Definition of PHYLOGENY

1
: the evolutionary history of a kind of organism
2
: the evolution of a genetically related group of organisms as distinguished from the
development of the individual organism
3
: the history or course of the development of something (as a word or custom)
n. pl. phylogenies
1. The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of
organisms. Also called phylogenesis.
2. The evolutionary development of an organ or other part of an organism: the phylogeny of the
amphibian intestinal tract.
3. The historical development of a tribe or racial group.

Chapert 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal

Grades of Organization
1.Protoplasmic grade
2.Cellular grade
3.Cell-tissue grade
4.Tissue-organ grade
5.Organ system grade
Body plans

1. Spherical symmetry

2. Radial Symmetry

3. Biradial Symmetry

4. Bilateral Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Acoelomates

No body cavity

Ex: Sponges

have hollow mass of unspecialized cells called blastula

Animal phyla other than Porifera

development proceeds from blastula to gastrula (2 cell layers) outer layer is ectoderm, embryo
has 2 cavities: gut and blastocoel. Some have a third: mesoderm
Protostomes
can be any of the 3 body plans (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate) mouth forms before
anus
Deuterostomes
enterocoelous plan, pouches expand to blasteocoel, anus forms before mouth
Radial cleavage
Deuterostomes, Blastopore becomes anus, Coelom formation is by enterocoely (mesoderm and
coelom are made at same time) , cleavage is regulative
Spiral Cleavage

A-, Pseduo-, - Coelomate.

Blastopore becomes the mouth, Cleavage is mosaic

Tagmata
meatmerism (segmentation)
4 major types of tissue

1. Epithelial (skin)

2. Connective (cartilage, bone, fat)

3. Muscular (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

4. Nervous tissue (Neurons, neuroglia)

What are the benefits of having a larger body size?

surface area-to-volume ratio, against environmental fluctuations, protection, easier to maintain
body temperature, lower energy cost ratio

Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms,[1] many of which are motile.
Historically, protozoa were defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behaviour, such as
movement or i.e., motility. Protozoa were regarded as the partner group of protists to protophyta,
which have plant-like behavior, e.g. photosynthesis. The term protozoan has become highly
problematic due to the introduction of modern ultrastructural, biochemical, and genetic
techniques. Today, protozoan are usually single-celled and heterotrophic eukaryotes containing
non-filamentous structures that belong to any of the major lineages of protists. They are
restricted to moist or aquatic habitats (i.e., they are obligate aquatic organisms). Many protozoan
species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of faeces bacteria and algae.
There are an estimated 30,000 protozoan species. [2]
4 groups of protozoan

There are 4 groups depending on how they move or live

1) Protozoans with pseudopods:
--They move and obtain food using pseudopods
--pseudopods are temprory bulges of the cell that help a obtain food and move .
.

2) Ciliates (Protozoans with Cilia)

--Move and obtain food by cilia

--Cilia are hair like structures that help obtain food and move

3) Flagellates ( Protoans with flagella )

--Only move using flagella
--Flagella: long whip-like structures that move in a propeller motion
--May have 1 or more flagella
--obtain food as parasites

4) Parasitic Protozoans
--Move using flagella and obtain food as parasites
--Parasites : Organisms that live in or on a host causing it harm to benefit itself.

Protozoans are members of the Kingdom Protista which have animal characteristics. They have a
single eukaryotic cell. Some protozoans can make their food by photosynthesis. Others ingest
their food. Some can do both.

There are four major groups of protozoans that are classified according to their method of
movement. Click on each of the links below.

Protozoans-Flagellates
 Flagellates move with flagella. This
organism, Euglena, has green
chloroplasts. What are the chloroplasts
used for in this organism?

Chloroplasts are visible in the photo of

Euglena. The flagellum is not visible in
this view.

Continue

Protozoans-Ciliates

Ciliates are covered with

cilia that are used for
movement.

Can you identify the cilia on this paramecium?

Protozoans-Amoeboids
 Amoebas move with pseudopodia.

Protozoans-Sporozoans

Sporozoans are parasites that complete part of their life

cycle inside of cells of a host organism. During much of
their life cycle they are unable to move by themselves.

On the right is Pneumocystis carinii. It often causes

pneumonia in AIDS patients.

Plasmodium vivax, a sporozoan that causes malaria is

on the left. The round cells are red blood cells. The
dark blue material inside the red blood cells is
Plasmodium vivax.

Mesozoa and Parazoa

The Mesozoa are enigmatic, minuscule, worm-like parasites of marine invertebrates. As of 2012 it was
still unclear whether they are degenerate platyhelminthes (flatworms) or truly-primitive, basal
metazoans. Generally, these tiny, elusive creatures consist of a somatoderm (outer layer) of ciliated cells
surrounding one or more reproductive cells. Decades ago, Mesozoa were classified as a phylum.
Molecular phylogeny studies, however, have shown that the mysterious mesozoans are polyphyletic.
That is, they consist of at least two unrelated groups.[1]