Angular Modulation

Reference
Chapter 5.1, Carlson, Communication Systems

Introduction
AM
modulated spectrum
translated message spectrum
transmission bandwidth
2 x message bandwidth
S/N (at the receiver)
can be improved only by increasing the transmitted power

FM.1
 Angular Modulation

Angular Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
transmission bandwidth 2 x message bandwidth
Nonlinear
F ( )
f (t ) = cos 200t + cos 300t g (t ) = f 2 (t ) g (t )

g (t ) = [cos 200t + cos 300t ]

2
2 3 /100
G ( ) = cos 2 200t + cos 2 300t + 2 cos 200t cos 300t
1 1 1 1
= cos 400t + + cos 600t + + cos 500t + cos100t
2 2 2 2
1 4 5 6 /100

The signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by trading with the

bandwidth.
FM.2
 Angular Modulation

Theory
Consider c(t ) = A cos (t ) where (t ) = [ ct + (t )]
a sinusoidal signal with constant envelope but time-varying phase
If (t ) contains the modulating signal f (t ) , this type of modulation is called angle
modulation.

PM
(t ) f (t )
(t ) : instantaneous phase
The modulated signal is f PM (t ) = A cos[ c t + k p f (t ) + o ]
c : carrier frequency
k p , o: constants
The instantaneous frequency of this phase-modulated signal is

d d
i = = c + k p f (t )
dt dt
FM.3
 Angular Modulation
FM
i (t ) f (t )
f FM (t ) = A cos c t + k f f ( )d + o
t

c : carrier frequency k f , o : constants

i = ?

Example
f (t )

fPM(t) ?
carrier signal

f FM (t )
FM.4
 FM

A FM signal can be expressed as

[
f FM (t ) = A cos c t + k f 0 f ( )d + o
t
]
{ [
= Re Ae
j c t + k f 0t f ( ) d + o ] }
= Re{Ae }
j (c t + o ) jk f 0t f ( ) d
e
{
= Re Ae j (ct + o ) e
jk f g ( t )
} where g (t ) = 0 f ( )d
t

1
= Re Ae j (ct + o ) 1 + jk f g (t ) k 2f g 2 (t ) ...
2!
x 2 x3 xn
Q e = 1 + x + + + ... + + ...
x

2! 3! n!

From this expression, we conclude that FM is nonlinear unless

k f f (t ) << 1
FM.5
 Narrowband FM
Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal f (t ) = a cos mt
[ ]
f FM (t ) = A cos c t + k f 0 f ( )d + o
t

= A cos[ t + k a cos d ] let o = 0

t
c f 0 m

= A cos[ t + cos d ] = ak f : peak frequency deviation

t
c 0 m

= A cos c t + sin mt
m

= A cos[ c t + sin mt ] = : modulation index
m
The FM signal can be rewritten as
A cos ct cos[ sin mt ] A sin c t sin[ sin mt ]
For small modulation index, we can written as
f NBFM (t ) = A cos ct A sin c t sin mt
Q cos[ sin mt ] 1 sin[ sin mt ] sin mt

Normally, a criterion for NBFM is <0.2 FM.6

 Narrowband FM
Example 1.5

AM: f AM (t ) = A cos ct + m A cos ct cos mt 1

f NBFM

NBFM: f NBFM (t ) = A cos ct A sin ct sin mt 0.5

Let A = 1, m = = 0.1, we have 0

-0.5
A cos ct
-1

A sin ct sin mt
-1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

cos mt f NBFM where = 0.2

1.5

m A cos ct cos mt
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
f NBFM A cos ct
A cos ct c = 4 m f AM where m = 0.2
-1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

FM.7
 Narrowband FM
AM
the modulation is added in phase with the carrier
m A cos ct cos mt A cos ct

NBFM
the modulation is added in quadrature with the carrier
A sin ct sin mt A cos ct

FM.8
 Narrowband FM
Spectral density
FNBFM ( ) = F {A cos c t A sin m t sin c t}
A A
= F A cos c t + cos( c + m )t cos( c m )t
2 2
A
= A[ ( + c ) + ( c )] + [ ( + c + m )t + ( c m )t ] A [ ( + c m )t + ( c + m )t ]
2 2

A FNBFM ( ) A
A A
2 2
A A
-
2 2

FAM ( ) = F {A cos c t + mA cos m t cos c t}

mA
= A[ ( + c ) + ( c )] + [ ( + c + m )t + ( c m )t ] + mA [ ( + c m )t + ( c + m )t ]
2 2

FM.9
 Wideband FM

f (t ) = a cos mt

f FM (t ) = A cos[c t + sin mt ]
{
= Re e jct e j sin mt }
j c t
= Ree Fn e jnmt
n =
Qe j sin mt is a periodic function with a fundamental frequency of m
where
1 T / 2 j sin mt jn mt
Fn =
T T / 2
e e dt

1 j ( sin n ) 2
=
2
e d (let = mt =
T
t)

= J n ( )

J n ( ) : Bessel function of the first kind of order n and argument

FM.10
 Wideband FM
j ct jn m t
f FM (t ) = Re Ae J n ( )e
n =

= A J n ( ) cos( c + n m )t
n =

FFM ( ) = A J n ( )[ ( + c + n m ) + ( c n m )]
n =

FM signal with sinusoidal modulation has an infinite number of

sidebands.

The spectral density of the sideband at frequency c + n m is

proportional J n ( )

FM.11
 Wideband FM

FFM ( ) = A J n ( )[ ( + c + n m ) + ( c n m )]
n =

AJ 0 ( )
FFM ( ) AJ 1 ( )
AJ 1 ( ) AJ 2 ( )
AJ 2 ( )

c c c c c c c
- - - + + +
3 m 2 m m m 2 m 3 m

FM.12
 Wideband FM
J n ( )
J n ( ) are real valued.
J n ( ) = J n ( ) for n even
J n ( ) = J n ( ) for n odd
1 1
J 0 ( )
J1 ( ) J n (0.1)
0.5 J 2 ( )
J 6 ( ) 0.5 J n (3)
J3 ( )
J n (6)
0
0

-0.5
0 5 10 -0.5 n
0 5 10 15

FM.13
 Wideband FM
AJ 0 ( ) / 2
The amplitude of the carrier
varies with the modulation index
depends on the modulating signal
contains part of the message information

The number of significant sideband lines depends on . With <<1 only Jo and
J1 are significant.
1 1
J 0 ( )
J n (0.1)
J1 ( )
0.5 J 2 ( ) 0.5 J n (3)
J 6 ( )
J3 ( )
J n (6)
0 0

-0.5 -0.5 n
0 5 10 0 5 10 FM.14
15
Bandwidth
In most applications, a sideband is significant if its magnitude is
equal to or exceed 1% of the unmodulated carrier, i.e.,
J n ( ) 0.01

The bandwidth can also be calculated using the following equations

For large , W 2
For small , W 2 m
Carson rule, W 2( m + )

FM.15