The first law states that during any cycle

that a system undergoes:

The first law, however, places no restrictions

on the direction of flow of heat and work.
A cycle in which a given amount of heat is
transferred from the system and an equal
amount of work is done on the system
satisfies the first law just as well as a cycle
in which the flows of heat and work are
reversed.
 However, we know from our experience that
a proposed cycle that does not violate the
first law does not ensure that the cycle will
actually occur.
A hot cup of coffee cools by virtue of heat
transfer to the surroundings, but heat will
not flow from the cooler surroundings to the
hotter cup of coffee.
 The second law acknowledges that processes

proceed in a certain direction but not in the

opposite direction.

Thus, a cycle will occur only if both the first

and second laws of thermodynamics are

satisfied.
 Consider process I, represented by the solid
line.
And process II, represented by the dashed
line.
Which one is possible?
 Consider the following process in which work
is produced by transferring Q from high T
reservoir to low T reservoir.
A device that operates in a thermodynamic

cycle and does a certain amount of net

positive work through the transfer of heat

from a high-temperature body to a low-

temperature body.
 Steam power plants:
 Thermal efficiency:
 It is impossible to construct a device that will

operate in a cycle and produce no effect

other than the raising of a weight and the

exchange of heat with a single reservoir.

 If the efficiency of all heat engines is less

than 100%, what is the most efficient cycle

we can have?

It is Carnot cycle.
A heat engine that receives from a high-T

reservoir and rejects to a low-T reservoir.

Since we are dealing with reservoirs, we

recognize that both and of the reservoirs

are constant and remain constant regardless of

the amount of heat transferred.

 A cycle in which every process is reversible. And

the entire cycle is also reversible.

If the cycle is reversed, the heat engine becomes

a refrigerator.

It is the most efficient cycle that can operate

between two constant-temperature reservoirs.

 It is impossible to construct an engine that

operates between two given reservoirs and is

more efficient than a reversible engine

operating between the same two reservoirs.

 All engines that operate on the Carnot cycle
between two given constant-temperature
reservoirs have the same efficiency.

Thermal efficiency:
 Consider process I, represented by the solid
line.
And process II, represented by the dashed
line.
Which one is possible?
 Coefficient of performance:

Carnot refrigerator:
 It is impossible to construct a device that

operates in a cycle and produces no effect

other than the transfer of heat from a cooler

body to a warmer body.

A combination of a Carnot
heat engine driving a Carnot
heat pump as shown:

If the total waste energy is 5

MW, find the rate of energy
delivered at the high
temperature.
 An ideal-gas Carnot cycle with air in a piston
cylinder has a high temperature of 1200 K
and a heat rejection at 400 K. During the
heat addition, the volume triples. Find the
two specific heat transfers (q) in the cycle
and the overall cycle efficiency.