 Solar Bus 1
109 Solar Bus 2
108 Solar Bus 3
107 Bus 1
106
Bus 2
105
Bus 3
104
Bus 4
103
Bus 5
102
101 Bus 6
100 Bus 7
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Fig. 34. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
Case 3: Single PV penetration applied to the PV control testing system
In the third case, the voltage profile of the PV control generation system obtained to determine
the bus with the maximum voltage drop as shown in Fig. 32. Then the solar panel along with the
inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses
feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels
including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while the
PV penetration percentage is defined as the PV generation over the total generated power in the
test system without considering any connected renewable energy. Based on this definition, zero
percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while
hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power
generation of three existing generators in the testing system.
The summary of load flow reports demonstrates the voltage profiles of the different buses for 10
percent and 90 percent PV penetration are illustrated in Fig. 41; the full reports containing all
different PV penetration levels can be found in Appendix A.
47
Table 8 shows the voltage profile of all the buses including 9 existing buses in addition to the
added Solar Bus. Voltage on the Solar Bus is increasing constantly by the increase of PV
generation. Same scenario occurs for Bus 6 since it is directly connected to the Solar Bus.
Fig. 35. IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
Fig. 36. Load flow results for IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
48
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Location: Lake Forest, CA 12.6.0C Date: 03-10-2014
Contract: 123456789 SN: ETAP-OTI
Engineer: OTI Revision: 10 Percent
Study Case: LF
Filename: IEEE9BUS Config.: Normal
TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.
LOAD FLOW REPORT
Bus Voltage Generation Load Load Flow XFMR

ID kV % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar ID MW Mvar Amp %PF %Tap
* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 46.549 25.355 0 0 Bus 4 46.549 25.355 1783.4 87.8
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 10.7 163.000 4.576 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 4.576 5127.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 6.3 85.000 -15.039 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -15.039 3540.6 -98.5
Bus 4 230.000 102.625 -1.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 37.038 25.370 109.8 82.5
Bus 6 9.510 -1.512 23.6 -98.8

Bus 1 -46.548 -23.858 127.9 89.0
Bus 5 230.000 99.433 -3.0 0 0 124.419 49.758 Bus 4 -36.794 -41.263 139.6 66.6
Bus 7 -87.625 -8.495 222.2 99.5
Bus 6 230.000 101.860 -1.9 0 0 90.998 30.333 Bus 4 -9.488 -14.887 43.5 53.7
Bus 9 -56.723 -9.427 141.7 98.6
Solar BUS -24.788 -6.019 62.9 97.2
Bus 7 230.000 102.199 5.1 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 90.124 -10.040 222.7 -99.4
Bus 8 72.860 -1.358 179.0 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 11.398 401.3 -99.8
Bus 8 230.000 101.268 2.2 0 0 99.351 34.759 Bus 9 -26.926 -24.381 90.0 74.1
Bus 7 -72.425 -10.378 181.4 99.0
Bus 9 230.000 102.975 3.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 57.964 -22.715 151.8 -93.1

Bus 8 27.032 3.479 66.4 99.2
Bus 3 -84.996 19.236 212.4 -97.5

Solar BUS 0.220 102.061 -1.4 24.792 6.213 0 0 Bus 6 24.792 6.213 65719.0 97.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)
# Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
49
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -141.029 35.998 0 0 Bus 4 -141.029 35.998 4897.1 -96.9
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 20.0 163.000 4.607 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 4.607 5127.8 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 17.9 85.000 -27.030 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -27.030 3658.5 -95.3
Bus 4 230.000 102.313 4.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 12.669 30.030 80.0 38.9
Bus 6 -153.709 -5.314 377.3 99.9

Bus 1 141.040 -24.716 351.3 -98.5
Bus 5 230.000 98.931 4.0 0 0 123.166 49.257 Bus 4 -12.506 -46.474 122.1 26.0
Bus 7 -110.659 -2.784 280.9 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 105.517 11.9 0 0 97.648 32.549 Bus 4 157.547 9.019 375.4 99.8
Bus 9 -32.323 0.050 76.9 100.0
Solar BUS -222.873 -41.619 539.4 98.3
Bus 7 230.000 102.197 14.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 114.712 -7.785 282.4 -99.8
Bus 8 48.272 -3.581 118.9 -99.7
Bus 2 -162.984 11.366 401.3 -99.8
Bus 8 230.000 101.555 12.5 0 0 99.916 34.956 Bus 9 -51.835 -24.689 141.9 90.3
Bus 7 -48.081 -10.267 121.5 97.8
Bus 9 230.000 103.663 15.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 32.829 -37.008 119.8 -66.4

Bus 8 52.167 5.497 127.0 99.4
Bus 3 -84.996 31.511 219.5 -93.8

Solar BUS 0.220 107.069 15.4 223.159 55.929 0 0 Bus 6 223.159 55.929 563891.7 97.0
50
Case 4: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the PV control testing system
In case 4 of this project, the voltage profile of the PV control generation system obtained to
determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then three solar panels along with their
inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the
voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches.
The test system illustrated in Fig. 37 is used for load flow studies. There are three different solar
panels connected to three different buses throughout the power system in this study case as
shown in Fig. 38 to represent the better configuration of the high penetration PV systems.
Fig. 37. IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
Three solar buses are connected to Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9, respectively. The penetration of the
PV panels connected to solar buses are gradually increased from no load (zero percent
penetration) to full load (100 percent penetration) in steps of 10 percent.
directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. However, this
increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected
to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases.
51
Fig. 38. Load flow results for IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
Bus 2 and Bus 3 have constant voltages regardless of the penetration percentage since they are
considered as voltage control bus type. The other buses do not show linear changes in their
voltage profiles since the value of the bus voltage is directly related to the reactive power going
through the buses and since the testing system has looped configuration, the value and the
direction of the reactive power changes based on the penetration percentage. This effect gets
worse as the penetration percentage gets closer to hundred percent which represents the full load
penetration of the PVs based on Table 9.
The summary of load flow reports demonstrates the voltage profiles of the different buses for 10
percent and 90 percent PV penetration are illustrated in Fig. 42; the full reports containing all
different PV penetration levels can be found in Appendix A.
Case 5: Single PV penetration applied to the IEEE 30-Bus testing system testing
In case 5 of this project, the voltage profile of the IEEE 30-Bus testing system obtained to
determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then the solar panel along with the inverter
connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses feeding a
load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels including the
PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while zero percent
penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while hundred
percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power generation of six
existing generators in the 30-Bus testing system.
52
Fig. 39 shows the voltage profile for the Solar Bus along with all of the other 30 buses available
in the system. Voltage on the Solar Bus is increasing constantly by the increase of PV
generation. However, this increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant
effect on the buses connected to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV
penetration percentage increases. Same scenario occurs for Bus 16 since it is directly connected
to the Solar Bus.
Table 6. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus
% of Penetration Power Solar Bus
0 0 95.4
10 28.3 107.9
20 56.7 115.7
30 85 120.7
40 113.4 123.1
50 141.7 122.5
Base Voltage (kV) 0.22
125
Solar Bus
Bus 1
120 Bus 2
Bus 3
115 Bus 4
Bus 5
Bus 6
110 Bus 7
Bus 8
105 Bus 9
Bus 10
100 Bus 11
Bus 12
Bus 13
95 Bus 14
0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 39. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus
Case 6: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the IEEE 30-Bus testing system testing
In case 6 of this project, the three solar panels along with their inverter are connected to the
different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the voltage profile which
happens to be the buses feeding load branches.
Three solar buses are connected to Bus 14, Bus 16 and Bus 22 of the system, respectively. The
penetration of the PV panels connected to solar buses are gradually increased from no load (zero
percent penetration) to full load (100 percent penetration) in steps of 10 percent.
53
Table 7. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses
% of Penetration Power Solar Bus 1 Solar Bus 2 Solar Bus 3
0 0 95.4 99 95.9
10 9.4 102 101.1 103.5
20 18.9 107 102.5 109.4
30 28.3 111 103.6 114.2
40 37.8 114 104.4 118.1
50 47.2 116.5 104.9 121.3
Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 0.22 0.22
125
Solar Bus1 Solar Bus2
Solar Bus3 Bus 1
120 Bus 2 Bus 3
Bus 4 Bus 5
115 Bus 6 Bus 7
Bus 8 Bus 9
Bus 10 Bus 11
110 Bus 12 Bus 13
Bus 14 Bus 15
105 Bus 16 Bus 17
Bus 18 Bus 19
Bus 20 Bus 21
100 Bus 22 Bus 23
Bus 24 Bus 26
95 Bus 27 Bus 28
0 10 20 30 40 50 Bus 29 Bus 30
Fig. 40. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses
directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system.
Most of the other buses have almost constant voltages regardless of the penetration percentage
since they are pretty close to voltage control bus types. Some of the buses do not show linear
changes in their voltage profiles since the value of the bus voltage is directly related to the
reactive power going through the buses and since the testing system has looped configuration,
the value and the direction of the reactive power changes based on the penetration percentage.
This effect gets worse as the penetration percentage gets closer to hundred percent which
represents the full load penetration of the PVs.
Table 7 shows the voltage profile for the three Solar Buses available in the system. Voltage on
the Solar Buses is increasing constantly by the increase of PV generation. However, the changes
of the bus voltages are much less compared to the identical system with single penetration PV.
54
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 45.692 29.386 0 0 Bus 4 45.692 29.386 1827.8 84.1
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 11.6 163.000 3.916 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 3.916 5127.2 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 7.0 85.000 -14.745 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -14.745 3538.5 -98.5
Bus 4 230.000 102.401 -1.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 30.570 25.619 97.8 76.6
Bus 6 15.121 2.195 37.5 99.0

Bus 1 -45.691 -27.814 131.1 85.4
Bus 5 230.000 99.234 -2.7 0 0 123.922 49.560 Bus 4 -30.365 -41.770 130.6 58.8
Bus 7 -93.557 -7.789 237.5 99.7
Bus 6 230.000 101.216 -2.1 0 0 89.850 29.950 Bus 4 -15.066 -18.277 58.7 63.6
Bus 9 -66.495 -9.618 166.6 99.0
Solar Bus1 -8.289 -2.055 21.2 97.1
Bus 7 230.000 102.239 6.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 96.419 -8.876 237.7 -99.6
Bus 8 74.854 -1.123 183.8 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 12.054 401.3 -99.7
Solar Bus2 -8.289 -2.056 21.0 97.1

Bus 8 230.000 101.282 3.0 0 0 99.379 34.768 Bus 9 -24.984 -24.350 86.5 71.6
Bus 7 -74.395 -10.418 186.2 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 102.958 4.3 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 68.207 -20.228 173.5 -95.9
Bus 8 25.078 3.348 61.7 99.1

Bus 3 -84.996 18.937 212.3 -97.6
Solar Bus3 -8.289 -2.056 20.8 97.1
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.284 -1.9 8.289 2.078 0 0 Bus 6 8.289 2.078 22142.4 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.307 6.1 8.289 2.078 0 0 Bus 7 8.289 2.078 21921.1 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.025 4.5 8.289 2.078 0 0 Bus 9 8.289 2.078 21768.2 97.0
55
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -146.166 68.208 0 0 Bus 4 -146.166 68.208 5426.9 -90.6
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 28.4 163.000 2.933 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 2.933 5126.5 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 24.6 85.000 -25.359 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -25.359 3638.3 -95.8
Bus 4 230.000 100.557 4.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 -43.431 41.498 150.0 -72.3
Bus 6 -102.750 12.855 258.5 -99.2

Bus 1 146.180 -54.353 389.3 -93.7
Bus 5 230.000 96.819 7.1 0 0 117.963 47.176 Bus 4 43.868 -54.925 182.2 -62.4
Bus 7 -161.831 7.749 420.1 -99.9
Bus 6 230.000 100.860 10.2 0 0 89.220 29.740 Bus 4 104.598 -18.880 264.5 -98.4
Bus 9 -119.502 6.005 297.8 -99.9
Solar Bus1 -74.315 -16.865 189.7 97.5
Bus 7 230.000 102.299 22.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 170.938 7.714 419.9 99.9
Bus 8 66.363 -3.834 163.1 -99.8
Bus 2 -162.984 13.033 401.2 -99.7
Solar Bus2 -74.316 -16.914 187.0 97.5

Bus 8 230.000 101.575 20.1 0 0 99.954 34.970 Bus 9 -33.950 -26.360 106.2 79.0
Bus 7 -66.004 -8.610 164.5 99.2

Bus 9 230.000 103.567 21.9 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 125.201 -18.566 306.8 -98.9
Bus 8 34.111 5.731 83.8 98.6

Bus 3 -84.996 29.790 218.3 -94.4
Solar Bus3 -74.317 -16.955 184.8 97.5
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.449 11.5 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 6 74.351 18.634 198281.4 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.881 24.0 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 7 74.351 18.634 195522.0 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 104.143 23.1 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 9 74.351 18.634 193153.2 97.0
56
7. Conclusion
I have modified the parameters of the generators and motor loads besides modeling of the PV
panel including the inverter device and all the analysis are exclusively done by myself for the
defined study cases.
The results summary of voltage profiles obtained from load flow studies for both single and
dispersed penetration cases are shown below numerically and graphically.
It can be concluded from the results that the PV penetration can threaten the voltage stability of
the power system considering the over voltages during daylight. However, by controlling the
amount of penetration dynamically, the optimal percentage and placement of the PV penetration
can be determined which improves the voltage profile as a result and improves the voltage
stability of the entire system.
PV control generation systems result in better voltage systems and represent the better practical
dispersed PV generation compared to the PQ control generation systems since the power factor
of the solar panels are pretty high considering the modern inverter technology.
Table 8. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
% of Penetration Power Solar Bus Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9
0 0 101 104 102 102 102.4 99.3 101 102.1 101.2 102.8
10 24.8 102.1 104 102 102 102.6 99.4 101.9 102.2 101.3 103
20 49.6 103 104 102 102 102.8 99.5 102.6 102.2 101.4 103.1
30 74.4 103.9 104 102 102 102.9 99.5 103.3 102.3 101.4 103.3
40 99.2 104.6 104 102 102 102.9 99.5 103.9 102.3 101.5 103.4
50 124 105.3 104 102 102 102.9 99.5 104.3 102.3 101.5 103.5
60 148.8 105.9 104 102 102 102.8 99.4 104.8 102.3 101.6 103.6
70 173.6 106.3 104 102 102 102.7 99.3 105.1 102.3 101.6 103.6
80 198.4 106.8 104 102 102 102.5 99.1 105.3 102.2 101.6 103.6
90 223.2 107 104 102 102 102.3 98.9 105.5 102.2 101.6 103.7
100 248 107.3 104 102 102 102 98.7 105.6 102.1 101.5 103.7
Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230
108
107 Solar Bus
106 Bus 1
105 Bus 2
104 Bus 3
103
Bus 4
102
Bus 5
101
100 Bus 6
99 Bus 7
98 Bus 8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Fig. 41. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus
57
PV penetration would make up the existing voltage drop in the system which decrease the power
losses and make the better system stability by improving the voltage profiles.
It was also shown and concluded that splitting the PV generation throughout the entire system
improves the voltage profile drastically. In the analyzed testing system with dispersed PV
penetration including three different solar panels, the voltage profile range is between 100.1 to
104.2 volts while the voltage profile range in the testing system with single PV source including
only one solar bus is between 98.7 to 107.3 volts.
It is also concluded that the voltage change in dispersed penetration system is much smoother
compared to the single penetration system. Total power loss in the distribution system which is
directly influenced by the voltage profile is also much less in the dispersed generation.
Table 9. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
% of Penetration Power per PV Solar Bus 1 Solar Bus 2 Solar Bus 3 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9
0 0 101 102.1 102.8 104 102 102 102.4 99.3 101 102.1 101.2 102.8
10 8.27 101.3 102.3 103 104 102 102 102.4 99.2 101.2 102.2 101.3 103
20 16.53 101.5 102.5 103.2 104 102 102 102.3 99.1 101.4 102.3 101.4 103.1
30 24.8 101.7 102.6 103.4 104 102 102 102.2 98.9 101.5 102.4 101.5 103.2
40 33.07 101.8 102.7 103.6 104 102 102 102.1 98.7 101.5 102.4 101.6 103.3
50 41.33 101.8 102.8 103.8 104 102 102 101.8 98.4 101.5 102.4 101.6 103.4
60 49.6 101.8 102.8 103.9 104 102 102 101.6 98.1 101.4 102.4 101.6 103.5
70 57.87 101.8 102.9 104 104 102 102 101.3 97.7 101.3 102.4 101.6 103.5
80 66.13 101.6 102.9 104.1 104 102 102 101 97.3 101.1 102.4 101.6 103.6
90 74.4 101.5 102.9 104.1 104 102 102 100.6 96.8 100.9 102.3 101.6 103.6
100 82.67 101.2 102.8 104.2 104 102 102 100.1 96.3 100.5 102.2 101.5 103.5
Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 0.22 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230
104.5
Solar Bus 1
104
Solar Bus 2
103.5 Solar Bus 3
103 Bus 1
Bus 2
102.5
Bus 3
102 Bus 4
101.5 Bus 5
Bus 6
101
Bus 7
100.5
Bus 8
100 Bus 9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Fig. 42. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses
58
Bibliography
[1] M. Chidi, O. Ipinnimo, S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury, Investigation of Impact of

Integrating On-Grid Home Based Solar Power Systems on Voltage Rise in the Utility Network,
IEEE 2012
[2] S. J. Steffel,, P. R. Caroselli, A. M. Dinkel, J. Q. Liu, R. N. Sackey, N. R. Vadhar,

Integrating Solar Generation on the Electric Distribution Grid, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
SMART GRID, VOL. 3, NO. 2, JUNE 2012.
[3] S. J. Steffel, Distribution grid considerations for large scale solar and wind installations, in
Proc. IEEE PES Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., New Orleans, LA, Apr. 2010.
[4] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems, IEEE
1547, 2003.
[5] James Bing, Obadiah Bartholomy, Pramod Krishnani, Validation of Solar PV Power
Forecasting Methods for High Penetration Grid Integration, IEEE 2012
[6] J.Bank, B. Mather, J.Keller, M. Coddington, High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study
Report, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, January 2013.
[7] J. Bank, B. Mather, J. Keller, and M. Coddington, High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study
Report, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report, NREL/TP-5500-54742,
January 2013
[8] Global Solar Photovoltaic Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020 press release (March 13,
2009); http://www.prlog.org/10198293-globalsolar-photovoltaic-market-analysis-and-forecasts-
to-2020.htm
[9] Jens Schoene, Vadim Zheglov, Douglas Houseman, J. Charles Smith, Abraham Ellis,
Photovoltaics in distribution systems Integration issues and simulation challenges, Power
and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013 IEEE, pp. 1-5, 2013
[10] B. Mather et aI., "Southern California Edison High-Penetration Photovoltaic Project - Year
1," NREL Technical Report: TP-5500-50875,2011.
[11] B. Mather, "Quasi-static time-series test feeder for PV integration analysis on distribution
systems," accepted to the iEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Austin, TX, 2012.
[12] G. D. Rodriguez, "SCE Experience with PV Integration," proc. of

SEPAIEPRlIDOEISNLlNREL High-Penetration PV Grid integration Workshop, April 28th,
2012, available online at: http://www.solarelectricpower.orglevents/utility-solarconference/usc-
home.aspx#tab Workshop.
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[13] B. Braun et aI., "Is the distribution grid ready to accept large scale photovoltaic
deployment? - State of the art, progress and future prospects," Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., Nov.
2011.
[14] Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE
34 Node Test Feeder, online resource:
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacomltestfeeders/index.html.
[15] J.W. Smith, W. Sunderman, R. Dugan and B. Seal, "Smart inverter VoltiVAr control
functions for high penetration of PV on distribution systems," in proc. of the iEEEIPES Power
Systems Conference and Exposition, 2011.
[16] Rossen Tzartzev, W. Mack Grady, Jay Patel Impact of High-Penetration PV on

Distribution Feeders, 2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT
Europe), Berlin
[17] ETAP Software, www.etap.com
[18] N. Srisaen, A. Sangswang, "Effects of PV Grid-Connected System Location on a

Distribution System," IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, 2006, APCCAS
2006 , pp. 852-855, Dec. 2006.
[19] Y. T. Tan; D. S. Kirschen, "Impact on the Power System of a Large Penetration of

Photovoltaic Generation," Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-8, June 2007.
[20] M. Thomson, D. G. Infield, "Impact of widespread photovoltaics generation on distribution

systems," IET Renewable Power Generation, pp. 33-40, March 2007
[21] W. Mack Grady, Leslie Libby, "A Cloud Shadow Model and Tracker Suitable for Studying
the Impact of High-Penetration PV on Power Systems," IEEE Energy Tech 2012 Conference,
Cleveland, OH, May 2012.
[22] E. Liu and J. Bebic, Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-
Penetration Photovoltaics, NREL/SR-581-42298, February 2008.
[23] Dave Turcotte ,Tarek H. M.EL-Fouly, ReinaldoTonkoski, Impact of High PV Penetration

on Voltage Profilesin Residential Neighborhoods. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,
Vol3, No.3, 2012
[24] Tomas stetz, Frank Marten , Martin Braun, Improve Low Voltage Grid-Integration of
Photovoltaic System in Germany. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,VOL.4,NO.2, 2013
60
Appendix: Full Load Flow Reports
Full Load Flow reports for all the PV penetration levels from zero percent to hundred percent in
steps of 10 percent are presented in this part of the project.
61
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Engineer: OTI Revision: No Penetration
Study Case: LF
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
Load Flow Analysis
Loading Category (1): Design
Generation Category (2): Normal
Load Diversity Factor: None
Swing V-Control Load Total

Number of Buses: 1 2 7 10
XFMR2 XFMR3 Reactor Line/Cable Impedance Tie PD Total

Number of Branches: 4 0 0 6 0 0 10
Method of Solution: Newton-Raphson Method
Maximum No. of Iteration: 9999
Precision of Solution: 0.0100000
System Frequency: 60.00 Hz
Unit System: English
Project Filename: IEEE9BUS
Output Filename: C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr
62
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 2
Study Case: LF
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Tolerance Adjustments /Global Percent
Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual
Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual
Overload Heater Resistance: No
Transmission Line Length: No
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
Temperature Correction Adjustments /Global Degree C
Transmission Line Resistance: Yes Individual
Cable Resistance: Yes Individual
63
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 3
Study Case: LF
Bus Input Data
Load
Bus Initial Voltage Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic
ID kV Sub-sys % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar
Bus 1 16.500 1 104.0 0.0
Bus 2 18.000 1 102.0 21.2
Bus 3 13.800 1 102.0 19.5
Bus 4 230.000 1 102.0 5.1
Bus 5 230.000 1 98.7 4.9 125.841 50.327
Bus 6 230.000 1 105.6 13.7 87.705 29.235
Bus 7 230.000 1 102.1 15.6
Bus 8 230.000 1 101.5 13.8 96.879 33.894
Bus 9 230.000 1 103.7 16.8
Solar BUS 0.220 1 107.3 17.6
Total Number of Buses: 10 0.000 0.000 310.425 113.456 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Generation Bus Voltage Generation Mvar Limits

ID kV Type Sub-sys % Mag. Angle MW Mvar % PF Max Min
Bus 1 16.500 Swing 1 104.0 0.0
Bus 2 18.000 Voltage Control 1 102.0 21.2 163.000 191.765 -191.765
248.000 0.000
64
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 4
Study Case: LF
Line/Cable Input Data
Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line)

Line/Cable Length
ID Library Size Adj. (ft) % Tol. #/Phase T (C) R X Y
Line1 1000.0 0.0 1 75 5.290000 44.965400 0.0003327
Line2 1000.0 0.0 1 75 8.993000 48.668000 0.0002987
Line3 1000.0 0.0 1 75 16.928000 85.169000 0.0005785
Line4 1000.0 0.0 1 75 20.631000 89.930000 0.0006767
Line5 1000.0 0.0 1 75 6.295100 53.323200 0.0003951
Line6 1000.0 0.0 1 75 4.496500 38.088000 0.0002817
Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.
65
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 5
Study Case: LF
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer Rating Z Variation % Tap Setting Adjusted Phase Shift

ID Phase MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV % Z1 X1/R1 + 5% - 5% % Tol. Prim. Sec. %Z Type Angle
T1 3-Phase 100.000 230.000 16.500 5.76 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 5.7600 YNd 0.000
T2 3-Phase 100.000 18.000 230.000 6.25 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 6.2500 Dyn 0.000
T3 3-Phase 100.000 13.800 230.000 5.86 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 5.8600 Dyn 0.000
T5 3-Phase 250.000 0.220 230.000 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 7.7500 Dyn 0.000
66
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 6
Study Case: LF
Branch Connections
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base

ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR Bus 4 Bus 1 0.01 5.76 5.76
T2 2W XFMR Bus 2 Bus 7 0.01 6.25 6.25
T3 2W XFMR Bus 3 Bus 9 0.01 5.86 5.86
T5 2W XFMR Solar BUS Bus 6 0.06 3.10 3.10
Line1 Line Bus 5 Bus 4 1.00 8.50 8.56 17.5998300
Line2 Line Bus 6 Bus 4 1.70 9.20 9.36 15.8012300

Line3 Line Bus 7 Bus 5 3.20 16.10 16.41 30.6026500
Line4 Line Bus 9 Bus 6 3.90 17.00 17.44 35.7974300
Line5 Line Bus 9 Bus 8 1.19 10.08 10.15 20.9007900

Line6 Line Bus 8 Bus 7 0.85 7.20 7.25 14.9019300
67
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 7
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 69.477 29.527 0 0 Bus 4 69.477 29.527 2539.9 92.0
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 9.6 163.000 5.617 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 5.617 5128.8 99.9
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 4.9 85.000 -11.862 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -11.862 3520.2 -99.0
Bus 4 230.000 102.433 -2.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 39.670 24.151 113.8 85.4
Bus 6 29.803 2.341 73.3 99.7

Bus 1 -69.473 -26.493 182.2 93.4
Bus 5 230.000 99.320 -3.9 0 0 124.135 49.645 Bus 4 -39.414 -39.888 141.7 70.3
Bus 7 -84.721 -9.757 215.5 99.3
Bus 6 230.000 101.015 -3.6 0 0 89.493 29.831 Bus 4 -29.641 -17.815 85.9 85.7
Bus 9 -59.853 -12.016 151.7 98.0
Solar BUS 0.000 0.000 0.0 99.5
Bus 7 230.000 102.135 4.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 87.059 -9.537 215.2 -99.4

Bus 8 75.925 -0.826 186.6 100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 10.363 401.4 -99.8
Bus 8 230.000 101.152 1.0 0 0 99.125 34.680 Bus 9 -23.673 -24.121 83.9 70.0
Bus 7 -75.452 -10.558 189.1 99.0
Bus 9 230.000 102.793 2.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 61.237 -19.127 156.7 -95.5

Bus 8 23.759 3.116 58.5 99.2
Bus 3 -84.996 16.010 211.2 -98.3

Solar BUS 0.220 101.015 -3.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 0.000 0.000 0.1 99.5
68
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 8
Study Case: LF
Bus Loading Summary Report
Directly Connected Load Total Bus Load
Bus Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic

Percent
ID kV Rated Amp MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MVA % PF Amp Loading
Bus 1 16.500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75.491 92.0 2539.9

Bus 2 18.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163.097 99.9 5128.8
Bus 3 13.800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85.824 99.0 3520.2

Bus 4 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74.354 93.4 182.2
Bus 5 230.000 0 0 124.135 49.645 0 0 0 0 133.694 92.9 337.9

Bus 6 230.000 0 0 89.493 29.831 0 0 0 0 94.334 94.9 234.4
Bus 7 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163.313 99.8 401.4

Bus 8 230.000 0 0 99.125 34.680 0 0 0 0 105.016 94.4 260.6
Bus 9 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87.121 97.6 212.8

Solar BUS 0.220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99.5 0.1
69
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 9
Study Case: LF
Branch Loading Summary Report
Transformer
CKT / Branch Cable & Reactor
Ampacity Loading Capability Loading (input) Loading (output)
ID Type (Amp) Amp % (MVA) MVA % MVA %
T1 Transformer 100.000 75.491 75.5 74.353 74.4
* T2 Transformer 100.000 163.313 163.3 163.097 163.1
T3 Transformer 100.000 86.491 86.5 85.824 85.8
T5 Transformer 200.000 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0
* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.
70
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 10
Study Case: LF
Branch Losses Summary Report
Vd
CKT / Branch From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage
% Drop
ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To in Vmag
T1 69.477 29.527 -69.473 -26.493 3.0 3034.9 104.0 102.4 1.57
T2 163.000 5.617 -162.984 10.363 16.0 15979.8 102.0 102.1 0.14
T3 85.000 -11.862 -84.996 16.010 4.1 4148.7 102.0 102.8 0.79
Line1 39.670 24.151 -39.414 -39.888 256.2 -15736.1 102.4 99.3 3.11
Line2 29.803 2.341 -29.641 -17.815 162.2 -15473.6 102.4 101.0 1.42
Line3 -84.721 -9.757 87.059 -9.537 2337.7 -19294.3 99.3 102.1 2.82
Line4 -59.853 -12.016 61.237 -19.127 1384.1 -31142.8 101.0 102.8 1.78
T5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 101.0 101.0 0.00
Line6 75.925 -0.826 -75.452 -10.558 473.7 -11384.1 102.1 101.2 0.98
Line5 -23.673 -24.121 23.759 3.116 86.2 -21005.1 101.2 102.8 1.64
4723.2 -90872.8
71
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 11
Study Case: LF
Alert Summary Report
% Alert Settings
Critical
Loading
Bus 0.0
Cable 0.0
Reactor 0.0
Line 100.0
Transformer 0.0
Panel 100.0
Protective Device 0.0
Generator 0.0
Inverter/Charger 100.0
Bus Voltage
OverVoltage 105.0
UnderVoltage 95.0
Generator Excitation
OverExcited (Q Max.) 0.0
UnderExcited (Q Min.)
72
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 12
Study Case: LF
SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND
MW Mvar MVA % PF
Source (Swing Buses): 69.477 29.527 75.491 92.03 Lagging
Source (Non-Swing Buses): 248.000 -6.245 248.079 99.97 Leading
Total Demand: 317.477 23.283 318.329 99.73 Lagging
Total Motor Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.38 Leading
Total Static Load: 312.753 114.156 332.936 93.94 Lagging
Total Constant I Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total Generic Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000
Apparent Losses: 4.723 -90.873
System Mismatch: 0.000 0.000
Number of Iterations: 2
73
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Engineer: OTI Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Load Flow Analysis


74
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 2
Study Case: LF
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
75
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 3
Study Case: LF
Bus Input Data
Load
Bus 1 16.500 1 104.0 0.0
Bus 2 18.000 1 102.0 0.0
Bus 3 13.800 1 102.0 0.0
Bus 4 230.000 1 100.0 0.0
Bus 5 230.000 1 100.0 0.0 125.841 50.327
Bus 6 230.000 1 100.0 0.0 87.705 29.235
Bus 7 230.000 1 100.0 0.0
Bus 8 230.000 1 100.0 0.0 96.879 33.894
Bus 9 230.000 1 100.0 0.0
Solar BUS 0.220 1 101.3 -3.7

Bus 1 16.500 Swing 1 104.0 0.0
Solar BUS 0.220 Mvar/PF Control 1 101.3 -3.7 248.010 62.157 97.0
496.010 62.157
76
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 4
Study Case: LF

Line/Cable Length
Line1 1000.0 0.0 1 75 5.290000 44.965400 0.0003327
Line2 1000.0 0.0 1 75 8.993000 48.668000 0.0002987
Line3 1000.0 0.0 1 75 16.928000 85.169000 0.0005785
Line4 1000.0 0.0 1 75 20.631000 89.930000 0.0006767
Line5 1000.0 0.0 1 75 6.295100 53.323200 0.0003951
Line6 1000.0 0.0 1 75 4.496500 38.088000 0.0002817
77
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 5
Study Case: LF

T1 3-Phase 100.000 230.000 16.500 5.76 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 5.7600 YNd 0.000
T2 3-Phase 100.000 18.000 230.000 6.25 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 6.2500 Dyn 0.000
T3 3-Phase 100.000 13.800 230.000 5.86 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 5.8600 Dyn 0.000
T5 3-Phase 250.000 0.220 230.000 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 7.7500 Dyn 0.000
78
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 6
Study Case: LF
Branch Connections

T1 2W XFMR Bus 4 Bus 1 0.01 5.76 5.76
T2 2W XFMR Bus 2 Bus 7 0.01 6.25 6.25
T3 2W XFMR Bus 3 Bus 9 0.01 5.86 5.86
T5 2W XFMR Solar BUS Bus 6 0.06 3.10 3.10
Line1 Line Bus 5 Bus 4 1.00 8.50 8.56 17.5998300
Line2 Line Bus 6 Bus 4 1.70 9.20 9.36 15.8012300

Line3 Line Bus 7 Bus 5 3.20 16.10 16.41 30.6026500
Line4 Line Bus 9 Bus 6 3.90 17.00 17.44 35.7974300
Line5 Line Bus 9 Bus 8 1.19 10.08 10.15 20.9007900

Line6 Line Bus 8 Bus 7 0.85 7.20 7.25 14.9019300
79
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 7
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -165.058 43.073 0 0 Bus 4 -165.058 43.073 5739.4 -96.8
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 21.2 163.000 5.685 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 5.685 5128.8 99.9
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 19.5 85.000 -26.899 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -26.899 3656.8 -95.3
Bus 4 230.000 102.034 5.1 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 9.107 29.995 77.1 29.1
Bus 6 -174.181 -2.418 428.6 100.0

Bus 1 165.073 -27.576 411.7 -98.6
Bus 5 230.000 98.684 4.9 0 0 122.550 49.011 Bus 4 -8.952 -46.406 120.2 18.9
Bus 7 -113.598 -2.605 289.0 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 105.601 13.7 0 0 97.806 32.602 Bus 4 179.140 12.222 426.8 99.8
Bus 9 -29.288 -0.266 69.6 100.0
Solar BUS -247.658 -44.559 598.2 98.4
Bus 7 230.000 102.131 15.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 117.888 -6.673 290.2 -99.8

Bus 8 45.096 -3.622 111.2 -99.7
Bus 2 -162.984 10.295 401.4 -99.8
Bus 8 230.000 101.512 13.8 0 0 99.831 34.927 Bus 9 -54.902 -24.515 148.7 91.3
Bus 7 -44.929 -10.412 114.0 97.4
Bus 9 230.000 103.656 16.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 29.723 -37.027 115.0 -62.6

Bus 8 55.272 5.651 134.5 99.5
Bus 3 -84.996 31.376 219.4 -93.8

Solar BUS 0.220 107.299 17.6 248.010 62.157 0 0 Bus 6 248.010 62.157 625341.0 97.0
80
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 8
Study Case: LF

Percent
Bus 1 16.500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 170.586 96.8 5739.4

Bus 2 18.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163.099 99.9 5128.8
Bus 3 13.800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89.155 95.3 3656.8

Bus 4 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176.745 98.5 434.8
Bus 5 230.000 0 0 122.550 49.011 0 0 0 0 131.987 92.8 335.7

Bus 6 230.000 0 0 97.806 32.602 0 0 0 0 280.550 98.7 666.9
Bus 7 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163.309 99.8 401.4

Bus 8 230.000 0 0 99.831 34.927 0 0 0 0 105.764 94.4 261.5
Bus 9 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92.710 91.7 224.5

Solar BUS 0.220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 255.680 97.0 625341.0
81
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 9
Study Case: LF
Transformer
* T1 Transformer 100.000 170.586 170.6 167.361 167.4
* T2 Transformer 100.000 163.309 163.3 163.099 163.1
T3 Transformer 100.000 90.602 90.6 89.155 89.2
* T5 Transformer 200.000 255.680 127.8 251.635 125.8
82
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 10
Study Case: LF
Vd
% Drop
T1 -165.058 43.073 165.073 -27.576 15.5 15496.7 104.0 102.0 1.97
T2 163.000 5.685 -162.984 10.295 16.0 15980.2 102.0 102.1 0.13
T3 85.000 -26.899 -84.996 31.376 4.5 4477.0 102.0 103.7 1.66
Line1 9.107 29.995 -8.952 -46.406 155.2 -16411.8 102.0 98.7 3.35
Line2 -174.181 -2.418 179.140 12.222 4959.5 9804.0 102.0 105.6 3.57
Line3 -113.598 -2.605 117.888 -6.673 4290.0 -9277.3 98.7 102.1 3.45
Line4 -29.288 -0.266 29.723 -37.027 435.6 -37292.4 105.6 103.7 1.95
T5 -247.658 -44.559 248.010 62.157 352.0 17598.5 105.6 107.3 1.70
Line6 45.096 -3.622 -44.929 -10.412 167.1 -14034.3 102.1 101.5 0.62
Line5 -54.902 -24.515 55.272 5.651 369.9 -18863.9 101.5 103.7 2.14
10765.4 -32523.3
83
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 11
Study Case: LF
% Alert Settings
Critical
Loading
Bus 0.0
Cable 0.0
Reactor 0.0
Line 100.0
Transformer 0.0
Panel 100.0
Generator 0.0
Bus Voltage
OverVoltage 105.0
UnderVoltage 95.0
Critical Report
Device ID Type Condition Rating/Limit Unit Operating % Operating Phase Type
Bus 6 Bus Over Voltage 230.00 kV 242.88 105.6 3-Phase
G1 Generator Under Power 0.00 MW -165.06 0.0 3-Phase
Solar BUS Bus Over Voltage 0.22 kV 0.24 107.3 3-Phase
84
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 12
Study Case: LF
MW Mvar MVA % PF
Source (Swing Buses): -165.058 43.073 170.586 96.76 Leading
Source (Non-Swing Buses): 496.010 40.943 497.697 99.66 Lagging
Total Motor Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000
Apparent Losses: 10.765 -32.523
85
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
Load Flow Analysis


86
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 2
Study Case: LF
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
87
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 3
Study Case: LF
Bus Input Data
Load
Bus 1 16.500 1 104.0 0.0
Bus 2 18.000 1 102.0 0.0
Bus 3 13.800 1 102.0 0.0
Bus 4 230.000 1 100.0 0.0
Bus 5 230.000 1 100.0 0.0 125.841 50.327
Bus 6 230.000 1 100.0 0.0 87.705 29.235
Bus 7 230.000 1 100.0 0.0
Bus 8 230.000 1 100.0 0.0 96.879 33.894
Bus 9 230.000 1 100.0 0.0
Solar Bus1 0.220 1 101.3 -3.7
Solar Bus2 0.220 1 108.2 22.3
Solar Bus3 0.220 1 98.5 18.8

Bus 1 16.500 Swing 1 104.0 0.0
Solar Bus1 0.220 Mvar/PF Control 1 101.3 -3.7 82.645 20.713 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 Mvar/PF Control 1 108.2 22.3 82.645 20.713 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 Mvar/PF Control 1 98.5 18.8 82.645 20.713 97.0
495.933 62.138
88
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 4
Study Case: LF

Line/Cable Length
Line1 1000.0 0.0 1 75 5.290000 44.965400 0.0003327
Line2 1000.0 0.0 1 75 8.993000 48.668000 0.0002987
Line3 1000.0 0.0 1 75 16.928000 85.169000 0.0005785
Line4 1000.0 0.0 1 75 20.631000 89.930000 0.0006767
Line5 1000.0 0.0 1 75 6.295100 53.323200 0.0003951
Line6 1000.0 0.0 1 75 4.496500 38.088000 0.0002817
89
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 5
Study Case: LF

T1 3-Phase 100.000 230.000 16.500 5.76 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 5.7600 YNd 0.000
T2 3-Phase 100.000 18.000 230.000 6.25 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 6.2500 Dyn 0.000
T3 3-Phase 100.000 13.800 230.000 5.86 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 5.8600 Dyn 0.000
T5 3-Phase 250.000 0.220 230.000 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 7.7500 Dyn 0.000
T6 3-Phase 250.000 0.220 230.000 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 7.7500 Dyn 0.000
T7 3-Phase 250.000 0.220 230.000 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 7.7500 Dyn 0.000
90
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 6
Study Case: LF
Branch Connections

T1 2W XFMR Bus 4 Bus 1 0.01 5.76 5.76
T2 2W XFMR Bus 2 Bus 7 0.01 6.25 6.25
T3 2W XFMR Bus 3 Bus 9 0.01 5.86 5.86
T5 2W XFMR Solar Bus1 Bus 6 0.06 3.10 3.10

Line1 Line Bus 5 Bus 4 1.00 8.50 8.56 17.5998300
Line2 Line Bus 6 Bus 4 1.70 9.20 9.36 15.8012300
Line3 Line Bus 7 Bus 5 3.20 16.10 16.41 30.6026500

Line4 Line Bus 9 Bus 6 3.90 17.00 17.44 35.7974300
Line5 Line Bus 9 Bus 8 1.19 10.08 10.15 20.9007900

Line6 Line Bus 8 Bus 7 0.85 7.20 7.25 14.9019300
91
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 7
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -170.573 78.725 0 0 Bus 4 -170.573 78.725 6320.7 -90.8
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 30.6 163.000 4.572 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 4.572 5127.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 27.0 85.000 -24.997 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -24.997 3634.0 -95.9
Bus 4 230.000 100.096 5.4 0 0 -0.002 -0.001 Bus 5 -52.942 44.107 172.8 -76.8
Bus 6 -117.648 15.825 297.7 -99.1

Bus 1 170.592 -59.930 453.4 -94.3
Bus 5 230.000 96.262 8.4 0 0 116.611 46.635 Bus 4 53.501 -56.324 202.6 -68.9
Bus 7 -170.112 9.689 444.3 -99.8
Bus 6 230.000 100.540 11.8 0 0 88.656 29.551 Bus 4 120.092 -18.500 303.4 -98.8
Bus 9 -126.147 7.465 315.5 -99.8
Solar Bus1 -82.600 -18.516 211.3 97.6
Bus 7 230.000 102.199 25.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 180.302 11.418 443.7 99.8

Bus 8 65.283 -4.234 160.7 -99.8
Bus 2 -162.984 11.401 401.3 -99.8
Solar Bus2 -82.602 -18.585 208.0 97.6

Bus 8 230.000 101.509 22.5 0 0 99.825 34.925 Bus 9 -34.890 -26.645 108.6 79.5
Bus 7 -64.935 -8.280 161.9 99.2

Bus 9 230.000 103.546 24.3 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 132.539 -16.887 323.9 -99.2
Bus 8 35.059 6.109 86.3 98.5

Bus 3 -84.996 29.418 218.0 -94.5
Solar Bus3 -82.603 -18.640 205.3 97.5
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.194 13.3 82.645 20.713 0 0 Bus 6 82.644 20.713 220955.7 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.843 26.4 82.645 20.713 0 0 Bus 7 82.645 20.713 217412.4 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 104.183 25.6 82.645 20.713 0 0 Bus 9 82.645 20.713 214616.1 97.0
92
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 8
Study Case: LF

Percent
Bus 1 16.500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187.864 90.8 6320.7

Bus 2 18.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163.064 100.0 5127.7
Bus 3 13.800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88.599 95.9 3634.0

Bus 4 230.000 -0.002 -0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 180.813 94.3 453.4
Bus 5 230.000 0 -0.001 116.610 46.636 0 0 0 0 179.194 94.9 467.3

Bus 6 230.000 0.001 -0.001 88.655 29.552 0 0 0 0 212.004 98.5 529.3
Bus 7 230.000 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 246.644 99.6 605.8

Bus 8 230.000 0 0 99.825 34.925 0 0 0 0 105.758 94.4 261.5
Bus 9 230.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 171.323 97.8 415.3

Solar Bus1 0.220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85.201 97.0 220956.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85.201 97.0 217412.4

Solar Bus3 0.220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85.201 97.0 214616.1
93
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 9
Study Case: LF
Transformer
* T1 Transformer 100.000 187.864 187.9 180.813 180.8
* T2 Transformer 100.000 163.382 163.4 163.064 163.1
T3 Transformer 100.000 89.943 89.9 88.599 88.6
T5 Transformer 200.000 85.200 42.6 84.650 42.3
T6 Transformer 200.000 85.201 42.6 84.667 42.3
T7 Transformer 200.000 85.201 42.6 84.680 42.3
94
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 10
Study Case: LF
Vd
% Drop
T1 -170.573 78.725 170.592 -59.930 18.8 18795.1 104.0 100.1 3.90
T2 163.000 4.572 -162.984 11.401 16.0 15973.4 102.0 102.2 0.20
T3 85.000 -24.997 -84.996 29.418 4.4 4421.4 102.0 103.5 1.55
Line1 -52.942 44.107 53.501 -56.324 559.3 -12217.2 100.1 96.3 3.83
Line2 -117.648 15.825 120.092 -18.500 2444.1 -2675.3 100.1 100.5 0.44
Line3 -170.112 9.689 180.302 11.418 10190.0 21107.8 96.3 102.2 5.94
Line4 -126.147 7.465 132.539 -16.887 6391.6 -9422.4 100.5 103.5 3.01
T5 -82.600 -18.516 82.644 20.713 43.9 2197.1 100.5 101.2 0.65
Line6 65.283 -4.234 -64.935 -8.280 347.9 -12513.2 102.2 101.5 0.69
T6 -82.602 -18.585 82.645 20.713 42.5 2127.2 102.2 102.8 0.64
Line5 -34.890 -26.645 35.059 6.109 169.7 -20535.5 101.5 103.5 2.04
T7 -82.603 -18.640 82.645 20.713 41.5 2072.8 103.5 104.2 0.64
20269.7 9331.0
95
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 11
Study Case: LF
% Alert Settings
Critical
Loading
Bus 0.0
Cable 0.0
Reactor 0.0
Line 100.0
Transformer 0.0
Panel 100.0
Generator 0.0
Bus Voltage
OverVoltage 105.0
UnderVoltage 95.0
Critical Report
Device ID Type Condition Rating/Limit Unit Operating % Operating Phase Type
G1 Generator Under Power 0.00 MW -170.57 0.0 3-Phase
96
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 12
Study Case: LF
MW Mvar MVA % PF
Source (Swing Buses): -170.573 78.725 187.864 90.80 Leading
Source (Non-Swing Buses): 495.933 41.714 497.685 99.65 Lagging
Total Motor Load: 0.000 -0.004 0.004 8.66 Leading
Apparent Losses: 20.270 9.331
97
ETAP
Project: TS V&V Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 46.549 25.355 0 0 Bus 4 46.549 25.355 1783.4 87.8
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 10.7 163.000 4.576 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 4.576 5127.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 6.3 85.000 -15.039 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -15.039 3540.6 -98.5
Bus 4 230.000 102.625 -1.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 37.038 25.370 109.8 82.5
Bus 6 9.510 -1.512 23.6 -98.8

Bus 1 -46.548 -23.858 127.9 89.0
Bus 5 230.000 99.433 -3.0 0 0 124.419 49.758 Bus 4 -36.794 -41.263 139.6 66.6
Bus 7 -87.625 -8.495 222.2 99.5
Bus 6 230.000 101.860 -1.9 0 0 90.998 30.333 Bus 4 -9.488 -14.887 43.5 53.7
Bus 9 -56.723 -9.427 141.7 98.6
Solar BUS -24.788 -6.019 62.9 97.2
Bus 7 230.000 102.199 5.1 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 90.124 -10.040 222.7 -99.4

Bus 8 72.860 -1.358 179.0 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 11.398 401.3 -99.8
Bus 8 230.000 101.268 2.2 0 0 99.351 34.759 Bus 9 -26.926 -24.381 90.0 74.1
Bus 7 -72.425 -10.378 181.4 99.0
Bus 9 230.000 102.975 3.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 57.964 -22.715 151.8 -93.1

Bus 8 27.032 3.479 66.4 99.2
Bus 3 -84.996 19.236 212.4 -97.5

Solar BUS 0.220 102.061 -1.4 24.792 6.213 0 0 Bus 6 24.792 6.213 65719.0 97.0
98
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 23.577 22.433 0 0 Bus 4 23.577 22.433 1094.9 72.4
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 11.8 163.000 3.778 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 3.778 5127.1 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 7.7 85.000 -17.805 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -17.805 3562.1 -97.9
Bus 4 230.000 102.765 -0.7 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 34.333 26.437 105.8 79.2
Bus 6 -10.756 -4.568 28.5 92.0

Bus 1 -23.576 -21.869 78.5 73.3
Bus 5 230.000 99.506 -2.2 0 0 124.602 49.832 Bus 4 -34.100 -42.467 137.4 62.6
Bus 7 -90.502 -7.365 229.1 99.7
Bus 6 230.000 102.610 -0.2 0 0 92.342 30.781 Bus 4 10.777 -11.981 39.4 -66.9
Bus 9 -53.629 -7.154 132.4 99.1
Solar BUS -49.491 -11.646 124.4 97.3
Bus 7 230.000 102.248 6.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 93.169 -10.366 230.1 -99.4
Bus 8 69.815 -1.825 171.5 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 12.192 401.3 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.364 3.5 0 0 99.540 34.825 Bus 9 -30.124 -24.586 96.3 77.5
Bus 7 -69.416 -10.238 173.8 98.9
Bus 9 230.000 103.134 5.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 54.745 -25.865 147.4 -90.4

Bus 8 30.251 3.812 74.2 99.2
Bus 3 -84.996 22.053 213.7 -96.8

Solar BUS 0.220 103.002 0.7 49.506 12.407 0 0 Bus 6 49.506 12.407 130033.6 97.0
99
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 0.367 20.714 0 0 Bus 4 0.367 20.714 697.0 1.8
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 13.0 163.000 3.209 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 3.209 5126.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 9.2 85.000 -20.203 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -20.203 3583.5 -97.3
Bus 4 230.000 102.853 0.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 31.527 27.364 101.9 75.5
Bus 6 -31.160 -6.879 77.9 97.6

Bus 1 -0.367 -20.486 50.0 1.8
Bus 5 230.000 99.541 -1.3 0 0 124.688 49.866 Bus 4 -31.306 -43.513 135.2 58.4
Bus 7 -93.382 -6.353 236.0 99.8
Bus 6 230.000 103.274 1.5 0 0 93.541 31.180 Bus 4 31.317 -9.059 79.2 -96.1
Bus 9 -50.541 -5.175 123.5 99.5
Solar BUS -74.317 -16.946 185.3 97.5
Bus 7 230.000 102.282 7.3 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 96.223 -10.520 237.6 -99.4
Bus 8 66.761 -2.237 163.9 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 12.758 401.2 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.443 4.7 0 0 99.695 34.879 Bus 9 -33.299 -24.742 102.7 80.3
Bus 7 -66.396 -10.137 166.2 98.9
Bus 9 230.000 103.271 6.5 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 51.546 -28.623 143.3 -87.4

Bus 8 33.450 4.121 81.9 99.2
Bus 3 -84.996 24.502 215.0 -96.1

Solar BUS 0.220 103.851 2.8 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 6 74.351 18.634 193696.4 97.0
100
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -22.862 20.203 0 0 Bus 4 -22.862 20.203 1026.5 -74.9
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 14.1 163.000 2.871 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 2.871 5126.5 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 10.6 85.000 -22.224 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -22.224 3603.6 -96.7
Bus 4 230.000 102.890 0.7 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 28.645 28.148 98.0 71.3
Bus 6 -51.508 -8.441 127.3 98.7

Bus 1 22.863 -19.707 73.6 -75.7
Bus 5 230.000 99.537 -0.4 0 0 124.679 49.862 Bus 4 -28.435 -44.397 133.0 53.9
Bus 7 -96.244 -5.466 243.1 99.8
Bus 6 230.000 103.850 3.2 0 0 94.588 31.529 Bus 4 51.934 -6.138 126.4 -99.3
Bus 9 -47.485 -3.512 115.1 99.7
Solar BUS -99.037 -21.880 245.2 97.6
Bus 7 230.000 102.303 8.5 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 99.266 -10.503 244.9 -99.4
Bus 8 63.718 -2.591 156.5 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 13.095 401.2 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.504 6.0 0 0 99.815 34.921 Bus 9 -36.429 -24.850 109.1 82.6
Bus 7 -63.386 -10.072 158.7 98.8
Bus 9 230.000 103.387 7.9 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 48.390 -30.976 139.5 -84.2

Bus 8 36.605 4.404 89.5 99.3
Bus 3 -84.996 26.572 216.2 -95.4

Solar BUS 0.220 104.604 4.9 99.097 24.836 0 0 Bus 6 99.097 24.836 256304.8 97.0
101
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -46.239 20.888 0 0 Bus 4 -46.239 20.888 1707.1 -91.1
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 15.2 163.000 2.757 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 2.757 5126.4 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 12.0 85.000 -23.892 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -23.892 3621.5 -96.3
Bus 4 230.000 102.878 1.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 25.665 28.795 94.1 66.5
Bus 6 -71.905 -9.278 176.9 99.2

Bus 1 46.240 -19.517 122.5 -92.1
Bus 5 230.000 99.495 0.4 0 0 124.573 49.820 Bus 4 -25.466 -45.125 130.7 49.1
Bus 7 -99.107 -4.695 250.3 99.9
Bus 6 230.000 104.345 5.0 0 0 95.492 31.831 Bus 4 72.736 -3.191 175.1 -99.9
Bus 9 -44.440 -2.154 107.0 99.9
Solar BUS -123.788 -26.485 304.5 97.8
Bus 7 230.000 102.310 9.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 102.318 -10.316 252.3 -99.5
Bus 8 60.666 -2.893 149.0 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 13.208 401.2 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.549 7.2 0 0 99.903 34.952 Bus 9 -39.537 -24.910 115.5 84.6
Bus 7 -60.365 -10.042 151.3 98.6
Bus 9 230.000 103.483 9.3 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 45.255 -32.948 135.8 -80.8

Bus 8 39.741 4.666 97.1 99.3
Bus 3 -84.996 28.283 217.3 -94.9

Solar BUS 0.220 105.269 6.9 123.879 31.047 0 0 Bus 6 123.879 31.047 318378.0 97.0
102
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -69.941 22.804 0 0 Bus 4 -69.941 22.804 2475.1 -95.1
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 16.4 163.000 2.871 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 2.871 5126.5 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 13.5 85.000 -25.218 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -25.218 3636.6 -95.9
Bus 4 230.000 102.814 2.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 22.558 29.311 90.3 61.0
Bus 6 -92.503 -9.389 227.0 99.5

Bus 1 69.944 -19.922 177.6 -96.2
Bus 5 230.000 99.413 1.3 0 0 124.369 49.739 Bus 4 -22.369 -45.702 128.5 44.0
Bus 7 -102.000 -4.037 257.8 99.9
Bus 6 230.000 104.762 6.7 0 0 96.258 32.086 Bus 4 93.879 -0.185 224.9 100.0
Bus 9 -41.379 -1.103 99.2 100.0
Solar BUS -148.757 -30.798 364.0 97.9
Bus 7 230.000 102.303 10.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 105.409 -9.951 259.8 -99.6
Bus 8 57.575 -3.144 141.5 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 13.095 401.2 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.576 8.5 0 0 99.957 34.971 Bus 9 -42.653 -24.924 122.1 86.3
Bus 7 -57.304 -10.046 143.8 98.5
Bus 9 230.000 103.559 10.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 42.110 -34.552 132.0 -77.3

Bus 8 42.886 4.907 104.6 99.4
Bus 3 -84.996 29.645 218.2 -94.4

Solar BUS 0.220 105.852 9.1 148.888 37.315 0 0 Bus 6 148.888 37.315 380542.1 97.0
103
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -93.458 25.921 0 0 Bus 4 -93.458 25.921 3263.1 -96.4
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 17.6 163.000 3.212 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 3.212 5126.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 14.9 85.000 -26.176 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -26.176 3648.0 -95.6
Bus 4 230.000 102.700 2.9 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 19.386 29.685 86.7 54.7
Bus 6 -112.849 -8.773 276.7 99.7

Bus 1 93.463 -20.911 234.1 -97.6
Bus 5 230.000 99.294 2.2 0 0 124.071 49.619 Bus 4 -19.206 -46.116 126.3 38.4
Bus 7 -104.864 -3.503 265.3 99.9
Bus 6 230.000 105.094 8.4 0 0 96.868 32.289 Bus 4 114.901 2.823 274.5 100.0
Bus 9 -38.366 -0.385 91.6 100.0
Solar BUS -173.404 -34.727 422.4 98.1
Bus 7 230.000 102.282 12.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 108.477 -9.415 267.2 -99.6
Bus 8 54.507 -3.340 134.0 -99.8
Bus 2 -162.984 12.755 401.2 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.587 9.8 0 0 99.978 34.978 Bus 9 -45.713 -24.893 128.6 87.8
Bus 7 -54.264 -10.085 136.4 98.3
Bus 9 230.000 103.614 12.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 39.018 -35.756 128.2 -73.7

Bus 8 45.977 5.124 112.1 99.4
Bus 3 -84.996 30.632 218.9 -94.1

Solar BUS 0.220 106.343 11.2 173.579 43.503 0 0 Bus 6 173.579 43.503 441606.4 97.0
104
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -117.240 30.318 0 0 Bus 4 -117.240 30.318 4074.3 -96.8
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 18.8 163.000 3.789 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 3.789 5127.1 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 16.4 85.000 -26.786 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -26.786 3655.4 -95.4
Bus 4 230.000 102.533 3.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 16.081 29.926 83.2 47.3
Bus 6 -133.328 -7.417 326.9 99.8

Bus 1 117.248 -22.509 292.3 -98.2
Bus 5 230.000 99.133 3.1 0 0 123.669 49.458 Bus 4 -15.910 -46.376 124.1 32.5
Bus 7 -107.759 -3.083 273.0 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 105.347 10.2 0 0 97.335 32.445 Bus 4 136.202 5.899 324.8 99.9
Bus 9 -35.337 0.005 84.2 100.0
Solar BUS -198.200 -38.349 481.0 98.2
Bus 7 230.000 102.247 13.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 111.587 -8.693 274.8 -99.7
Bus 8 51.397 -3.487 126.5 -99.8
Bus 2 -162.984 12.180 401.3 -99.7
Bus 8 230.000 101.580 11.1 0 0 99.964 34.973 Bus 9 -48.783 -24.814 135.3 89.1
Bus 7 -51.181 -10.159 128.9 98.1
Bus 9 230.000 103.649 13.7 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 35.915 -36.581 124.2 -70.1

Bus 8 49.081 5.321 119.6 99.4
Bus 3 -84.996 31.259 219.3 -93.9

Solar BUS 0.220 106.750 13.3 198.428 49.731 0 0 Bus 6 198.428 49.731 502896.8 97.0
105
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -141.029 35.998 0 0 Bus 4 -141.029 35.998 4897.1 -96.9
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 20.0 163.000 4.607 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 4.607 5127.8 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 17.9 85.000 -27.030 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -27.030 3658.5 -95.3
Bus 4 230.000 102.313 4.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 12.669 30.030 80.0 38.9
Bus 6 -153.709 -5.314 377.3 99.9

Bus 1 141.040 -24.716 351.3 -98.5
Bus 5 230.000 98.931 4.0 0 0 123.166 49.257 Bus 4 -12.506 -46.474 122.1 26.0
Bus 7 -110.659 -2.784 280.9 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 105.517 11.9 0 0 97.648 32.549 Bus 4 157.547 9.019 375.4 99.8
Bus 9 -32.323 0.050 76.9 100.0
Solar BUS -222.873 -41.619 539.4 98.3
Bus 7 230.000 102.197 14.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 114.712 -7.785 282.4 -99.8
Bus 8 48.272 -3.581 118.9 -99.7
Bus 2 -162.984 11.366 401.3 -99.8
Bus 8 230.000 101.555 12.5 0 0 99.916 34.956 Bus 9 -51.835 -24.689 141.9 90.3
Bus 7 -48.081 -10.267 121.5 97.8
Bus 9 230.000 103.663 15.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 32.829 -37.008 119.8 -66.4

Bus 8 52.167 5.497 127.0 99.4
Bus 3 -84.996 31.511 219.5 -93.8

Solar BUS 0.220 107.069 15.4 223.159 55.929 0 0 Bus 6 223.159 55.929 563891.7 97.0
106
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 45.692 29.386 0 0 Bus 4 45.692 29.386 1827.8 84.1
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 11.6 163.000 3.916 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 3.916 5127.2 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 7.0 85.000 -14.745 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -14.745 3538.5 -98.5
Bus 4 230.000 102.401 -1.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 30.570 25.619 97.8 76.6
Bus 6 15.121 2.195 37.5 99.0

Bus 1 -45.691 -27.814 131.1 85.4
Bus 5 230.000 99.234 -2.7 0 0 123.922 49.560 Bus 4 -30.365 -41.770 130.6 58.8
Bus 7 -93.557 -7.789 237.5 99.7
Bus 6 230.000 101.216 -2.1 0 0 89.850 29.950 Bus 4 -15.066 -18.277 58.7 63.6
Bus 9 -66.495 -9.618 166.6 99.0
Solar Bus1 -8.289 -2.055 21.2 97.1
Bus 7 230.000 102.239 6.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 96.419 -8.876 237.7 -99.6

Bus 8 74.854 -1.123 183.8 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 12.054 401.3 -99.7
Solar Bus2 -8.289 -2.056 21.0 97.1

Bus 8 230.000 101.282 3.0 0 0 99.379 34.768 Bus 9 -24.984 -24.350 86.5 71.6
Bus 7 -74.395 -10.418 186.2 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 102.958 4.3 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 68.207 -20.228 173.5 -95.9
Bus 8 25.078 3.348 61.7 99.1

Bus 3 -84.996 18.937 212.3 -97.6
Solar Bus3 -8.289 -2.056 20.8 97.1
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.284 -1.9 8.289 2.078 0 0 Bus 6 8.289 2.078 22142.4 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.307 6.1 8.289 2.078 0 0 Bus 7 8.289 2.078 21921.1 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.025 4.5 8.289 2.078 0 0 Bus 9 8.289 2.078 21768.2 97.0
107
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 21.935 30.301 0 0 Bus 4 21.935 30.301 1258.6 58.6
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 13.6 163.000 2.556 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 2.556 5126.3 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 9.2 85.000 -17.281 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -17.281 3557.7 -98.0
Bus 4 230.000 102.328 -0.7 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 21.466 27.188 85.0 62.0
Bus 6 0.468 2.368 5.9 19.4

Bus 1 -21.935 -29.556 90.3 59.6
Bus 5 230.000 99.104 -1.5 0 0 123.597 49.430 Bus 4 -21.296 -43.596 122.9 43.9
Bus 7 -102.302 -5.834 259.5 99.8
Bus 6 230.000 101.363 -0.6 0 0 90.113 30.038 Bus 4 -0.450 -18.658 46.2 2.4
Bus 9 -73.117 -7.320 182.0 99.5
Solar Bus1 -16.546 -4.060 42.2 97.1
Bus 7 230.000 102.322 8.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 105.739 -7.920 260.1 -99.7

Bus 8 73.791 -1.427 181.1 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 13.408 401.2 -99.7
Solar Bus2 -16.546 -4.061 41.8 97.1

Bus 8 230.000 101.391 5.1 0 0 99.593 34.843 Bus 9 -26.247 -24.582 89.0 73.0
Bus 7 -73.345 -10.261 183.4 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 103.104 6.5 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 75.193 -21.049 190.1 -96.3
Bus 8 26.349 3.593 64.7 99.1

Bus 3 -84.996 21.519 213.5 -96.9
Solar Bus3 -16.546 -4.063 41.5 97.1
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.499 -0.3 16.548 4.147 0 0 Bus 6 16.548 4.147 44108.1 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.456 8.3 16.548 4.147 0 0 Bus 7 16.548 4.147 43696.0 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.237 6.7 16.548 4.147 0 0 Bus 9 16.548 4.147 43365.5 97.0
108
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -1.843 32.278 0 0 Bus 4 -1.843 32.278 1087.8 -5.7
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 15.6 163.000 1.536 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 1.536 5125.9 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 11.3 85.000 -19.480 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -19.480 3576.8 -97.5
Bus 4 230.000 102.212 0.1 0 0 -0.001 -0.001 Bus 5 12.341 28.864 77.1 39.3
Bus 6 -14.183 2.858 35.5 -98.0

Bus 1 1.843 -31.721 78.0 -5.8
Bus 5 230.000 98.929 -0.3 0 0 123.160 49.255 Bus 4 -12.188 -45.368 119.2 25.9
Bus 7 -110.972 -3.887 281.8 99.9
Bus 6 230.000 101.459 0.9 0 0 90.283 30.094 Bus 4 14.236 -18.959 58.7 -60.0
Bus 9 -79.731 -5.117 197.7 99.8
Solar Bus1 -24.788 -6.017 63.1 97.2
Bus 7 230.000 102.384 10.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 115.039 -6.668 282.5 -99.8

Bus 8 72.732 -1.738 178.4 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 14.427 401.2 -99.6
Solar Bus2 -24.788 -6.021 62.5 97.2

Bus 8 230.000 101.480 7.2 0 0 99.768 34.905 Bus 9 -27.467 -24.818 91.6 74.2
Bus 7 -72.300 -10.087 180.6 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 103.230 8.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 82.206 -21.590 206.7 -96.7
Bus 8 27.577 3.851 67.7 99.0

Bus 3 -84.996 23.763 214.6 -96.3
Solar Bus3 -24.788 -6.024 62.0 97.2
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.660 1.3 24.792 6.213 0 0 Bus 6 24.792 6.213 65978.2 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.584 10.5 24.792 6.213 0 0 Bus 7 24.792 6.213 65384.0 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.428 9.0 24.792 6.213 0 0 Bus 9 24.792 6.213 64850.4 97.0
109
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -26.080 35.399 0 0 Bus 4 -26.080 35.399 1479.3 -59.3
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 17.7 163.000 0.848 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 0.848 5125.8 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 13.5 85.000 -21.371 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -21.371 3594.9 -97.0
Bus 4 230.000 102.051 0.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 3.023 30.684 75.8 9.8
Bus 6 -29.103 3.686 72.2 -99.2

Bus 1 26.081 -34.370 106.1 -60.4
Bus 5 230.000 98.702 0.9 0 0 122.597 49.030 Bus 4 -2.870 -47.118 120.1 6.1
Bus 7 -119.727 -1.911 304.5 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 101.501 2.4 0 0 90.358 30.119 Bus 4 29.265 -19.180 86.5 -83.6
Bus 9 -86.457 -2.975 213.9 99.9
Solar Bus1 -33.166 -7.964 84.4 97.2
Bus 7 230.000 102.426 12.1 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 124.491 -5.080 305.4 -99.9

Bus 8 71.658 -2.064 175.7 -100.0
Bus 2 -162.984 15.113 401.1 -99.6
Solar Bus2 -33.166 -7.970 83.6 97.2

Bus 8 230.000 101.550 9.3 0 0 99.905 34.953 Bus 9 -28.666 -25.062 94.1 75.3
Bus 7 -71.239 -9.890 177.8 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 103.338 10.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 89.377 -21.850 223.5 -97.1
Bus 8 28.784 4.129 70.6 99.0

Bus 3 -84.996 25.697 215.7 -95.7
Solar Bus3 -33.166 -7.976 82.9 97.2
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.770 3.0 33.173 8.314 0 0 Bus 6 33.173 8.314 88187.3 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.692 12.7 33.173 8.314 0 0 Bus 7 33.173 8.314 87394.9 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.602 11.3 33.173 8.314 0 0 Bus 9 33.173 8.314 86627.3 97.0
110
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -49.994 39.588 0 0 Bus 4 -49.994 39.588 2145.6 -78.4
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 19.8 163.000 0.521 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 0.521 5125.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 15.7 85.000 -22.888 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -22.888 3610.6 -96.6
Bus 4 230.000 101.848 1.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 -6.188 32.593 81.8 -18.7
Bus 6 -43.808 4.830 108.6 -99.4

Bus 1 49.996 -37.423 153.9 -80.1
Bus 5 230.000 98.431 2.1 0 0 121.924 48.761 Bus 4 6.359 -48.789 125.5 -12.9
Bus 7 -128.283 0.029 327.2 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 101.488 3.9 0 0 90.335 30.112 Bus 4 44.151 -19.310 119.2 -91.6
Bus 9 -93.077 -0.966 230.2 100.0
Solar Bus1 -41.408 -9.836 105.3 97.3
Bus 7 230.000 102.446 14.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 133.791 -3.200 327.9 -100.0

Bus 8 70.602 -2.394 173.1 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 15.439 401.1 -99.6
Solar Bus2 -41.409 -9.846 104.3 97.3

Bus 8 230.000 101.598 11.4 0 0 100.000 34.986 Bus 9 -29.805 -25.309 96.6 76.2
Bus 7 -70.195 -9.677 175.1 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 103.425 13.0 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 96.473 -21.813 240.1 -97.5
Bus 8 29.931 4.417 73.4 98.9

Bus 3 -84.996 27.252 216.6 -95.2
Solar Bus3 -41.409 -9.856 103.3 97.3
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.822 4.6 41.419 10.381 0 0 Bus 6 41.419 10.381 110054.4 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.777 14.9 41.419 10.381 0 0 Bus 7 41.419 10.381 109032.1 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.753 13.6 41.419 10.381 0 0 Bus 9 41.419 10.381 108006.0 97.0
111
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -73.507 44.806 0 0 Bus 4 -73.507 44.806 2896.4 -85.4
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 21.8 163.000 0.549 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 0.549 5125.7 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 17.8 85.000 -24.038 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -24.038 3623.1 -96.2
Bus 4 230.000 101.604 2.3 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 -15.262 34.583 93.4 -40.4
Bus 6 -58.249 6.277 144.7 -99.4

Bus 1 73.511 -40.859 207.8 -87.4
Bus 5 230.000 98.116 3.3 0 0 121.145 48.449 Bus 4 15.469 -50.377 134.8 -29.4
Bus 7 -136.614 1.928 349.5 100.0
Bus 6 230.000 101.422 5.4 0 0 90.217 30.072 Bus 4 58.842 -19.350 153.3 -95.0
Bus 9 -99.569 0.907 246.4 100.0
Solar Bus1 -49.490 -11.629 125.8 97.3
Bus 7 230.000 102.444 16.2 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 142.910 -1.040 350.2 100.0

Bus 8 69.565 -2.729 170.6 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 15.412 401.1 -99.6
Solar Bus2 -49.491 -11.644 124.6 97.3

Bus 8 230.000 101.625 13.5 0 0 100.053 35.005 Bus 9 -30.883 -25.556 99.0 77.0
Bus 7 -69.171 -9.448 172.4 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 103.491 15.1 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 103.469 -21.487 256.3 -97.9
Bus 8 31.018 4.714 76.1 98.9

Bus 3 -84.996 28.432 217.4 -94.8
Solar Bus3 -49.491 -11.659 123.3 97.3
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.819 6.3 49.506 12.407 0 0 Bus 6 49.506 12.407 131544.7 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.837 17.1 49.506 12.407 0 0 Bus 7 49.506 12.407 130241.7 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.881 15.9 49.506 12.407 0 0 Bus 9 49.506 12.407 128933.7 97.0
112
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -97.969 51.425 0 0 Bus 4 -97.969 51.425 3722.7 -88.5
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 24.0 163.000 0.953 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 0.953 5125.8 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 20.1 85.000 -24.867 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -24.867 3632.5 -96.0
Bus 4 230.000 101.303 3.1 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 -24.722 36.777 109.8 -55.8
Bus 6 -73.253 8.128 182.6 -99.4

Bus 1 97.975 -44.906 267.1 -90.9
Bus 5 230.000 97.736 4.6 0 0 120.208 48.074 Bus 4 24.986 -51.970 148.1 -43.3
Bus 7 -145.194 3.895 373.0 -100.0
Bus 6 230.000 101.295 7.0 0 0 89.990 29.997 Bus 4 74.186 -19.296 190.0 -96.8
Bus 9 -106.302 2.743 263.5 -100.0
Solar Bus1 -57.874 -13.444 147.2 97.4
Bus 7 230.000 102.420 18.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 152.371 1.547 373.5 100.0

Bus 8 68.487 -3.088 168.0 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 15.008 401.1 -99.6
Solar Bus2 -57.874 -13.467 145.6 97.4

Bus 8 230.000 101.631 15.7 0 0 100.065 35.009 Bus 9 -31.960 -25.820 101.5 77.8
Bus 7 -68.105 -9.189 169.7 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 103.539 17.4 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 110.767 -20.835 273.3 -98.3
Bus 8 32.104 5.040 78.8 98.8

Bus 3 -84.996 29.285 218.0 -94.5
Solar Bus3 -57.875 -13.489 144.1 97.4
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.757 8.0 57.895 14.510 0 0 Bus 6 57.895 14.510 153930.5 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.877 19.4 57.895 14.510 0 0 Bus 7 57.895 14.510 152254.0 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 103.992 18.3 57.895 14.510 0 0 Bus 9 57.895 14.510 150622.0 97.0
113
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -121.962 59.141 0 0 Bus 4 -121.962 59.141 4560.4 -90.0
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 26.2 163.000 1.737 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 1.737 5126.0 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 22.3 85.000 -25.306 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -25.306 3637.6 -95.8
Bus 4 230.000 100.958 3.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 -34.023 39.059 128.8 -65.7
Bus 6 -87.948 10.298 220.2 -99.3

Bus 1 121.971 -49.357 327.2 -92.7
Bus 5 230.000 97.308 5.8 0 0 119.158 47.655 Bus 4 34.363 -53.472 164.0 -54.1
Bus 7 -153.521 5.817 396.3 -99.9
Bus 6 230.000 101.110 8.6 0 0 89.662 29.887 Bus 4 89.294 -19.142 226.7 -97.8
Bus 9 -112.885 4.427 280.5 -99.9
Solar Bus1 -66.071 -15.173 168.3 97.5
Bus 7 230.000 102.372 20.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 161.626 4.434 396.5 100.0

Bus 8 67.430 -3.453 165.6 -99.9
Bus 2 -162.984 14.226 401.2 -99.6
Solar Bus2 -66.072 -15.207 166.2 97.5

Bus 8 230.000 101.615 17.9 0 0 100.033 34.997 Bus 9 -32.973 -26.085 103.9 78.4
Bus 7 -67.060 -8.913 167.1 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 103.564 19.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 117.943 -19.874 289.9 -98.6
Bus 8 33.125 5.375 81.3 98.7

Bus 3 -84.996 29.736 218.3 -94.4
Solar Bus3 -66.073 -15.237 164.4 97.4
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.635 9.7 66.099 16.566 0 0 Bus 6 66.099 16.566 175953.5 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.892 21.7 66.099 16.566 0 0 Bus 7 66.099 16.566 173804.9 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 104.078 20.7 66.099 16.566 0 0 Bus 9 66.099 16.566 171823.1 97.0
114
Project: TS V&V
ETAP Page: 1
Study Case: LF
LOAD FLOW REPORT

* Bus 1 16.500 104.000 0.0 -146.166 68.208 0 0 Bus 4 -146.166 68.208 5426.9 -90.6
* Bus 2 18.000 102.000 28.4 163.000 2.933 0 0 Bus 7 163.000 2.933 5126.5 100.0
* Bus 3 13.800 102.000 24.6 85.000 -25.359 0 0 Bus 9 85.000 -25.359 3638.3 -95.8
Bus 4 230.000 100.557 4.6 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 -43.431 41.498 150.0 -72.3
Bus 6 -102.750 12.855 258.5 -99.2

Bus 1 146.180 -54.353 389.3 -93.7
Bus 5 230.000 96.819 7.1 0 0 117.963 47.176 Bus 4 43.868 -54.925 182.2 -62.4
Bus 7 -161.831 7.749 420.1 -99.9
Bus 6 230.000 100.860 10.2 0 0 89.220 29.740 Bus 4 104.598 -18.880 264.5 -98.4
Bus 9 -119.502 6.005 297.8 -99.9
Solar Bus1 -74.315 -16.865 189.7 97.5
Bus 7 230.000 102.299 22.8 0 0 0 0 Bus 5 170.938 7.714 419.9 99.9

Bus 8 66.363 -3.834 163.1 -99.8
Bus 2 -162.984 13.033 401.2 -99.7
Solar Bus2 -74.316 -16.914 187.0 97.5

Bus 8 230.000 101.575 20.1 0 0 99.954 34.970 Bus 9 -33.950 -26.360 106.2 79.0
Bus 7 -66.004 -8.610 164.5 99.2

Bus 9 230.000 103.567 21.9 0 0 0 0 Bus 6 125.201 -18.566 306.8 -98.9
Bus 8 34.111 5.731 83.8 98.6

Bus 3 -84.996 29.790 218.3 -94.4
Solar Bus3 -74.317 -16.955 184.8 97.5
Solar Bus1 0.220 101.449 11.5 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 6 74.351 18.634 198281.4 97.0
Solar Bus2 0.220 102.881 24.0 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 7 74.351 18.634 195522.0 97.0
Solar Bus3 0.220 104.143 23.1 74.351 18.634 0 0 Bus 9 74.351 18.634 193153.2 97.0
115

ETAP IPP Load Flow Example

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CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHRIDGE

High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis

A Graduate Project submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of Master of Science in

Dr. Ali Amini Date:

Dr. Bruno Osorno Date:

Dr. Kourosh Sedghi Sigarchi, Chair Date:

California State University, Northridge

Signature Page .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price ... 2

Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system ..... 3

Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system ..... 3

Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus ..... 6

Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii ........ 7

Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram .... 8

Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB ........ 10

Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc ............ 11

Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc ......... 11

Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda ......... 12

Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda ........ 12

Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda ......... 13

Fig. 14. PV array ........ 14

Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell ........ 14

Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP ........ 16

Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module ......... 16

Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP ........ 19

Fig. 22. PV Array editor in ETAP ......... 20

Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels ...... 21

Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP ........... 22

Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor .......... 25

Fig. 26. Inverter editor in ETAP ............. 27

Fig. 27. Cable library quick pick ........ 27

Fig. 29. Constant impedance load ............. 34

Fig. 30. Constant current load ........... 34

Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV ........... 44

Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results ........... 45

Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation ... 36

Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation ........ 36

Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models . 37

High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis

Master of Science in Electrical Engineering

Over voltage of the system

1.2. Costs of Solar Photovoltaics

Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price [7]

Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system

Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system

2.1. 10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico

This is a 10 MW PV integrated system facility located near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It is

2.2. Colorado State University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado

Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus [7]

2.3. Kapaau Solar Project, Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii

Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii [7]

Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram [7]

2.4. 2 MW Plant in Fontana, California

   

 / exp 

  /  exp  1/ 1/ /

Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB

Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc

P-V output characteristics with different Tc

Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc

Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda

P-V output characteristics with different Lambda

/ exp

/ exp 1/ 1/ /