5.earth Pressure and Stability of Retaining Wall (Dr. Trudeep Dave)

Earth Pressure and Stability of Retaining Walls
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave (Ph.D. IIT Bombay)
Assistant Professor
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU), Gandhinagar
trudeep.dave@sot.pdpu.ac.in, Cell: 0846 999 5681
STTP Course on Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices

Applied Mechanics Department, L. D. College of Engineering
1
STTP Geo P & P, LDCE
Box culvert for vehicular traffic
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Retaining wall with Box culvert
2
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Basement wall
3
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Bridge Abutment
4
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Pedestrian Underpass
5
At-rest / Active / Passive Earth Pressures
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Wall moves
away from soil
Wall moves A
towards soil
B
smooth wall
Granular Soils
6
Stresses in Soil
pressure 1 pressure 1
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
3
3 zero zero
pressure pressure
3 3
1
pressure 1 pressure 1
7
Stresses in Soil
1
direct stress

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1
shear
stress
=0

1 1
8
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
9
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
10
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
11
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
12
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
13
Stresses in Soil
1 1

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=0
=0
1 1
14
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
15
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
16
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
17
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
18
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
19
Stresses in Soil
1

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1 1
20
Stresses in Soil
1

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=0
1 1
21
Stresses in Soil
1
Question: What

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is the stress at
this point?
0 1
Answer: This
circle Mohrs
1
Circle of
Stress
22
Stresses in Soil
pressure 1 1
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
pressure pressure
3 3 3 3
pressure 1 1
23
Stresses in Soil
1
direct stress

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
= 1
3 3 shear
stress
=0

3 3
1 1
24
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3 3

1 1
25
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3 3

1 1
26
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
3
1 1
27
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
3
1 1
28
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
1 1
29
Stresses in Soil
1 1

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3 3 3 3
3
=0
1 1
30
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
1 1
31
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
3
1 1
32
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
3

1 1
33
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3
3
1 1
34
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3 3

1 1
35
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3 3

1 1
36
Stresses in Soil
1

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3 3
3 3 3 1

1 1
37
Stresses in Soil
1
Question: What

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
is the stress at
this point?
3 3
3 1
Answer: This
circle
1 Mohrs
Circle of
Stress
38
Stresses in Soil
1
1

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
3
3
3 3
3 1
3 3
1 Mohrs
1
Circle of
Stress
39
Soil with Cohesion and Friction
Soil fails when

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Mohrs circle
touches these
c lines
3 1
c
Mohrs Circle of
Stress 40
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
Types of Lateral Pressure
States of Equilibrium
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Hydrostatic Pressure and Lateral Thrust

Earth Pressure at Rest
Active Earth Pressure
Passive Earth pressure
41
Types of Lateral Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure and lateral thrust
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
42
Horizontal pressure due to a liquid
If wall AB remains static soil

A
mass will be in a state of elastic
Unit weight of soil =
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
f = c + tan
equilibrium horizontal strain
is zero.
z
v Ratio of horizontal stress to
vertical stress is called
h = Ko v
coefficient of earth pressure at
rest, Ko, or
B h
Ko =
v
Earth pressure at rest
h = K o v = K o z
43
Earth pressure at rest .. contd.

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
44
Plastic equilibrium in soil

A refers to the condition where
Unit weight of soil =
f = c + tan every point in a soil mass is on
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
the verge of failure.

z
v If wall AB is allowed to move
away from the soil mass
h gradually, horizontal stress will
decrease.
This is represented by Mohrs
B circle in the subsequent slide.
Active earth pressure
45
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE (RANKINES)
(in simple stress field for c=0 soil)
z
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
X = Ko z

- in granular soils
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
As the wall moves away from the soil,

Initially (K0 state)

Failure (Active state)
v
active earth
pressure decreasing h = pa
47

xA Ko z z
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
48
Based on the diagram :

a
Ratio = coefficient of Rankine' s active earth pressure
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
v
= K a (Ka is the ratio of the effective stresses)
Therefore :
a 2 1 - sin
Ka = = tan (45 - ) =
v 2 1 + sin
It can be shown that :

2
a = z tan (45 - ) - 2c tan (45 - )
2 2
= z K a - 2c K a
49
Active pressure distribution
- 2c K a - 2c K a
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
zo
z Ka
z K a - 2c K a
50

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Based on the previous slide, using similar

triangles show that :
2c
zo = where zo is depth of tension crack
Ka
For pure cohesive soil, i.e. when = 0 :
2c
zo =

51
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
z
For cohesionless soil, c
=0
a = v Ka = z Ka
z Ka
52
A If the wall is pushed into the

Unit weight of soil = soil mass, the principal stress
f = c + tan
h will increase. On the verge
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
z of failure the stress condition

v on the soil element can be
h expressed by Mohrs circle b.
The lateral earth pressure, p,
which is the major principal
stress, is called Rankines
B
passive earth pressure
Passive earth pressure
53
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE (RANKINES)
(in simple stress field for c=0 soil)
z
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
X = Ko z

Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
As the wall moves towards the soil,

Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state)
passive earth
pressure
increasing h= pa
55
Mohrs circle
Shear stress
f = c + tan representing
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Rankines
D b passive state.
c
A O Kov v C p
Normal
a
stress
D
56
Referring to previous slide, it can be shown that :

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
2
p = v tan (45 + ) + 2c tan (45 + )
2 2
= z K p + 2c K p
For cohesionless soil :

p 2 1 + sin
= K p = tan (45 + ) =
v 2 1 sin
57
Passive pressure distribution
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
For cohesionless soil,

z
p =v K p = z K p
2c K p z Kp
58
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
59
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Rotation of Frictionless Wall About the Bottom
60
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
61
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Rankine vs. Coulomb Theory

62
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Coulomb: Active Case 63

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Coulomb: Passive Case 64

Stability Criteria
Stability of Rigid Walls

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Failures of the rigid gravity wall may occur due to

any of the followings:
Overturning failure
Sliding failure
Bearing capacity failure
Tension failure in joints
Rotational slip failure
In designing the structures at least the first three of the

design criteria must be analysed and satisfied.
65
Stability Criteria
The stability of the retaining wall should be checked against :

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
(i) FOS against overturning (recommended FOS = 2.0)

Resisting moment
FOS =
Disturbing moment
(ii) FOS against sliding (recommended FOS = 2.0)

RV tan + (0.5 - 0.7) Pp + cw B
FOS =
RH
66
Stability Analysis
The stability of the retaining wall should be checked against :

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
FOS against overturning

(recommended FOS = 2.0)
Resisting moment
FOS =
Disturbing moment V
Ph
Pp
.. overturning about A A 67
Stability Criteria
FOS against sliding (recommended FOS = 2.0)

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
RV tan + (0.5 - 0.7) Pp + cw B

FOS =
RH
V
Ph
Pp
Friction & wall base adhesion

68
Stability Criteria
For base pressure (to be compared against the bearing

capacity of the founding soil. Recommended FOS
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
= 3.0)
RV 6e
qb = 1 +
B B
Now, Lever arm of base resultant
Moment
x=
RV
B
Thus eccentricity e = - x
2
69
Stability Analysis
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
V
Ph
Pp
Base pressure on the founding soil

70
RETAINING WALL
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
GL2
Retaining walls are usually built BAC

to hold back soil mass. However, K
retaining walls can also be GL1 SOIL
constructed for aesthetic
landscaping purposes.
Gravity retaining
wall
71
Cantilever Retaining wall with
shear key
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
72
Classification of Retaining walls
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete

Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
Buttress wall-RCC
73
Classification of Retaining walls
Backfill Backfill
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
74
Earth Pressure (P)
Earth pressure is the pressure exerted
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
by the retaining material on the

retaining wall. This pressure tends to GL
deflect the wall outward.
Types of earth pressure :

Pa
Active earth pressure or earth pressure
(Pa) and
Passive earth pressure (Pp).
Variation of Earth pressure
Active earth pressure tends to deflect
the wall away from the backfill.
75
Factors affecting earth pressure
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Earth pressure depends on type of

backfill, the height of wall and the soil
conditions
Soil conditions: The different soil conditions

are
Dry leveled back fill

Moist leveled backfill
Submerged leveled backfill
Leveled backfill with uniform surcharge
Backfill with sloping surface
76
Analysis for dry back fills
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah GL

Total pressure at any height from top,
pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 h
H
Bending moment at any height GL Pa
M=paxh/3= [kah3]/6
M
Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2
Total Bending moment at bottom, kaH
M = [kaH3]/6 H=stem height
77
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure

= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure
= Angle of internal friction or angle of repose
=Unit weigh or density of backfill
If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp
78
Backfill with sloping surface
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
pa= ka H at the bottom and is

GL
parallel to inclined surface of
backfill
cos cos 2 cos 2
ka= cos
cos + cos cos
2 2
Where =Angle of surcharge

Total pressure at bottom
=Pa= ka H2/2
79
Stability requirements of RW
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Following conditions must be satisfied for stability of wall

(IS:456-2000).
It should not overturn

It should not slide
It should not subside, i.e. Max. pressure at the toe
should not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil
under working condition
80
Check against overturning
Factor of safety against

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
overturning
= MR / MO 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
Where,
MR = Stabilizing moment or
restoring moment
MO = Overturning moment
As per IS:456-2000,
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL
0.9 MR 1.4 MO, ch IL
81
Check against Sliding
FOS against sliding
= Resisting force to sliding/
Horizontal force causing sliding
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
= W/Pa 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
As per IS:456:2000
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa
Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
82
Design of Shear key
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
H
H+ PA
a
A R Cp
p a
B W ka(H+a)
=45 + /2
In case the wall is unsafe against sliding
pp= p tan2 (45 +/2) = p kp
where pp= Unit passive pressure on soil above shearing plane AB
p= Earth pressure at BC, R=Total passive resistance=ppxa
83
Design of Shear key-Contd.,
If W= Total vertical force acting at the key base

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
= shearing angle of passive resistance

R= Total passive force = pp x a
PA=Active horizontal pressure at key base for H+a
W=Total frictional force under flat base
For equilibrium, R + W =FOS x PA
FOS= (R + W)/ PA 1.55
84
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave Maximum pressure at the toe
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Pmin. Pressure below the

Pmax Retaining Wall
85
Let the resultant R due to W and Pa
lie at a distance x from the toe.
X = M/W,
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
M = sum of all moments about toe.
Eccentricity of the load = e = (b/2-x) < b/6
Minimum pressure at heel W 6e

Pmin== 1 b
>Zero. b
For zero pressure, e=b/6, resultant should cut the base

within the middle third.
Maximum pressure at toe= W 6e
Pmax = 1+
< SBC of soil. b b
86
Depth of foundation
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Rankines formula:
2
Df =
SBC 1 sin
1 + sin
SBC 2 Df
= ka

87
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400

mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H,
H
0.6H to 0.75H for surcharged
wall H/10
tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/14
Base slab thickness= H/10 to
H/14
b= 0.4H to 0.6H
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4) Base
width
88
Behaviour or structural action
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Behaviour or structural action

and design of stem, heel and
toe slabs are same as that of
any cantilever slab.
89
Design of Cantilever RW
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
Stem design: Mu=psf (ka H3/6)

Determine the depth d from Mu = Mu, lim=Qbd2
Design as balanced section or URS and find

steel
Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
90
Curtailment of bars
Effective depth (d) is

Proportional to h
Dist.
from Bending moment is
h1 top Every 3
alternate proportional to h
Ast/2 h2 bar cut A is l to (BM/d) and is l
h1c st
to h2
Ldt
Ast
h2 Ast1 h12
i.e. 2
Ast/2 Ast Ast 2 h2
Provided
Ast
Cross section Curtailment curve
91
Design of Heel and Toe
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
1. Heel slab and toe slab should also be designed as

cantilever. For this stability analysis should be
performed as explained and determine the maximum
bending moments at the junction.
2. Determine the reinforcement.
3. Also check for shear at the junction.
4. Provide enough development length.
5. Provide the distribution steel
92
Design Example
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Cantilever retaining wall
93
Cantilever RW design
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a

height of 4m. The backfill is horizontal. The density of soil is
18kN/m3. Safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Take the co-
efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The angle of
repose is 30. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, =0.6, =30
94
Depth of foundation
To fix the height of retaining wall
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
[H] 200
H= h' +Df
Depth of foundation Df = h1 h
H
2
SBC 1 sin
1 + sin Df
= 1.23m say 1.2m , b
Therefore H= 5.2m
95
Proportioning of wall
Thickness of base slab=(1/10 to1/14)H
0.52m to 0.43m, say 450 mm 200
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Width of base slab=b = (0.5 to 0.6) H

2.6m to 3.12m say 3m H=5200 mm
Toe projection= pj= (1/3 to )H tp= 750 mm

1m to 0.75m say 0.75m 450
b= 3000 mm
Provide 450 mm thickness for the
stem at the base and 200 mm at the
top
96
Design of stem
Ph= x 1/3 x 18 x 4.752=67.68 kN
M = Ph h/3 = 0.333 x 18 x 4.753/6
= 107.1 kN-m
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Mu= 1.5 x M = 160.6 kN-m
Taking 1m length of wall,

Mu/bd2= 1.004 < 2.76, URS h
(Here d=450- eff. Cover=450-50=400 mm) Pa

To find steel
M
Pt=0.295% <0.96%
2 Df
Ast= 0.295x1000x400/100 = 1180 mm
#12 @ 90 < 300 mm and 3d ok kah
Ast provided= 1266 mm2 [0.32%]

Or Mu = [kaH3]/6
97
Curtailment of bars-Stem
Curtail 50% steel from top
(h1/h2)2 = 50%/100%=
(h1/4.75)2 = , h1 = 3.36m
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Actual point of cutoff

= 3.36-Ld=3.36-47 bar = 3.36-
0.564 = 2.74m from top.
Spacing of bars = 180 mm c/c Dist.
< 300 mm and 3d ok h1
from
top Every
alternate
Ast/2 h2 bar cut
h1c
Ldt
Ast
h2
Ast/2 Ast
98 Provided
STTP Geo P & P, LDCE Ast
Design of stem-Contd.,
Development length (Stem steel)
Ld=47 bar =47 x 12 = 564 mm
200
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Secondary steel for stem at front

0.12% GA
= 0.12x450 x 1000/100 = 540 mm2 H=5200 mm
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok

tp= 750 mm
450
Distribution steel
= 0.12% GA = 0.12x450 x 1000/100 b= 3000 mm
= 540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok
99
Check for shear
200
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Max. SF at Junction, xx = Ph=67.68 kN

Ultimate SF= Vu=1.5 x 67.68 = 101.52 kN
Nominal shear stress =v=Vu/bd H=5200 mm
= 101.52 x 1000 / 1000x400 = 0.25 MPa
To find c: 100Ast/bd = 0.32%, x x
From IS:456-2000, c= 0.38 MPa
v < c, Hence safe in shear. b= 3000 mm
100
Stability analysis
Distance BM about A
Load Magnitude, kN
from A, m kN-m
Stem W1 0.2x4.75x1x25 = 23.75 1.1 26.13
x0.25x4.75x1x25 0.75 + 2/3x0.25
Stem W2 13.60
= 14.84 =0.316
B. slab W3 3.0x0.45x1x25=33.75 1.5 50.63
Back fill, 1.8x4.75x1x18
2.1 323.20
W4 = 153.9
Total W= 226.24 MR=413.55
Earth Pre.
PH =0.333x18x5.22/2 H/3 =5.2/3 MO=140.05
=PH
101
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
Pmin.
30.16
Forces acting on
Pmax
120.6 24.1
kN/m2 the wall and the
kN/m2 97.99 pressure below
22.6
the wall
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
102
Stability checks
Check for overturning
FOS = MR/ MO= 2.94 >1.55 safe
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Check for Sliding

FOS = W/ PH= 2.94 >1.55 safe
Check for subsidence

X=M/ W= 1.20 m > b/3 and e= b/2 x = 3/2 1.2 =
0.3m < b/6
Pressure below the base slab

PMax=120.66 kN/m2 < SBC, safe
PMin = 30.16 kN/m2 > zero, No tension or separation, safe
103
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
30.16 kN/m2
120.6 kN/m2
22.6
97.99
24.1
Design of heel slab
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Magnitude, Distance BM, MC,

Load
kN from C, m kN-m
Backfill 153.9 0.9 138.51
0.45x1.8x25
Heel slab 0.9 18.23
= 27.25
Pressure dist. 30.16 x 1.8
0.9 -48.86
rectangle =54.29
Pressure dist. x 24.1
1/3x1.8 -13.01
Triangle x1.8=21.69
Total Load Total MC=94.86
104
Design of heel slab-Contd.,
200
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Mu= 1.5 x 94.86 =142.3 kNm

Mu/bd2= 0.89 < 2.76, URS
Pt=0.264% < 0.96%
H=5200 mm
Ast= 0.264x1000x400/100
=1056 mm2
x
#16@ 190 < 300 mm and 3d ok x

b= 3000 mm
Ast provided= 1058mm [0.27%]
OR Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d - (fyAst/fckb)]

105
Design of heel slab-Contd., 200
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Development length:
Ld=47 bar
=47 x 16 = 752mm
H=5200 mm
Distribution steel
Same, #10 @ 140
< 450 mm and 5d ok x
Ldt=752
x
106
Design of heel slab-Contd.,
Check for shear at junction
(Tension)
200
Maximum shear =V=105.17 kN,
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
VU,max= 157.76 kN,
Nominal shear stress =v=Vu/bd

= 101.52 x 1000 / 1000x400 = 0.39
MPa
x
To find c: 100Ast/bd = 0.27%,
From IS:456-2000, c= 0.37 MPa x
v slightly greater than c,

Hence slightly unsafe in shear.
107
Design of toe slab
Bending
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Distance
Load Magnitude, kN moment,
from C, m
MC, kN-m
Toe slab 0.75x0.45x25 = 0.75/2 -3.164
Pressure distribution,
97.99x0.75 0.75/2 27.60
rectangle
Pressure distribution, x22.6
2/3x1=0.75 4.24
triangle x1.0.75
Total Load at Total BM
M=28.67
junction at junction
108
Design of toe slab
Mu= 1.5 x 28.67 =43 kN-m 200

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Mu/bd2= 0.27< 2.76, URS
Pt=0.085% Very small, provide 0.12%GA
Ast= 540 mm2

#10 @ 140 < 300 mm and 3d ok
Ldt
Development length:
Ld=47 bar =47 x 10 = 470 mm
109
Design of toe slab-Contd.,
200
Check for shear: at d from junction (at xx as
wall is in compression)
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
Net shear force at the section

V= (120.6+110.04)/2 x 0.35 -
0.45x0.35x25=75.45kN x
VU,max=75.45x1.5=113.18 kN d
x Ldt
v =113.17x1000/(1000x400)=0.28 MPa
pt0.25%, From IS:456-2000, c= 0.37 MPa

v < c, Hence safe in shear.
110
Other details
Construction joint
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
A key 200 mm wide x 50 mm deep with nominal steel

#10 @ 250, 600 mm length in two rows
Drainage
100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom
Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem
for back drain.
111
Drawing and detailing
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave
#12 @ 180
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
#10 @ 140
C/S OF L/S ELEVATION OF
WALL WALL 112
Dr. Trudeep N. Dave Drawing and detailing
BASE SLAB DETAILS
BOTTOM
STEEL
PLAN OF BASE SLAB
TOP
STEEL
113
References
Das, B. M. (2010) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 7th
Edition, Cengage Learning.
Das, B. M. (2010) Principles of Foundation Engineering, 7th
Edition, Cengage Learning.
Craig, R. F. (2004) Craigs Soil Mechanics, 7th Edition, Spon
Press.
Murthy, V. N. S. (2002) Principles and Practices of Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
114
115

5.earth Pressure and Stability of Retaining Wall (Dr. Trudeep Dave)

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Earth Pressure and Stability of Retaining Walls

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave

Dr. Trudeep N. Dave (Ph.D. IIT Bombay)

STTP Course on Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices

Retaining wall with Box culvert

Soil fails when

Types of Lateral Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure and Lateral Thrust

If wall AB remains static soil

Earth pressure at rest .. contd.

Plastic equilibrium in soil

the verge of failure.

Active earth pressure

STTP Geo P & P, LDCE

As the wall moves away from the soil,

Initially (K0 state)

Based on the diagram :

It can be shown that :

Active pressure distribution

Based on the previous slide, using similar

For pure cohesive soil, i.e. when = 0 :

A If the wall is pushed into the

z of failure the stress condition

Passive earth pressure

STTP Geo P & P, LDCE

As the wall moves towards the soil,

Referring to previous slide, it can be shown that :

For cohesionless soil :

For cohesionless soil,

Rotation of Frictionless Wall About the Bottom

Rankine vs. Coulomb Theory

Coulomb: Active Case 63

Coulomb: Passive Case 64

Stability of Rigid Walls

Failures of the rigid gravity wall may occur due to

In designing the structures at least the first three of the

The stability of the retaining wall should be checked against :

(i) FOS against overturning (recommended FOS = 2.0)

(ii) FOS against sliding (recommended FOS = 2.0)

The stability of the retaining wall should be checked against :

FOS against overturning

FOS against sliding (recommended FOS = 2.0)

RV tan + (0.5 - 0.7) Pp + cw B

Friction & wall base adhesion

For base pressure (to be compared against the bearing

Base pressure on the founding soil

Retaining walls are usually built BAC

Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete

by the retaining material on the

Types of earth pressure :

Earth pressure depends on type of

Soil conditions: The different soil conditions

Dry leveled back fill

Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah GL

Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure

If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp

pa= ka H at the bottom and is

Where =Angle of surcharge

Following conditions must be satisfied for stability of wall

It should not overturn

Factor of safety against

= W/Pa 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)

If W= Total vertical force acting at the key base