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CVL 4319
Chapter 7
retaining walls,
cantilever sheet-pile walls,
sheet-pile bulkheads,
3
Introduction
a. The wall may be restrained from moving (Figure 7.1a). The lateral earth
pressure on the wall at any depth is called the at-rest earth pressure.
b. The wall may tilt away from the soil that is retained (Figure 7.1b). With
sufficient wall tilt, a triangular soil wedge behind the wall will fail. The
lateral pressure for this condition is referred to as active earth pressure.
c. The wall may be pushed into the soil that is retained (Figure 7.1c). With
sufficient wall movement, a soil wedge will fail. The lateral pressure for
4
this condition is referred to as passive earth pressure.
Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
Consider a vertical wall of height H, as shown in Figure 7.3, retaining a soil
having a unit weight of A uniformly distributed load, q/unit area, is also
applied at the ground surface.
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Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
The shear strength of the soil is
At any depth z below the ground surface, the vertical subsurface stress is
If the wall is at rest and is not allowed to move at all, the lateral pressure at a
depth z is
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Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
For normally consolidated soil
The total force, per unit length of the wall given in Figure 7.3a can now be
obtained from the area of the pressure diagram given in Figure 7.3b and is
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Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
The location of the line of action of the resultant force, can be obtained by
taking the moment about the bottom of the wall. Thus,
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Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
10
Example 7.1
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Example 7.1
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Rankine Active Earth Pressure
The lateral earth pressure described in Section 7.2 involves walls that do not
yield at all. However, if a wall tends to move away from the soil a distance
as shown in Figure 7.6a, the soil pressure on the wall at any depth will
decrease. For a wall that is frictionless, the horizontal stress, at depth z
will equal when is zero. However, with will be less
than
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Rankine Active Earth Pressure
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Rankine Active Earth Pressure
Rankine Active Earth Pressure
Example 7.2
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Example 7.2
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Example 7.3
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Example 7.3
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Example 7.3
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Example 7.3
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A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure
In previous slides, the relationship was developed for Rankine active
pressure for a retaining wall with a vertical back and a horizontal backfill.
That can be extended to general cases of frictionless walls with inclined
backs and inclined backfills.
Granular Backfill
23
A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure
For a Rankine active case, the lateral earth pressure at a depth z can be
given as
The pressure will be inclined at an angle with the plane drawn at right
angle to the backface of the wall, and
The active force for unit length of the wall then can be calculated as
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A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure
where
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A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure
Granular Backfill with Vertical Back Face
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A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure
Vertical Backface with Soil Backfill
For a retaining wall with a vertical back and inclined backfill of
soil
For this case, the active pressure is inclined at an angle with the horizontal.
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A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure
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Example 7.4
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Example 7.4
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Example 7.5
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Example 7.5
33
Coulombs Active Earth Pressure
The Rankine active earth pressure calculations discussed in the preceding
sections were based on the assumption that the wall is frictionless. In 1776,
Coulomb proposed a theory for calculating the lateral earth pressure on a
retaining wall with granular soil backfill. This theory takes wall friction into
consideration.
35
Coulombs Active Earth Pressure
36
Coulombs Active Earth Pressure
37
Coulombs Active Earth Pressure
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Coulombs Active Earth Pressure
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Coulombs Active Earth Pressure
If a uniform surcharge of intensity q is located above the backfill, as shown in
Figure 7.13, the active force, Pa, can be calculated as
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Example 7.6
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Example 7.6
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Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge
According to the theory of elasticity, the stress at any depth, z, on a retaining
structure caused by a line load of intensity q/unit length (Figure 7.14a) may
be given as
43
Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge
Figure 7.14b shows a strip load with an intensity of q/unit area located at a
distance from a wall of height H. Based on the theory of elasticity, the
horizontal stress, at any depth z on a retaining structure is
44
Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge
The location (see Figure 7.14b) of the resultant force, P, can be given as
45
Example 7.8
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Example 7.9
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure
For Mohrs circle c in Figure 7.23b, the major principal stress is and the
minor principal stress is Substituting these quantities into Eq. (1.87) yields
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure
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Example 7.12
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Example 7.12
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Example 7.12
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure: Vertical
Backface and Inclined Backfill
Granular Soil
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure: Vertical
Backface and Inclined Backfill
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure: Vertical
Backface and Inclined Backfill
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Coulombs Passive Earth Pressure
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Coulombs Passive Earth Pressure
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Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions
Coulombs active earth pressure theory can be extended to take into account
the forces caused by an earthquake. Figure 7.15 shows a condition of active
pressure with a granular backfill (c = 0).
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End of Chapter 7
61
HW # 4
Due to Sunday, 1/12/2013
Solve problems:
7.2, 7.3, 7.6, 7.8, 7.9, and 7.10