CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Modern technology and entry to industrialization has changed a lot the

pattern of living among Filipinos and the world. What used to be expensive
and unorthodox before is now part of our daily routine in life. One example
of this is the use of electric-powered devices. The records revealed that in
the Philippines, rural electrification for the last decade had doubled a
number of times.

Electrical energy nowadays may be considered as a necessity. People

around the world, from the modern cities to the remote barangays enjoy the
lifes comfort and ease brought about by one of the worlds greatest
discovery, the electricity. It is quiet noticeable that the peoples lifestyle
nowadays greatly depends on electricity. From our basic needs, to our
entertainment and even to our luxuries, we are enjoying these on account of
electricity.

Through the years, the advancement of technology is increasing

rapidly and this would mean a global expansion. One of these expansions is
industrial expansion. Industries of all sorts use the power of electricity in
order to be more efficient. Through the use of electrical machineries,
factories and other industrial firms have an efficient output in terms of
quantity and quality. These expansions would certainly mean an additional
demand for electricity.

It is also evident that the worlds population, specifically the

Philippine population is dramatically increasing. The increase of population
would also mean an increase in electrical consumption.

Because of these demands, many electric power plants are operating

around the world. Some of these power plants are water-powered which
utilizes the energy of rushing water. These power plants are called
 hydroelectric power plants which are suitable for places with large drop in
elevation and large bodies of water.

Rationale of the Study

The production of much electricity enables the civilization to enjoy

the technologies that now exist without disruption due to energy
insufficiency. In Bohol province, over 60 megawatts of power is being
demanded every day, specifically during peak loading. These statements
identifies Bohol province as growing technologically because of this great
demand of power.

Bohol has three operating hydroelectric power plants and a diesel

power plant; these are respectively, the Janopol Hydroelectric plant in
Balilihan town owned Bohol I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BOHECO I), the
Loboc Hydroelectric plant in Loboc town owned by Santa Clara
International, the Sevilla Mini Hydroelectric plant in Sevilla town owned by
BOHECO I Sevilla Mini Hydro Corporation and the Bohol Diesel Power
Plant in Tagbilaran City owned by the National Power Corporation
(NAPOCOR). Record shows that these local power plants produce 26.61
megawatts of power. This means that Bohol generates only about 50 percent
of the demand power. The insufficiency was coped with Tongonan
Geothermal Power Plant in Leyte, extending with 80 to 100 megawatts of
power for Bohol. Nowadays the province is electrically sufficient but
sometimes it still experiences power outage because of trouble in the lines
on the Leyte side, for such reason, the province still needs additional power
plants to meet or somehow minimize the power outage. The electrical
deficiency will also be reduced if an additional power will be constructed.

Since there are many rivers in Bohol based on its hydrograph, water is
the most available and favorable source of energy. The construction of a
Hydroelectric Power Plant is more possible.
 Theoretical Background

When you look at rushing waterfalls and rivers, you may not
immediately think of electricity. But hydroelectric (water-powered) power
plants are responsible for lighting many of our homes and neighborhoods.
On September 30, 1886, the worlds first hydroelectric power plant began
operation in the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin. The plant, later named
the Appleton Edison Light Company, was initiated by Appleton paper
manufacturer H. F. Rogers, who had been inspired by Thomas Edisons
plans for an electricity-producing station in New York.

Hydroelectric power: How it works:

The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in
elevation. The dam stores lot of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the
bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall
through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there a
turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water. The shaft from the
turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines
are connected to the generator that carries electricity to the consumers. The
water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the
dam.

Generators: How it works:

A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into

mechanical energy into electricity. The operation of a generator is based on
the principle discovered by Faraday. He found that when a magnet is moved
past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator,
electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire
wound around stacks of magnet steel laminations. These are called field
poles to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. This, in turn, causes
electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator out terminals.

Although large hydroelectric installations generate most of the worlds

hydroelectricity, some situations require small hydro power plants. A small
hydro plant maybe connected to a distribution grid or may provide power
 only to an isolated community or single home. Small hydro projects
generally do not require the protracted economic, engineering and
environmental studies associated with large projects, and often can
completed much more quickly. A small hydro development maybe installed
along with a project for flood control, irrigation or the site can be
redeveloped for electric power production, possibly eliminating the new
environmental impact of any demolition operation. Small hydro can be
further divided into mini-hydro units around 1 megawatts in size, and micro-
hydro with units as large as 100 kilowatts down to a couple of kilowatt
rating.

Hydroelectricity eliminates the fuel gas emissions from fossil fuel

combustion including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon
monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the
hazards of coal mining and the indirect health effects of coal emissions.
Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity generates no nuclear waste, has
none of the dangers associated with uranium mining, nor nuclear leaks.
Unlike uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source.
Compared to wind farms hydroelectricity power plants have a more
predictable load factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can be
dispatched to generate power when needed. Hydroelectric plants can be
easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

- Why Bohol needs additional Hydroelectric Power Plant?

- Why hydroelectric power plant should be constructed?

Objectives

- To minimize the outage of power in Bohol when trouble occur in

Tongonan, Leyte.

- To utilize water as source of energy.

 Significance of the Study

First and foremost, this study focuses on how Bohol will be more
responding to power outage when occasionally the extending Geothermal
Power Plant in Tongonan, Leyte got troubles in their system. Secondly this
may help electric consumers to have less electric bill cost since electrical
transmission from Leyte to Bohol rises the distribution cost of electricity.

On the other side, there are advantages that may benefit Boholanos
specially those people in agriculture. Development of a dam and using the
exhaust water from the turbine during electric generation as supply water for
irrigation may help farmers to irrigate their lands and fields.