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e te co m b u s tio n (8 ) T h e y
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e ls A dv a n ta g e s :

d s h c lin k e r s e tc (3 ) T h e ir fir in g is e a s ie r a n d a ls o fir e c a n

b e e x tin g u is h e c
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,

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l 8 T h e y a r e c te a n in ls e a n d e c o n o m ic in a
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o f m e ta p r o d u c e d T h e n u s e d a s a m e ta llu r g ic a lfu e l (13 ) C o m p le te c o m b u s tio n

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co n engineel !
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cha f fir e h a z a rd s a re h ig h ir t th e ir (3 ) T h e y a r e n o r e c o s tty a s c o m lic i a n c l liq u id fu e ls
n ce s o u se
p a r e d to sa

6 B O M B C A LO R
M ETE R
T h is p p a r a tu is d to fin d th e c a lo t c z)a l solid a n d iq tid
a s u se
Jte ls
C o n s tr u c p le s k e tc h o f b o m b c a lo r im e te r is s h o w n in F ig 1 l t c o n s is ts o f a s tr o n g
tio n A s im

c y lin ? ic a s ta in le s s s te e b o n rb in w h ic h th e c o m b u s tio n o f fu e l is m a d e to ta k
e p la c e The bom b
h a s a id w h ic h c a n b e s c r e w e d to th e b o d y o f b o m b s o a s to m a k e a e r fe c t a s ti h t
,
p g g s e a T h e h d
is p r o v id e d w ith tw o s ta in le s s s te e l e le c tr o d e s a n d aL oygen t e v a lv e T o o n e o f th e e le c tr o d e s a
i / t
,

s m a ll r it?g is a tta c h e d In r in g a n ic k e l o r s ta in le s s s te a l c r u c ible c a l b

e s u p p o r be d
, l T h e b o m b s
p la c e d in a c o p p e r catorimete w h ic h is s u r r o u n d e d b y a n a ir a c k e t a n d z u a te r lt7 c k e t to p r e v e n t h e a t
lo s s e s d u e to r a d ia t io n T h e c a lo r im e te r is p r o v id e d w ith a n e le c tr ic a ll o e r a te d
y p s tir r e r a n d
B e c k m a i7 J s therntomete w h ic h c a n r e a d accuraely te m p e r a tu r e d iffe r e n c e u to 1 / 1 o o th o f a l
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p c e gre e

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th t t
t c tn n\e s T h e b n m l) lid i ti h l
s g t y s c r e w e d a n e l b m b fille d w ith o x
b u m i) is th e n lo w e r e c l in t y g e n tn 2 5 il tm o s p h e r ic r e s
o c t \p p e r c a
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,

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e n c o n n e c te d to
n p le te d T h e s a m
C ( v r lt b a tte r n n d c if c u it

p e b u r n s a n d h e a t is lib e r a te d U n ifn n n s tir r in o f w a te r is o y
te m p e r n tu r e a tta in e d is g c n tin t e c l a n d th e m a x i
re c o rd e d m u m

C a lc u la tio n Let x - m a ss in g f fu l s a m p le ta k e n in c r u c ib le
o e
W
c i\ lo r im
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, , m ,
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tt m p e r a tL tr e f te in c a lo r im
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a r c a e te r L - h ig h e
c a o r ific v a lu e in fu e l in ca l/ g
H lib e r a te d b y b u r n in o f fu e l
ea t L
g = x

a n d he a t a b so r b e d b y w a te r a n d a
p p a r a tu s e tc ,
-
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2 tl )
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e e a e d by te r , a
w a
p p a r a tu s ,
e tc

x L =
tw + t u ) (l t)
2

o r

N o te T he rm tr r t u iu a l t o f tle c a /o r in
e te l is d e te r m in d b y b u r n in g a fu e l o f k n o zu c n o r ,c u rrlu e a n d u s in
th e a b o v
e
g
e e q u a tio n Th e fu e ls u se d fo r th is b e rrz o ic n c itl (H C V = 6 , 3 2 5 k c a l/ k ) a n d
p u rp o se a re
g //it/t/u re (H C V
i
- 9 , 6 k c a l/ k g )

If H =
pe rc e n ta g e o f h y d r o g e n in fu e l, th e n
9H
g M fH 0 fr o 1 g f fu l= 0 09 H g
m a ss o m o
-
2 e
i
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- 0 09 H 587 ca l L a te n th e a t o f s te a m - 587 ca l/ g )
LC V = H C V , L a te n th e a t o f w a te r fo rm e d
-
(L 0 09 H 5 8 7 ) c a l/ g (o r k c a ll k g ) (3 )
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n e c tio n : T he h e a t lib e ra te d a s m e a su r e d a b o v e in c lu d e s th e h e a t iv t
, , g en o u

b y ig n itio n o f th e fu se w ir e u se d

(ii) A c id c u tT e c tio n : Fu e ls c o n ta in in g S a n d N a re o x id is e d , u n d e r h ig h p r e s s u u d
re te m per
f ig n itio to H 50 d H N O r e sp e c tiv e ly
a tu r e o n , 2 4 a n a

S + 2 H + 2 0 2
H 2
50 4
+ H e a t

2 N + 2 H + 3 0 2
2 H N O a
+ H ea t

lie n t a ls o in c lu d e s th e }ie tt g iu e
tio o f th e s e a pid s a ye ex o th e r m ic r e a c tio n s S o , tlie m ea s u red
Fo yn za
T h e a m o u n t o f th e s e a c id s is ualysed fr o m w a s h in g s o f b o m b b y
,
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o f
l e is d e te r m in e d b y p r e c ip ita tio n a s B a s 0 4 T h e c o r r e c tio n fo r m g
1
titr a tio n w h ile H 2 5 0 4 a o
f d is 1 4 3 c a l
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t / m in u te ) a n d th e a c tu a l tim e ta K e n
y t / u L "

o fc o lin g (t
o

t is a d d e d to th e I is e in te n i p e r a tu r
e
t t x

tl l n ) [A c id + fu s e c o r re c tio n s ] (4 )
(W + ?u ) (2 + co o

L =
"
M ass o f ft ie l (x )

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7 C V A LU E O F G A S EO U S FU E L
C A L O R IC F
e tTs llr i tiTe c tT lo r f}c
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d fo ?g t)i7 ltte s
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B o u se r

o f g t rs e u t s a n d lirid ft ie ls L u h ic h g e t t tcp o r iz e d e a s ily )

C o n s tr u c tio n ita b le g a s b u r n e r in w h ic h a k n o w n v o lu m e o f
T he p p a r a tu s c o n s is ts o f a
a su

r a te o f 3 4 litr e s p e r m
in u te A r o u n d th e b mer,
g a s a t a k n o w n p re ss u re u b e b u r n t a t a u n ifo r m
c

th e r e is a c h im n e y o r c o ln b u s tio n c h a m b e r , w h ic h h a s a c o p p e r tttb ittg c o ile d in s id e a s w e ll a s o u ts id e

f h
it W a te r a t a c o n s ta n t r a te is p a s s e d th r o u g h th e c o il W a te r e n te r s fr o m th e to p o t e o u te r c q l ,

m o v e s to th e b o tto m o f d e c h i tu e y a n d th e n g o e s u p th r o u g h d e ir u e r c o
il to th e e x it a t to p T he
lle r n io n e te r s T a n d T iu e th e te e r a ttr e s o th e in c o m it (n d o u t o in g t u a te r r e s \ c tiu e ly D u r in g th e
1 z g g g p f
p r o c e s s o f d o w L a n d u p m o v e Ln e n t th r o u g h c o il th e flo w in g w a te r ta k e s a w ,
a y p r a c tic a lly w h o le
o f th e h e a t o f b u r n e r a n d a n de n s e d a s w a te r h ic h
y s te a m fo r m e d d u r in g c o m b u s tio n g e ts c o L ,
w

c a Ll b e c o lle c te d T h e w h o e a s s e m b ly is e n c o s e d in a n in s u la te d c o n ta in e r

C
F ig 2 B o y s ga s c a lo r im e te r
U

W o rk in g C k
a tic in fw
cu o a te r an d burning o f g a s e o u s fu e la re c o n tin u e d a t c o s t
an t ra
a bo u t 15 m in u t e s fo r in itia w in g i d The
a rm u p p e r o r a te s o f fu e lbu rn in g a n d w a te r
tr o lle d th a t th e c ir c =
a re c o n so e x it w a te r le a v e s th t u s n e a r l a t a tm
e a pp a ra
y o s
p h e r ic p r e s s u r e W
s te a du co n d itio n s a r e e s ta b lis h e d e n re a d in g s a re ta k e n i ta n
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tle z Jo fgas burnt g iv
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Ju n k e s G a s c a lo r im e te r T h is is th e s ta n d a rd a ppm a tu s u se d fo r m e a s t r in
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h c r o w t tt r 5 o th a t l c s s g p c r L m it tim e T h i
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p u r e a n d te
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th e ?s g
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g iv
an o a t a en
p re ss u re It
G o v e n o r a s s is ts in
d itio n s o f s a tu ra tio n o f fu e l g a s w ith
m a in ta in in
g ti e s ta n d a rd
c tm \v a te r

(ir) G t l
s c o r m e te r has
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7 c h tT Trb e r ) w h ic h is
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(o f c h r o n iu n t ) in o r d e r t r e d u c e th e h e a t lo s s b y r a c lia tio n a n d c o n v e c tio n T h
u s th e o u te r a c k e t
a c ts a n in s u a t o r T h e a n n u la r s a c e fo r w a t
j ,

p e r h e a r g is c o n n e c te d a t its lo w e r
e n d to in te m a
s u p y o f w a te r T \ L T o th e r m o m e te
r a r e u s e d to e c o r d d e te m
p e r a tu r e s o f in le t w a te r iu d o u tle t
w a te r r e \ v e ly

T he rm o m e te r (T2 )

se c tio n xx
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ve sse l
n g

C Fo
s pa ce
rfue s
1
. X

F ig 3 J u n ke r s s ca
o r im e te r
ga

W o rk in g C i r c u h i o f w a te r a n d b u r n in g o f g a s e o u s fu e l a r e c o n tin u e d a t c o n s ta n t r a te s
tt w a b o u t 1 5 2 0 rn im t te s fo r in itia l w a r m in g u p p e r io d T h e n th e r a te s o f g a s e o L ts fu e l b L tr n in g
n n Lw a te r c ir c u a tio n a r e c o n tr o lle d 5 o th a t p r o d u c ts o f c o m b u s tio n le a v e s th e a
p p a r a tL ts ?e t r y a t
6 0 H g) W h th t d iv li!i b li h
s ed th e n r ttlig s
il tm o s
p h e r ic p r e s s t r e ( 7 t
m m e n e s e a c o tu o
t s a r e e s a
, ,

a r t[ k e
r s i1 tt tcm e o u s !/ o f

(i) tite o o lu n te o f g a s t d lls Ju e l b u Tt

r (V ) a t g iv en a tu re a n d p re s su re in a c e r ta in

p e r io d o f tim e ({)

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) c o ttd e ts e d (in ) irl th e o u tle t w a te r

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C a lc u la tio n Le t V v o lu m e o f g a s b u m s a t S T P in a c e ta jn tim e t W m
s : ,

a ss o f co o l
in
w a te r u s e d in tim e ,
t ; T1 = te m p e r a tu r e o f in le t w a te r T2 - te m p e ra tu re o f o u tg o in
g w a te
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r
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=
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a
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L a te n t h e a t f s te a m a
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LC V (o r N C V )

8 TH EO R ET c A L C A LC U LA T o N O F C A L O R IF IC V A L U E O F
A FU EL
T h e c a lo r ific v a lu e o f fu e l
can be a
pp o x in ia te
y c o m p u te d b y n o tin g d e a m
c o n s titu e n ts o f th e fu e l T h o t n ts o f th e
e h ig h e r c a lo r ific v a l
u e o f s o m e o f th e c h i f
fu e l a r e ta b u la te d b e lo w e e o m b u s u b le c o titt e f
n s n ts o

T a

H F L
H
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a ssu m

S o th e a Jn o u n t f h
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= T o ta l m a ss o f h yd ro ge n in fu e l F ix e d h
u s n
yd ro ge n
T o ta l m a ss o f h yd ro ge n in fh e l (1 / 8 M
) a s s o f o x y g e n in th e 6 1e l
8 P a r ts o f o x y ge n co m b in e w ith
L o
U n et
1
p a r t 0o f
1
h dr l r o
D u lo n g s fo rm u la fo r c a lo r ifc v a lu e
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fr o m th e chem ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f fte l is
H C V

T
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7)
re sp e c tiv e ly In d is fo m la
u , W y g e n is a ssu m e d to b e r e s e
p n t in
w a te r , a n d c o m b in a t io n w ith h yd ro ge n a s

LC V H

H 58 k c a ll k
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[F C V 0 09 H 5 8 7 1 k e a ll k
n r is is b a s e d on th e fa c t th a t 1 g
p a r t o f H by m
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9 W O O D
W o o cl is
b ta in e d fr o m fo c s ts }r c s h l c u T w o o c l c
o
y o n ta in s 25 to 5 0 '%
m o is tu r e w h ic h is
r e d u c e d to a b o u t 1
,
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% , o n n ir d r y in g T h c a v e r a e c o m o s itio n o f w o o d o n d
,
g p r y m o is tL r c fr e e b a s i
is : C 5 5 'X , : H = 6 {X , : 0 = 4 3 tx t ; a s h - 1 t}f, T h c c a lo r ific v a l s
u e o f a ir d r ie d w o d i
o s a b o u t 3 5 0 0 to
4 5 0 0 k a lIk
g W o o d b tir n s r e a rli
!l p r o d u c in g n o
,
1

its u s e a s a n e n in e e r in
r e s tr ic te d
g g fu e l is

10 C O A L
C o a l is a lig h !c a b o lm ceo s
ite r th a t u s b e e n ln r ll e d lt o fa lte r a tio n
m a s a re s u o fu e g e ta b
t n a tte r
( g , p lt n ts ) u n de r c r ltt in Jh zlo n T bl con d itio n s It is c h ie fly co m p o se d o fC H N an d O b e s id e s
, , , ,
Li o n co m bu s tib le in o r g a n ic m a tte r

O r ig in o f co a l G eo lo g is t h a v T fo r w a r d tu o th e o r ie s o f c o a l fo
e pu r rr
a tjo n

(1 ) h : s it f l e o r y
c c o r d in g to it c o a l fo r m a tio n to o k
A
p la c e a t ilte p in c e o u e g e ttT tio n its t )f T h e g r e a t
,

p u ity o f m a n y c o a l s e a m s c a n b e b e tte r e x p la in e d b y th is th e o r y
(2 ) D f lp (o r tr a n s p o r ta tio n ) tle o r y : A c c o r c lin g to it th e tr e e s , e tc Qv e r e u p m o o te d a n e l t n ts p o r te d b y ,

r iv e r s to b ig a k e s a n d o th e r d e e
p d e p r e s s io n s , w h ic h g o t fille d a n d b lo c k e d T h e s e h u g e p ile s o f w o o d th e n
g o t b u ie c l tn d e g r o u n c l U n d e h ig h te m p e r a tu r e e x c e s s iv e p r e s s u r e , a b s e n c e o f o x y g e n p r e s e n c e o f b a c te
, ,

r ia s a n d tim e th e c e llu lo s ic m a te r ia l o f w o o d u n d e r w e n t r a d u a l d e c o m
, ,
g p o s itio n w ith th e s im u lta n e o u s
ib e r a tio n o f g a s e s (s u c h a s C 0 2 a n d m e th a n e ) G r e a t th ic k n e s s o f c o a l s e a m s a
p p e a r m o r e r e a s o n a b le o n th e
b a s is o f th is th e o ry

11 C LA S S
F IC A T
O N O F C O A L B Y R A N K
V a r io u s ty p e s o f co a lco m LT to n ly re co g n iz e d o L th e b a s is o f r a tk o r degree o F a tte m a tio n or

co a l c n tio n fr o m th e p a ren t m a te r ia l, w o o d, a re

= -

tr a n s fo r m a tio n fw d to th ite lts in (i) tle c r e a s it le m o is tu r e

T h is p ro g re s s iv e o o o an ra c re su :

i
con te n t ; \ , p h u r c o n te n ts , w ith ( c u T 1 e s p tt tlitg 1 s e n
d e c r e t e in h y d y o g e n o x y g e n , n itr o g e y (n t d s u
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14 P U L V E R IZ E D C O A L
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6S
15 M ETA LLU R G c A L CO KE
G o o d c o k e fo r m e ta l
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14 1 S i z e T he s iz e o fm e ta u r g ic a l c o k e
l sh o u ld b e n e ith e y to o b jg n o T to o s
Ta
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c o m b u s tib le c o m
p a r e d t o th o s e o b t a in e d b y lo w te m p e r a tu r e c a r b o n iz a tio 1 H o w e v e r a t h g h ,
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d u e to e x pu ls io n o f m u c h o f its v o la t ile m a t te r d u r in g c a r bo n iz a tio n

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16 O N O F C O A L
T Y P E S O F C A R B O N IZ A T
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d u c in g c o k e o f th e r ig h t p o r o s it h a r d n e s s u r ity , s tr e n g th , e tc , s o
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rm w er rm a

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cra c k in g o f th e h e a v ie r in to lig h te r r r o le c u le s o c c u r s (s e e F ig 1 0 ) N e a r th e to p o f th e r e a c to r th e r e ,

is a c e n tr ih g a l se p a ra to r (c a lle d c \ to lt e ), w h ic h a llo w s o n ly th e c r a c k e d o il v a p o u r s to p a s s o 11 to
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 E N G IN E E R IN C I C H M IT R y
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20 C PETR O L
SY NTH ET
p e tr o l is th e s is e d b y a n f th e fo llo w in g th r e e m e th o d s
syn y o

f hea w ils
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e r is e s to fo r m h ig h e r h y c lr o c a r b o n s , r e s m
w ith o u t th e p r e s e n c e o f c a ta ly s t it p o y n
b M n g g a s o lin i
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,

ca llc c l p o ly m er g a s o lin e

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C n = CH C H 2 \ C F F(C H r )2
3 2 a 2 2
ly B t
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T h e p o ly m e r iz a tio n is o f tzu o ty p e s
(i) T l e r rn a l p o ly n i e r iz a tio t in w h ic h p o ly m e r iz a tio n o cra c ke d g a s e s is c a r r ie d o u t a t
2
5 0 0 0 C a n d 7 0 3 5 0 k g / c m p re ss u r e T h e p r o d u c t is g a s o ljn e an d g a s o il m ix tu r e w h ic lh a r e ,

s e p a r a te d b y fr a c tio n a tio n

(ii) C a t a h jt ic p o h p n e r iz a t io n is c a r r ie d o u p r e s e n c e o f c a ta ly s t lik e p h o s p h o r ic a c id Fn
t n
th is c a s e lo w er te m p e ra tu re o f 1 5 0 2 0 0 C is e m p lo y e d P r o d u c ts a r e g a s o lin e a n d Ltr o l m e r iz e d
,
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(2 ) F is c h e r T ro psch m e th o d W
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a te r
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k e is ix e d ith h y d r o g e n T h e g a s is p u r ifie d b
y p a s s in g th r o u g h F e 2 0 (to r e n r o
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F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T
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g a s o lin e T e !lie 1s o f g cts o li e in a b o tt 6 0 o f th e c o a 1 d u s t u s e d

P o w e d e re d
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0 0 2 5 0 a tm

N IN G O F G A S O L
R E F N E

Th e s tr a ig h t ru n ga s o lin e (o b ta in e d e ith e r fr o m fr a c tio n a tio L o f cru d e p e tr o le u m o r b y

sy n th es s i) con ta in s s o rn e t m d e s ir a b le tm sa tr a te d g h t c h a in h y d r o c a r b o n s a n
s ty a el s u lp h t tr c o n
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T h e fo rm e r g e ts o x id is e d zu i d p o ly m e r iz e d ,
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S u lp h u r co m p o tu d s le a d to c e i? r o s io t o f in te r n a lco m b u s tio n en g in e

C h a ra c t e r is t ic s o f a n id (1 ) It m u s t b e c h e a p a n d r e a d ily a v a ila b le (2 ) It m u s t b u r n c le a n
e a lga so lin e

a n d p r c )d u c e n o c o r r o s io n e tc o n c o m b u s tio n
, ,
(3 ) It s h o u ld m ix r e a d ily w ith a i a n d a ffo r d u n ifo r m m a n ifo ld
d is tr ib u tio n ie
It h o u ld r u t p r e ig n ite e a s i
it s h o u ld e a s ily v a p o r is e (4 ) It m u s t b e k n a c k r e s is ta n t (5 ) s y (6 ) It
, ,

in e (7 ) It m u s t h a v e a h i h l ifi lu e
t o d e c r e a s e th e v o lu m e tr ic e ffic ie n c y o f t e e n g
h g c a o r c v a
s ho u ld n o t te n d
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f in in g
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24 D IE S E L E N G N E FU E LS
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25 K E R O S E N E A S A FU E L
K e ro s e n e (a p e tr o le u m fr a c tio n o b ta in e d b e tw e en 1 8 0 2 5 0 C )is u se d fo r do m es tic pu rp o ses

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it is m ix e d w ith a c o n s id e ra b le e x ce ss o f a ir an d ig n ite d

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26 LPG A S A FU EL
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,

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is m a in ta in e d a t bo t 3 0 C T h e in z te r ta s e o f th e
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ra t in g ) R e s p o n s e t o t h e a d d itio n o f r a is in g o c ta n e r a tin g o f lo w
T E L is p o o r d u e t o t h e , q u a lity g a s o lin e T h e y h e p
p r e s e n c e o f s u lp h lr c o n in c o ld s ta r tin a d u e to h ig h

p tm d s v o la t ility

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n a p h t h a le n e s c a u s e g m h y d r o g e n a t io n
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28 N A T U R A L G A S
N in lg a s (g e n e ra ith p e tr o le u m d e p o s it s ) h o b ta in e d ir o n t Tu e lls d tg in tile
ly a s s o c ia te d w
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ith p e h o le tm in o it e e w e t ga s T h e
1s , it is c a l
' '

n a tu r a t g a s o c c u r s a lo n g w
o i b e a r in g r e g io ? s W
b u te n e a n d b u t a n e w h ic h a r e u s e a s L P G O n th e
d
w e t g a s is tr e a t e
d to r e m o v e p r o p a n e , p r o p e n e ,
,

ia te d z u itlt c r u d e o it, it is c a lle d d r y g a s B e fo r e u s e th e n a h r a l g a s

' '

tze n tze g a s is a s s o c
,

o th e r h a n d , z
d u s t g r it H 2 S C 0 2 N 2 a n d h e a v ie r
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e tc )
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liq u e fia b le h y d r o c a r b o n s (p p
ro

n a tu r a l is C H 4 - 7 0 9 0 % C 2 G
o s i o n o f ga s
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l ili v a lu e v a r ie s fr o m
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 c HE
C H
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p re s s e n a tu ra l ga s (C N G ) is l la
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P t tr o l d ie s e l fo r iu to m o b ile s H o w e v e r in itia l
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c o s t o f e n
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p l a tiv e l!' h ig h e r th a n U a t o f e LT in e d e s i n e d to u s e e t o l/ d ie l I

as a fu e l
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p r e fe r r e d o v e r L P G ? (i) C N G is a rm c h s tle r fLi e l s in c e it i n ite
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tc n p c r a tu r e th a n
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m o b ile s
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y a s y (iii) T h e o p e r a tin g c o s t o f C N G fu e l is m u c h lo w e r c o
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to g a s o lin e o e r a tio n
p (izJ) C o m b u s tio n o f C N G le a d s to le s s e r C O e m is s io 1 s th a n g a s o lin e
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(u )C N
q u e ls (o i) E L is s io n fr o m C N G o p e r a te d v e h ic le c o n ta in
m r e g L tla te d
p o llu ta n ts (e g s Jn o k e 5 0 2 5 0 3 C 6 H 6 H C H O ), , / , /

29 C O A L G A S
C o a l ga is
b ta i e t o n e n c o a l is c a r b o n iz e d o T h e a te d in t th e a b s e n c e o a iy
s o , f (t a b o tit 3 00 c
e itn r c o k e o u e s o r
,

g n s rttT k in g r e to r ts C o a l is fe d in c lo s e d s ilic a r e to r ts w h ic h , a re th e n h e a te d
L t 1 , 3 0 0 C (b y b u r n in g p r o d u c e r

g a s a n d a ir m ix tu r e )
1 , 3 0 0 C
C O A L > C O K E + C O A L G A S
(h d e a b se n ce (R e s id u e in
o f a ir ) r e to r t )

Th e ga s (C O g o u t fr o m th e re to r t) is fir s t sc ru b b e d b y p a s s in g th r o u g h a h y d r a u lic n
m u c h o f th e ta r is th e n
d b y c o o lin g th e g a s in
re m o v e a h u g e w a te r c o o le d h e a t e x c h a n g e r c a .

c o r td c s r A n y r e m a h - in g ta r a n d a m m o n ia , p r e s e n t in th e g a s , a r e re m o v e d b y s c r u b b in g \

w a te r in a s c r u b be r T h e c o o le d g a s is th e n s c r u b b e d w ith c r e o s o te o il ,
w h ic h D is s o lv e s b e n
n a p h th a le L e ,
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c o n ta in e d in a p Ll lq ic r A n y h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e g a s if p r e s e n t is r O V e d h e r e (s e e F ig 1 5 )
, ,

2 F e (O H )3 (s ) + 3 H 2 S \ F e S (s ) + 6 H 2 0 ( )

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U E L S A N D C O M B U S T IO N 87

W h e n th e ir o n o x id e o f th e p u r ifie r is e x lta ts te d , it is ta k e n o u t fr o n th e p u r ifie r an d eJposed

a ir w h e n it g e ts o x i& z e d to fe r r i o x id e
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2 F e zs 3 (s ) + 0 2 (g ) 2 F e 20 3 (S ) + 6 H 2 S (S )
th e p u r ifie d co a l g a s is fin a lly s to r e d o z)e r t u a te r in g a s h o ld e r s
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r le s s ga s h a v in g a c la r a c te r is tic o d o u r It is lighter th a n a ir a n d b u m s w ith

?g s n o w a m e Ifs a v e ra c o m p o s itio n is H 2 - 40% C H 4 32% C O = 7% C 2H - - 2%

u ge 2
3
F 2H - 3 % ,; N 2
- 4 % ,; C 0 - 1% an d re s t = 4 6 Its c a lo r ific v a lu e is a bo u t 4 , 9 0 0 k c a l
4 2 ,

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(ii) a T m e ta llu rg ic a
p p e r tio n s fo r pro v id in g r e d u c in
g a tn t o s p e r e

Bo L G A S
o

O il g a s is o b ta in e d b y c r a c kin g o Fk e r o s e ?e o it T H la n t u s e d c o n s is ts o f a s tr o n g c a s t ir o n r e to r t,
p
e n c lo s e d in a c o a lr e d Tu r n a c e A b o n n e t is fitte d a t th e m o u th o f r e to r th r o u g h a m o lte n le a d s e a
T h e o th e r e n d o f th e b o n n e t is c o n n e c te d to a h y d r a u lic m a it th r o u g h a w a te r s e a l A p ip e fr o m th e ,

ry d r a u lic m a in le a d s tc i th e g as o ld e r T in e re to r t is h ea te d to yed e a t an d a ttit s te a m o f il is

co n tin u o u s ly a llo w e d to fa ll o n th e re d h o t b o tt o m o f th e re to r t Th e o il o n c o m in g in co n ta c t w th
e d h o tb o tto m ,
im m e d ia te ly g e ts c r a c ke d (o r b r o k e n )im o a n u m ber o f lo w er ga se o u s h ydrm a rb o m

C ra c k in g
C 12
H 26
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(K e ro sen e o il) (L o w e r h yd ro ca rbo n s m ix tu re ) a r

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,

ta n k c o n t a in in g w a te r ) H e r e t a r g e ts c o n d e n s e d T h e n a t th e te s tin g c a p , th e p r o p e r c r a c k in g o f th e
o il is e s tim a te d fr o m th e c o lo u r o f th e g a s p r o d u c e d A g o o d o il g a s s h o u ld h a v e a g o ld m c o lo u r

d i h
B y p r o p e r a ju s t n g t e s u p p y o a r l f i th e ga s o f i
re qu re d l
co o u r c an b e o b t i
a n e d T,
h e g a s is n a lly

t
s o ye d o t g T u a te r in g a s h o ld e r s (s e e F ig 1 6 ) T h e y ie ld o f g a s is a b o u t 4 0 t o 5 0 %

F ig 1 6 L a b o ra to r y p r e p a ra tio n
o f o ig a s

F u rn a c e H y d ra u lic
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C0 = 3 Its c a lo r ific v a lu e is bo t 4 , 5 0 0 5 , 4 0 0 k c a l/
3
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2 a u n u se a s o ra ga s

31 PR O D U C ER G A S
Pro du cer ga s is essm tia lly a m ix tu r e o f c o m b 1s tib e ga s es ,
ca rbo n d }ty d r o g m
m on ox id e an ,

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a rg e p e r c en t o f n o t c o m b u s tib le g a s e s , N z C O z I
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a ) A s h z o n e is lh l{ :o u s t u m e (a b o u tOB m U n ie k ) c o n is tin g m a in ly o fa s h T h e z h 1 e tec

W a tc (o f th c p r o d t c c r p la n t) r o m th e in te n $ e h e a t o f c o m b u s tim M o r e o v e r th e te m p e r a tu
su p p lic d a ir a n e l s te a m is in c r e a s e d a 8 th e y p a s s th r o u g h th is z o f le

b) C o m b t ts lin tl z o n e i9 th e z n e n ex t to th e a sh z o n e H is k n o w n as ox id a tio n zone T in e
c a rb o n bu rn s a n d fofm C O an d C0 2 The perature o f th is z o n e is abo u t 1 , 10 0 C

C + 0 2 p C0 2 +
97 kca t

C + 0 2
. CO + 29 5 kc a l
2

(c ) R e d u c t io n z o n e H e re c a rbo n d io x ice an d s te a m c o n w . h th e re d hot co xe

lib e r a te s ff e e hy d ro ge n a n d c a rbo n r n o Jo x id e
C0 2 + C 2 C0 36 kc a l
C + }1 2 ? CO + H 29 kc a l
2

C + 2 H 20 C 0 2 H 19 kc a l
2 + 2
1 1 th e s e re d u c tio n re a c tio n s a re en d o tl e r m ic ,
so th e te m p e r a in tr e in th e re d u c tio n z o LI

bo
p p lie c th e te m p e y a tu r e o f the p r o d u c e r fu r th e r r is e s a n d th is m a y W
a u t L ,0 0 C f n o s te a y ris s u
,

{ls / m t d r (' r tT c to r
f y tiin g T o a v o id th e s e tr o u b le s a n d to p r o d u c e r ic h e r g a b i a ittle s te a i a d

w ith a ir is ts e d In a c tu a l r a ti k so
p c c e a b a la n c e b e tw e e n th e a ir a n d s te a m s u p p
,
y is s tr u c
m a in ta in
p r o p e r te m p e r a tu r e o f a b o u t 1 , 0 0 0 C
D is tilla tio n z o n e In th is in g c o a l is h e a te
z o n e
d by (4 o o 8 o o c ) th e d o w
, n co m
o u l o in
g = g a s e s , s in c e a s th e g a s e s g iv e th e ir s e n s ib le h e a t to th e c o a l T h e h e a t iv e n b y g
g
a n e l h e a t r a d ia te d f
fo m th e r e d u c t io n z o n e h e l s to d is til th f l th
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of irla
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a v e ra ge co m
p o e itio n o f p r o d u c e r g a s is c o = 2 2 3o % H , &
N 2 = 5 2 5 5 'X , a n e l C O 3 9 l I ts c a lo r ific v a lu e i8 a b
o u t 3 0 0 k c a /jm
,
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,

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p c le a n d e a s ily
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p r e p a r a b le g a s a n d is u s e d (i) fo r /e tti
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l
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a llt 1\ v in g y g e n g a s (a n d n o t a ir ) a n d s u e r h t d
o x
p ea e s te a m a t a b o u t 3 0 a tm
l
c o a t ) r p e a t o 1 lig n ite A s th p r e s s u r e to p a s s th r o u g h a b e d o f c o k e o f
e c o k e fa lls to th b
e o tto m , th e u i i s h e a t it u
c o n s is tin g m o s tl p r s n g g a s e
p to a b o u t 1 , o 0 o c A m ix tu r e
y o f c o (g ) a n d H ) is in itia ll d
2 y p r o u c e d u n d e r h ig h
C 0 2 a n d H 2 r e a c t to p r e s s u r e c o n d itio n s , s o m e o f th e c o ,
y ie ld C H 4 (S ) T h u s

CO (g ) + 3 H 2 (g ) CH 4 (g ) + H 2 0 (g )
C0 \ + 4 H ) CH
2 2 4 (g ) + 2 H 2 0f)
T h e ga s co n ta in s v er little N
y 2 (R ) a n d c o n s is ts m a in ly o fC O ( ) H 2 (g ) a n d C H 4 (R ) b e s id e s so m e C 0 2 (g ) T h is
p u r ific a tio
, ,
ga s o n n has a c a lo r ific v a lu e o f a b o u t 4 o 5 o kc a lln s in th e g a s is
th r o
ce a t /tg lt p r e s s tr t?, s o its d is trib u tio n
gh
,
u a s y s te m o f p ip e s is u ite e a s ie r
q

32 W A TER G A S (O R B LU E G A S )
W a t e r g a s is
y a n ix tu r e o f c o n t b t ts t ib
t
e s se ia e g a s e s C O a t td H
Uitlt a lit t le n o n c o m b u s , ,
tib le g a s e s C O z a ? N t i s 1 a
b y p a s s ht g a t e r n a tiu e itte a ir th y o u g l a b e d o f y e d }to t
e
y s ie a n a n
2,

c o a l o r c o k e M a in ta in e (t a b o u t 9 0 0 to 1 0 0 0 c in a r e a c t o r w h i h

c c o n ss ts o f a s te e l v e s s e a b o u t 3
, , ,
m w id e a n d 4 m h ig h It is h n e d in s id e w ith r e fm c to r b r ic k s It h
y a s a c u p a n d c o n e je e d e r a t th e to
p
a n d a n o p e i? t n e a r th e t o f h i f
g p o r t e e x s t o w a t e r g a s A t th e b a s e it is
p r o v id e d w ith i l t f
n e p p
e s o r ,

p a s s in g a ir a n d s te a m M o r e o v e r a t th e b o tto m it is p r o v id e d w ith a n a r r a n e m e n t fo r ta k in
,
g ,
g ou t
a s fo r m e d (s e e F i 1 8 )
g

F ig 1 8 W a te r g a s p ro d u c tio n

R e a c t io t s (i) S u p p lie d s te a m r e a c ts w ith re d ho t co ke (o r co a 1) a t 9 0 0 l , 0 0 0 C to fo rm

c a rb o n id d h yd The tio is m d o tlte r m ic so th e te t?tp e a tz tr e o f b e t

Tia ls
m o n o x e an ro gen re a c n ,

C + H 2
0 C O + H 2
29 k ca l (E } tto th e rn i4

iii) ln o rd e r t o r a s te th e k e b e L to 1 0 0 C , t s te a m s tp p is te n p o r a r i
y cu t o f an d a ir is
co te y
b lo tu n in w h e n th e fo 1
o w in g ex o tt e n ?tic r e a c o n s o c c u r
,

2 C O + 59 kc l (E r o th e m ic )
C + 0 2 + C 0 2 +
97 kcal 2 C + 0 2
+ a

t 1 , 0 0 0 C The c y c le s o f s te a m r z17z a n d a ir b e lo zu
Ti
n e se re a c tio n s a g a in ra is e s th e b e d to a bo u

a re th u s re p e a te d a lte r n a tite ly to m a in ta in pro per te m p e ra tu r e

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N E E R IN G C H
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q
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s u se as : (i) a s o u rc e o f h y d r o g e n a s ; (ii) a n illu
g m in a tin g g a s, a n d (ii) a fu e l
lts fla m e is s h o r t, bu t v e ry ho t ga
N o te s (i) h o rd e r to han
e n ce th e
c a lo r ific v a lu e o f w a e tle d b y a d d in
te r g a s , it is c a r b
(trb ta in e d b y c r a c k in
g cre nd o ils ) T h is stcalled c a r b u r e tte d w
g g a ie o lts
ytrnocn
a te r g a s c o n ta in s a b o u t 3 5 % H 25 % , C 0 3 5%
2 , h yd
c a rb o n s (s a tm te d +
a u n s a tu r a te d )a n d 5 % N co Its c a lo r ific v a lu is bo ) kc a lj a n d it is e m
u t 4 5 o

2 + 2 e a
p
h e a tin g d M
l
o yed
a n \ m in a tio n p u p o ses

Lii) S e m i g a s is o b ta i w a te r

th r o tg h (b e d o f r e d h o t c o k e s o th a t th
e en d o th e r m ic re a c tio t jtts t b a la n c e s tite ex o th e r n ic r e a c tio n s it
a v e r a g e c o m p o s it io n is H 12% C H
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a n d N 2
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u se a s a (i) fu e l (ii) s o u , rc e o fN 2
an d H 2
in th e m an u fa c tu re o f
N H

33 N o lq C O N V E N T Io N A L S O U R C E s O F E N E R G Y
N o n c u n v e n iio n a i s o u r c e s o f e n e r
g y a r e th o s e w h ic h (r e b e in g con tin u o u s ly p r o d tc e d in n a tu re
a d n o ll e x l t s tib le F o r e x a m l l g y tid a l e n e r g y , g e o th e r m
a
p e so a r en e r , , a le n e r gy ,
w in d e n e r g y , w a te r
e n e r g y o c e a n e n e r g y b io g a s e n e r t
, gy e c , ,

S o la r e n e r gy T e
y U e a t, a n d li tt) o b ta in e d T o n t tlze s TT is c a l/e d s o la r e n e r8 y S u n is
e ie r g
,

s o u r c e o f a ll e T? e r g !/ S u n lig h t c o n ta in s in fr a r e d r a d ia tio n s in la r e
g p r o p o r tio n , a n d th e s e i/>a r e d
r a y s h e tts a / o b je c ts o n th ic t tl e y jin T h e s u n lig h t fa llin g o n th e e a r th d u r in d a tt tim e d e liv e r s
g
e n e r g y , w h ic h is 5 0 , 0 0 0 tim e s th e to ta l e n e r g y u s e d a ll o v e r th e w o r ld in y e t r H o w e v e r th is e n e r
gy ,

re a c h e s th e s u r fa c e o fe a r th in a u e ry d t? ts e d j o rm Ev e ry s q u a re m e tr e o fe a r th s u
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pp e r atmosphere
re ce iv 3 6 k l o f e L e r g y p e r e c o n d H o w
e s e v e r, o f th is o n ly 4 7 '). i e , ,
0 6 4 k J o f s o la r e n e rg y re a ch e s

e v e r y s q u a r e m e t r e o f e a r th s s u r fa c e p e r
'
seco n d.

T ra d it io n a t u ses o f s o la r en e rg y D r y in g c
o th e s , d r y in g fr u its an d v e g e ta b le s ,
re d u c in g
m o is t u re c o n te n t in g r a in s, a n d m a k in g sa lt fr o m se a w a te r

H a rn e s s ig s o la r en e rg y The so la r e n e rgy fa llin g o n th e e a r th is s e r v n u c / tti m ,s e d . iTn d

h av to lle c t d tr a te it
la r fo p r a c tic a p u r p s e s w
SCatteret In co an c o lc e n
o rd e r to u se so e n e rgy r ,
e e

T he la b e harnessed b y u s in g th e fo 1o w in g tzu o w a ys
so r e n e r gy c a n

la r is ith e r d ir e c tly lle c te d as h e tt (in s o la r

(1 ) D ir e c t tl s e o f IaF
tessing The so e n e rgy e co

coo ke r s ,
o r s o la r z u a te r te a tc r s ) o r c o n v e r te d d ir e c tly in to e le c tr ic ity (in s o la r c e lls )
h ic a l e n e r g y
(2 ) I t d ir e c t h a iT t e s s in g is c a r r ie d o L IT by : (i) c o n g s o la r e n e r g y h i to c e m
v e r tin

in d ; (iii) u tiliz in g th e e n e r g y o f s e a w a v e
s
p la n ts (b io n a s s ) ; (ii) h a r n e s s in g th e
is en e r gy o f w
l in
an d (iz t) u tiliz in g th e e n e r g y d u e to th e te m p e ra tu r e d iffe r e n c e o f th e w a te r a t d iffe r e n t le v e s
o ce an s

S o la r p o w e r p la n t is a d e u ic e i p r o tlu c e s e le c tr ic ity by
z o h c z u s in g so

n fr a r e d r a y s
o s u ll
ity p e p ip e s ta in in g t o a te r l , k e p t in s id e d tr k b o x e s , p a in te d bla c k r o m
in s id e f
co (c o n r e

tr a d i i d t h l b a n d th e s e h e a t u p th e w a te r , a n
d c o n v e r t it in to s te a n
ra ys a re p p e n s e e a r g e o x ,
tu
ta te s th e a r m a
h o t s te a m u n d e r p r e s s u r e is th e n m a d e to r o ta te a s te a m tu r b fn e , w h ic h in h m r o
o fw n e ya to r, th e r e b y p ro d u c in g e le c tr ic ity

N o te A 50 kw so la p la n t is b e in g in s ta lle d a t G u rg a o n (H a r y a r a )
r po w e r

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FU ELS A N D C O M B U S T
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S o la r c e ll is a d e o ic e u h ic h c o 91
? zrg r ts s o l

a r en er
w d ir e c tly in to e le c tr i t
c y
Fo r ex am p le ,
s ilic o n
, g a lliu m a r id
,
g e r a n iu m T hu s, sem ic o n d u c to r s
a re n e ith e r co n d u c to
co n du c tiv o f rs n o , in su la
an se m i co n du c to r
m a te r ia ls in c r e a s e s c o n id
s e ra b ly, w h en a c e r ta in im p u r itie s
e s ex c ess i7e le c tr o n m e
co m
(o r N ty p e ) w h ile it b e c o m
e s ex c es s in to te s (o r p Y p e )s e m ic o n d u c to r w hen
ic o du
,
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a s o la r ce ll tw ty p
, o es (N an d p ty e ) o f s e
p m ic o
,
n d u c to d p ie c e s
rs a re u s e
o fs

jo in d t o g e th e r in a d e fin ite
e
pattern to g e t s o la r c e ll
W n e t, w h ic h is
e le c tr ic p o w e r t o lift w a t
e r fr o m d e e p w e ll o r li h t i
ca p a b le o f p ro v id in g s u ffic ie n t
g n a ho u se o r o te d io d T V , e tc F i 1 9
d e p ic ts a s im p le a r r a n e m e n t f p e ra ra an
g
g o a s o la r
p tT tT e

S o la r pa n e l
F ig 1 9 A s o a r c e ll p a n e l fo r
p ro d u c in g e le c tric ity

\
:
B a tt
e
x w a te r

.. l

U s e s o f s o la r ce lls (1 ) F o r p ro du c in g e le c tr ic ity o n a r tific ia l s a te llite s , s p a c e p ro b e s ,

e tc

(2 ) F o r p r o v id in g elecicity fo r s tr e e t lig h tin g w a te r p u m p o p e r a tio n s a n n n n ,

d in g r a d io ,
an d
,

T V s e ts in r e n zo ie a r e a s (3 ) F o r o p e r a tin g e le c tr o n ic / q u a r tz w a tc h e s c a lc u la to r s a n d , ,
o th e r sm a ll

t zo u s e s a n d o ff s h o r e o i d r illin g r ig p la tfo r m
p r o v id e e le c tr ic p o w e r to tg
s
in s tr u m e n t s (4 ) T o ,

34 B IO M A S S
d im a ls ) t o h ic h u s e d e ith e r
B
o n is th e t u a s te o r g a n ic m a tte r (m o s t
y fr o m th e d e a d p
a n ts an a ?
as s
i d s lo c k F o r e x ia n p \e w o o d
b io g a s p y o d u c tio y L ) a n d /o r a s a c h e m c a je e
, ,
a s (t s o ltT c e o
fe n e rg y (b y b
ming o7
a s te p a p e r
c a ttle d u n i i a r t o f s u g a r c a n e )p o u
ltr y w a s te s , v e g e ta b le w a s te s w ,
,

g b a g a s s e (r e m a n n g p
h u m a n e x c r e ta b ir d s e x c r e
ta
s k in s , w e e d s )
,
,

h k l ,

p la n t w a s e (g
t s e a v e s ,
w a s te c o t t o n c lo th e s s r a s s u ..
b u se d a s a so u rc e
,

u n d s w h ic h m a y e
,

d e a d a n im a ls s e w a e e tc B io m a s s c o n s is ts o f c a r b o n c o m p
g , ,

l a s te s , d rr
la n t w a s te s , a g r ic u lm a w
(1 ) B io h o o d ca ttle d u n g, b a g a ss e , p ]o t o f
v e r b y d o in g
m a ss su c a s w so a
..
H ow e
lh a s lo r g e ttin g e n e r g y
,

Is d d ir e c tly in c h u
v e
g e ta b le w a s te s . .
E tc u se

d le a v e s a sh a s re s
id u e
id e a n
o r o u s ga s c a rb o n m o n o x
ho u se s M o re o v e r, it lib e ra te s p o s
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02 E N G IN E E R
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(2 ) 1] lo J in to b io g ts , w h ic h i8 u s e d fo r h e a tin g a n d l g h tin
m n ss is c o n v c lu
g pW os
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b u r n in g b io g a m l It h In f g t r il m o u n t o f h c a t is lib c t a te d F o r e x a m p le 1 k g o f
f ff ti h t n d ir e c t b u r n in
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4 2 5 k g o f Fr e s h d u n k
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l i t b i i t l 1 6 0 lit f b i i
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t lr y c a ttle t l\
n g H c o n v c r le c y
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a s a r o x m a e r e s o o g a s s p ro d u c e d
w h ic
M o r e o v e r , o n b u r n in g b io g a s d o e s n o t r o d h
s \l p p ly n h o u l 8 o 0 k J o f h e n t o 11 b u r n in g p u ce
p o js o l
g i\ s , C O
B a s s r e f r s to
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ll m a te r ia
s t m t tr e p r o d tc e d b y p h o to s y n th e s is a n d p o te n tia ll I+s e u
N o \t t o m n
y f as e lle r
gy
tio t(f d r g [r ric c le n ic a ls B io a s s is p la n ts o r th e ir p r in c ip a l c o m p o n e n ts (c e llu lo s
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trn tt)I f tilt p m tttu m
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,
w o ) d ,
n t
g a s e ( )u s (( g p t o c lu c e r g a s ) liq u id (e g g a s o lin e d ie s e l k e r o s e n e e tc ) o r s o lid (e g c o k e ) m a te r ia ls fo r u s e
, , , , , , ,
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t I i\ w m a te r ia ls fo r p o d u c in g c h e m ic a ls (e g s u g a r s to p r o d u c e e th a n o l e th a n o ic a c id e tc A n d w o o d
to N e
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It m a y b c p in tc d th a t ? /{t lts tzr e n o o n g e r b e in g c o n u e r te tl itr s ig n ijic a n t q

a n ti i
t e s to jo s s itjh e l (c o a
, p e tr o l

tml g n s ) by g p o lo g ic pmcess , s o th to ta l a n t o u l t o f b io m a s s a u a ila ble to ts is d w in d lin g d a y by a y

ttni

A d v a n ta g e s o f co n v e r tin g b io m in to b io g a s
a ss (i) B io g a s p r o d u c tio n is u e r y e c o n o m ic a l It h a s
fo u nd th a t 1 k g L f c ll y c a ttle d u n g g iv e s a b o u t 1 6 0 litr e s o f g o b a r g a s , w h ic h c a n s u p p ly 8 0 0 k J o f h e a t Q
o th e r h a n d 1 k g o f d r y d u n g o n
,
d ir e c t b u r n in g g iv e s o n ly 1 0 0 k J o f e ffe c tiv e h e a t

(ii) T h e g a s h a s a la d v a n ta ges o f ga seo u s fu e l lik e c le a n tin e s s tb s e n c e o f s n o k e e x ib ility

, ,
e tc

(iii) It d o e s Jto t c o n ta in p o is o n o ts g a s , C O ,
as an in g r e d ie n t

(iu ) It p r o v ic le s s im u lta n eo u s ly ex ce lle n t y ie ld o f g o o tl tTta n lr e

35 B IO G A S
B io g a s is p r o d tc e d b 11 th e t e g r a d a tio n o f b io lo g ic a t m a tte r by tite b tc te r ia l ac tio n (o F a n a
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T h e u n a b s o r b e d g a s is fin a lly ta k e n b a c k to th e b u r e tte till th e le v e l o f s o lu tio n in th ,

a b s o r p tio n b u lb s ta n d s a t th e c o n s ta n t m a r k a n d th e n its s to p c o c k is c lo s e d T h e le v e ls o f \ ,

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te m p e ra tu r e r is e (t2 t1 ) 2 4 2 C = ac id c o r re c tio n - 5 0 0 c a l fu s e w ir e c o H e c tio n 10 0 ca l
la te n t h e a t o f s te a m - 580 ca l/ g p e r c e n ta ge o f H 6%
(W + u ) (t2 tl ) [A c id + fu s e c o rre c tio n s ]
GC V =

(5 5 0 + 2 2 00 ) 2 42
, 60 + 10 cal
7,1 6 8 5 l/ g
- Ca
0 92 g
N C V -
[G C V 0 09 H L a te n t h e a t o f s te a m ] (7 = 16 8 5 0 09 6 580 )c a l/ g - 6, 85 5 3 ca l/ g
,

Ex a m p le 7 T h e fo lo w in 9 d tta iu e r e o b tttin e d in a B oy s ga s c n o r irrie te r e x p e r im en t

3
v o lu n
e o fga s t ts e d - o 1 n t at ST p
W o f u a :e r tie n Te d - 2 5 kg
1
e m pe ra h ir e o n e t to a te r - 20C
T e m e ra h o f o l l t
e t co n te r 3 3 C
p tr e -

W t o f s t e a n c o n d e n s e d 0 0 2 5 kg
-

th e i ig le r a n d
3
t S T p T a k e th e e a t lib e r a te d in d e n s in g w a te r a
C c
q !
t cte ouer c a lo r ip c u a lu e p e r m a co n

a n d co q lig t t e c o n d e n s a te a s 5 8 o k c a lM (p T , D e c 9 9 , D e c
1,
3
. 1u tio n H e r V = 0 1 m W = 25 kg T - 2 0 C T2 - 3 3 C n - 0 02 5 k g

W (T T 1) 2 5 6 13 2 0 ) 3
. 3,
y kc a
/m

a n d LC V = H C V (m / 1/ ) 5 8 0
a s
- 3 ,2 5 0 k ca l/ m [(0 0 2 5 k g / 0 II m ) 5 8 q k c a l/ k g )]
s 3 3
= 3 , 2 5 0 k c a l/ m 1 4 5 k c a l/ m . 3 ,1 0 5 kcvm
Scanned by CamScanner
 10 1
Bx nm p le 8 0 5 R u le
n a r e o n w # a u t
In a
r
bo m b c a o r lm e lw fo r th

tlr r t d , tlr l d tl tu u l
m y ie 7 he
'

tueilo fp r e c lp lla te

?u a jo u n d Io b e ll o 5 g C a lc tla te tfe e r c e n ta e o s zf Jiu r in

p g p
P e a e n tn g e o f s u l h
(B o t tb a y , N o v 9 7 )
u tio
So n .
p u r ln th e c o a l a m p le
W t o f B a SO
= E p t o b ta in e d 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 5 8 x 3 2 10 0
2 3 3 x W t o f e o n l e a m l . 734 %
p e t a k m -
23 3 0 5 g
1

E x a m p le 9 1 0 8 o fn p lc o
oa n fc o a l w
.
a $ u e d o r n f ltr o g e n e tlm a tio n by K je
M a h t m e th o d T h e e u o
u e d a m m o n ia
o lle c te cirt 2 5 n
l N 1 0 8 u lp lt
ir lc a c itl To n e itlr a
iz e e x c e s s ttc id , 15 n tL o f 1 N so c u m
o
i h d id
y r o x e i a s r e q u ir e
un i
t tl e
pei c e n in g e f tltr o g e n
in th e M o e n g a m
o
pr e o / c o a l (B o m b a y M
,
a y 9 )
S o lu tio n 1 5 m L o f 0 1 N N a O ll s o l ti
u o n - 15 m o f 0 1 N H 50
2 4
: V o l N f I l2 S 0 4 u s e d to n e u tr a liz e th e a m m o i
n a e v o lv e d

= m L o 0 I m o tU J N e 10 m o f 0 1 N
lity 1 4 V o t o
10 0 1 1 4 fH 2S 0 4 u s e d N o rm
Pe rc e n ta g e N - 1 4% -
f
o c o a l s a m p le ta k e n 1 0 W t
E x a m p le 1 0 A s a n tp le o fc o a l w a e a ta ly s e d a s fo llo w s : E x a c tly 2 5 0 0 g w a s w e ih e d i to a s ilic a c r u c ible A fte r
n R o r o n e r n t 1 1 0 C , th e r e s id u e w e g h e d 2 4 1 5 g T h e e y u c ib ie n e x t w a s c o u e r e d w i h a e n te lid a n d s tr o n g ly

lo \

o r c

tia c o n s ta n t w e ig h t w a s o a in e d T h e la s t
b r e s id te w a s fo tn d to to e ig
t t 0 24 5 8 C a lc tla te th e \ r c e n ta g e
,
rin
'
Is ( tire a b o D e ana ly s is (G G S IP , D e c 2 K )
S o lu t io n

fm is tu in l e a m p le 2 500 2 4 15 = 0 0 85 g
M a ss o o re co a -

fv la tile tte 2 4 15 1 528 = 0 887 g

M a ss o o m a r -

M a ss o f a sh

P e rc e n t o fm o is tt u .e

P e rce n t o fv o la tile m a tte r

0 24 5 ( 10 0 . 9 8 0 %
=
Pe ce n t o f a sh 2 50 0
0 51 3 2 %
(3 4 0 + 3 5 4 8 9 8 )
=
100
p e r c e n t o f fix e d c a r b o n
-
r bo n
th e c o m b u s tio n o f 3 k g o Fc a
i i h t d u o ttm e o fa ir r e q zti e d jo r
y 97)
l a t
IP D e c 0 3 B o m b a y , M
E x a m p le 1 1 C a lc u a te t t e u e g a
(U p T D e c 0 3 G G S ,
,

3 kg C
f r c o m b u s tio n o f
S o lu tio n W t q u ir e d o
o f a ir re
10 0 / 2 3 )
W t o f C (3 2 / 1 2 ) (
o r 3 4 ,7 8 3 g )
=

1 0 0 / 2 3 )= 3 4 7 8 3 g (
k
= 3 k g (3 2 / 1 2 ) (
tio n o f 3 k g
c
m b u s ti
Vv o o f a ir r e q u ir e d fo r c o (m o 1/ m o l w t ) 3
4
2 x 10 L o r 26 92 m
l) (m o l/ 2 8 9 4 g ) = 2 6 9
3 4 ,7 8 3 g (2 2 4 L / m o
=
3 ,00 0 g m o
( /1 2 g ) = 2 5 0 m o 1
3 kg fC = 3 ,0 0 0 g -

A lte tiv th o d o
(S )
rn a e m e C0 2
C ($ ) + 0 2 (S )
1 n o l 1 m o (= 2 2 4 L )
(1 0 0 / 2 1 ) O f a
ir
f0 22 4 L
22 4 L
-
o 2
1 m o lo f C re qu ir e s =

250 f a ir
(1 0 0 / 2 1 )
0
ir e s 22 4 L
lo fC
-
2 50 m o re qu 3
f a ir
10
4
L o r 26 7 m o
= 2 67

Scanned by CamScanner
10 2
EN G
N EER
NG C H EM I
$ TN
Ex a m p le 1 2 A g n s ls tl i
t n n in te r m l c o b rs
io te n
n
in e ln cl tl e jo lo tu in g o s itimm
c o n by u o lu n i e .

S lu tio 3 (R G T Ju n
o n 1 m o f th e g a s co n ta in s H 0 45 3 3 g 04 ,

2 - m C H 4
- 0 36 m C O 0 15 3
.
m N 2 - 0 04 m
3

C o t? t b s ti o n re a c t io n V lu fO 3
z r eqd
o m e o
(m )
14 2 0 5 0
2 H 0
+
2 0 45 0 5 = 0 22 5
C tl 4 + 2 0 C 0 2 H 20
2 2 + 0 36 2 . 0 720
CO + 0 5 0 2 C 0 0 15
2 0 5 = 0 075

T o ta l - 1 0 2 0

V n l o F n i r e q u ir e d e r m
f th e g a s 1 020
3
p o - m x (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) = 4 8 57 m
Ex p le C n lc t in te th e
am 13 n ta s s o f (rir n e eded Jb r co m p le te c o n tb u s tio n o f
5 k 8 o f c tx rl c o n t
a ir
C - 8 {1'X , , H = 1 5 '% O t
,
- res
(W e s t B e n g a l Ju r e oe ,

S o lu tio n 5 kg f lco ta in s C 4 kg H 0 75 kg 0 4 0 75 )k g
u co a n : = = -
(5 0 25 kg
-

A t f a ir q L ir e c i fo
m
p le te c o bu f 5 kg l
o m o re r co m tio
m s n a co a

- [5 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 0 7 5 (1 6 / 2 ) 0 2 5 ]k g (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
= [1 3 333 + 6 000 0 2 5 ]k g (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 82 97 kg
Ex a m p le 1 4 A sn m p e o c o a u a s fo lt n d to c o n ta in C = 80% H 5% 0 = 1% N - 2% -
r e n a m in g be
C n lc tln tc lc n m o lm to n r in in n m n ir r e q tir e d o r co m l
p te
e co m b u s tio n o f 1 k g o c o a l s a m p
e (R a i M a y ,

S o lu tio n 1 kg o fco a l c tm ta in s : C = 800 g H - 50 g O = 10 g N = 2 0 g

C o n b f a iy
s t io n r e a c t io n W t o re q ttir e d
C + O 2
, CO 2 8 0 0 g 52 / 1 2 ) = 2 , 14 6 g

12 32

2 1l + 0 5 0-
2
2 0 50 g x (1 6 / 2 ) = 400 8

2 16 T o ta l _ 2 ,5 4 6 g

L e ss O in fu e l _ in g
N e t 0 2 re qd = 2 536 g
,

W t N f a ir re q cl - 2 ,5 3 6 g (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 1 1, 0 2 6 g - 11 026 kg

ex a np e 1 5 a gn sco ls ftie lu is th e jo
to t o in g c o m p o s itio n b y u o h tm e m e th cn e 5 % h d r o e n _ 201o ca
y g =

m }1u x itle
io x icle = G % , a n d r e s t n itr o g e n 11 2 0 % e x s s a ir is 1 s e d fo ' " m b u s t i o n T
2 5 11,, c a r b o n r te n c a
ctla te lx
.

3
? j n ir s tp } lic }E r m o ffl lc l n n d co m p o s itio n o f d r y Jlu e ga s e s W , )m
3 3 3 3 00
S o lu tio n 1 m o fgaseo u s fu e lco n ta in s : C H 4 - 0 05 m ; H 2 - 0 20 m C O = 0 25 m C0 2
-

Scanned by CamScanner
 AN D C O M B U ST
O N
FU E L S 103

V o l N f n lr re q u lr e c t (u e in g 2 0 % e a<c e 8 & )pe r 3

f g a ae o
m o u s fu e l
3
r 0 32 5 m X (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) (12 0 / 1 0 0 )a l 8 5 7 3
m

C n lc ttln tio rt o d r y p ro d
te ts o f c o n \b trB tio n
3
C 0 = 0 36 cm 0 20% f 0 325 3 3 '
2 2 = o m .
(2 0 / 1 0 0 ) 0 3 2 5 m . 0 06 5 m
3
N = 0 46 m (n f laseous fu e l) + 1 857
3 3
2 m (7 7 / 1 0 0 ) o f a ir - 1 92 7 m

T ta lv o l o f d r y p r o d u c ts = (0 3 6 + 0 0 6 5 + 1 9 2 7 m 3 . 2 3 5 2 3
o
) m
0 3 6 10 0 1 9 2 7 10 0 065 10 0
C 0 2 = . 1 5 306% N 2=
2 352 2 3 52

Ex am p le 1 6 T h e p e r c e n ta g e an a ly s is b y u o lu m e o fp r o du c e r g a s is
H 2 = 19 4 C O ,
= 20 5, N 2 = 5 0 1, C H 4 = 4 2 C 0 2 ,
- 60

fd r y f p le te c o n b u s tio n
C a lc u la te p e rc e n tttg e o p r o d tc t o b ttin e d if 3 0 % ,
e x c e s s a ir is p p le d o r c o m
s

(A m r a v a t i, M a y 0 1)
3
3 3
CO 0 205
3
N 0 501 CH = 0 0 42 m
S o lu tio n 1 m o f ga s co n ta in s H 2
- 0 19 4 m ,
= m , 2
- m , 4

3
C0 2
= 0 06 m
3
f1 fga s
v o 1 o f a ir (w ith 3 o % e x ce ss ) r e q u ir e d fo r co m b u s tio n o m o
3
3
- [0 19 5 0 5 + 0 205 0 5 + 0 042 2]m x (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) (1 3 0 / 10 0 ) = l 7 55 m

3 3
fu l )+ 0 2 05 1 + 0 0 42 1 ]m = 0 30 7 m
V o o f p r o d u c ts C 0 2
- [0 0 6 (fr o m e

3 3
fu e l) + 1 7 5 5 (7 9 / 1 0 0 )] m . 1 8875 m
N 2
- [0 5 0 1 (fr o m

3 3
1 7 55
3
(2 1 7 1 0 0 ) m . 0 3 6 8 6 m
0 2
- m x
3

T ta l v l o f d y p ro du c ts = (0 30 + 1 8 875 + 0 3686)m
3
. 2 563 1 m
o o
0 36 86 100
1 8 8 75 10 0 O 14 3 6 %
73 64 %
=
0 30 7 10 0 .
, z
=

C 0 =
- 7 u / / Z
2 563 1 -

2 2 563 1

tio T t, if1 k8 f c o a l is bu p rt
fd r y p r o d tc ts o fc o n bu s
o
a te th e ta ?ti y
c a lc u t o
d ash 9 5 /o b y '
w e ig h t (G G S IP , M a rch 2K )
i
m o s h ir e = q 7% an =

97 g
o x
U ith 25 i N 14 g S 29 g m o is ttr e -

H 42 8 0 61 g =
=

662 g
=

f l co n ta in s : C =
=
,

kg o co a

an d a sh 95 g b u s tio n f 1 kg co a l
o
p le te
=
co m
d fo r co m
t fo x y ge n re q u ir e
M i n i m w o
6 1 g - 2 ,0 6 9 3 g
1 6 / 2 ) + 2 9 g (3 2 / 3 )
2
662 g (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 4 2 g (
8 997 g
-
3
2 0 6 9 3 8 (10 0 / 2 )
=

u ir e d
,
=

M in im u m w t o f a ir re q ,

ith 2 5 % e x c e s s a ir
fco m b s tio n to
p r o d u c ts
o
C a lc tla tio n o fd r y
2 ,4 2 7 3 g
W t o fC 0 2
- 662 g (4 4 / 1 2 ) =

l
7 7 / 10 0 ) + In co a
t o f a ir x (1 2 5 / 1 0 0 ) (
W t o f N 2
- M in im u m a

7 3 g
069 3 (2 5 / 1 0 0 ) = 5 1
w t o f0 2
X (2 5 / 1 0 0 ) # 2 ,

W t o fex c e ss 0 2
- M in im u m

By u e ig lt
To tlo zu in g yo co m p o s itio n
d to h a u e th e
f c o a l zu a s j
bu n
e 1 8 A s a n p
te o
E x a m p
'
,

(in o e ig
t o fa ir r e q t ir e d . 1 f4 o %
lp p . ie d
ir is s
e x es s
(iiD X - F ,

Scanned by CamScanner
 M in im m w t Tr f 0 3 r e q u ir e d fn r C t\ m
p l tC )m b \s tk rn tt f 1 k co a l
M in im u m w t o f ir rw
lu in r d = 2 2 9 5 1w (1 0 0 / 2 3 ) -
(h ) W t o f a ir
9 q 78 k g
pequ ir N w ith 4 0 x , t
e ]ce e s s - 9 978 kg (14 0 / 10 0 ) - 1 3 9 6 9 k g
[8 080 75 + 3 4 , 5 0 0 (5 2
10 0 )] k c a l/ k g
,
- 7 p 33 2 k c n
/k
a n dd
N C V (7 , 3 3 2 0 09 5 2 587 ) k c a
/ k8 7 , 0 5 7 k c a l/ k
,
Ex g
am p le 1 9 ATel is i,m d in
m it C g o yn H , 6 0
o ,
.
'
5 2 5 'n ,
o : 1 0%

61w a to t n o f d
n td ttc ts l)\ th c Jh e g a s
S O lu tio n (i) 1 k g o f c o a l c o n ta in
w Y U L I w l

s : C - 900 g ,
H - 60 g S ,
- 25 g ,
0 - 10 g
A m o u n t f a ir
o
q u ir e d fo r c o m p le te c o m b u s tio n o f 1 k g c o a l
re

-
[ 0 0 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 6 0 (1 6 / 2 ) + 2 5 (3 2 / 3 2 ) 1 0 (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 1 2 5 8 7
9
1 2 5 87 k
g , g o r
g

ii) C a lc tn tio n o f r y p r o d tc ts t o
e n 25 % e x c e s s f
ir is u s e 1
,

Wt o fC 0 900 g (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 3 3 0 0 g
2 -
,
50 2 = 25 g (6 4 / 3 2 ) = 5 0 g
N 2
- 12 , 5 8 7 g
(7 7 / 1 0 0 ) (1 2 5 / 1 0 0 ) = 1 2 1 15 g
,

0 2 10 g (a f fu e l) + 1 2 5 8 7 2 3 / 1 0 0 2 /
-
g ( ) (1 5 10 0 ) = 3 , 6 2 6 g ,

T o ta w t o f flu e g a s (3 3 0 0 + 5 0 + 12 1 1 5 + 3 6 2 8 ) g 1 9 0 9 3 -
, , ,
-
, g
Pe r c e n ta ge o f C 0 2
-
'

19 ,0 93
- 17 28 % 50 2 -
\ - 0 26%

19 ,0 9 3 19 0 93
Ex a m p le 2 0 A p r o d tc e r g a s }a s tlie ji
o to in g p e r c e n ttg e c o n p o s iti
H 10 % C O ) - 10 8% N 2 5 0 7 % C a lc in te ) t}le o r e tic a l q u a n tity o a ir r e q u ir e d o f th e
B a s ; (ii) pt
- -
2 pe r n

p o s itio ll o
c e ta g c c o 1 f pro d rc ts o f co m b u s tio n in c ltd in g u a p o u r jo r n e
o a te r d ; E ii) if 2 5 % e x c e s s a ir is u s e d lin ,

p r c e n Fa ge c o m p o s itio 11 o f t e d T y p r o d \tc ts o fc o m b l(s tio n (iu ) to e ig h t o fd l lltle g a s fo n [e d b y b tr n in g 1 n t3 o fp r o dtta

g iT S (N a g p u r 9 7 W in te ,

3 3 3 3
S o lu tio n 1 m 3 o f ga s c o n ta in s CH 4
- 0 035 m CO = 0 25 m H 2
= 0 10 m C0 2
= 0 10 8 m

3
2 - 0 52 7 m

3 3'
C o m bu s io n re a c tio n V o l o f0 2 n ee d e d ( n ) V o o flm d u c t s (m )

C H + 2 0 > C 0 + 2 H 0 0 035 2 = 0 0 70
2 2 2
- 0 035 2 = 0 070

0 25 0 5 0 125 C0 0 25 l = 0 25
CO + 0 5 0 2
> C 0 2
=
2
-

0 10 0 5 0 050 H 20 0 10 1 = 0 10
92 H 0 =
H 2
+ 0 5 4 2
=

T o ta l = 0 2 45
3 3
3
(i) T h e o re tic a l q u an tity o f a ir re q u ir e d p e r m o fga s - 0 2 45 m x (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) 1 16 = m

(ii) C a lc t a tio n o fo l i m e o p r o d 1 tc ts o f c o n b t ts tio n

3 3 3
C 0 -
(0 0 3 5 + 0 2 5) m + 0 10 8 m (fu e l) = 0 3 93 m
2
3 3
(0 0 7 0 0 10 ) m 0 17 0 m
H 20
= + .

3 3 3
N = 79% o f 1 16 m + 0 527 m (o f fu e l) = 1 072 m
2

T ta l v o lu m e o f pmcl u c ts - 2 003 m
o

Scanned by CamScanner
 F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T io
N

C a lc tla tio n o f pe rc e t
10 5

C O , = 10 0
2 003 20

2 0 03
= 8 48 % N

C0 2 (a s c a lc u la te d a bo v e )
0 3 93 3
N 2
- 79 % o f m in im

m (o r 3 9 3 L )
u m a ir u s e d (12 5 / 10 0 ) + 0 5 2 7 1
3 m
- 1 16 m X (7 9 / 1 0 0 ) (12 5 / 1
00 )+ 0 52 7 2 3
m . 1 15 m (o r 1 , 15 0 L )

- 0 245 3
m x (2 5 / 1 0 0 )
0 06 a
T o ta l v o lu m e o f d ry
-
m (o r 6 0 L )
p ro d u c ts
3
Ca a ti0 n
c l l
f p e r c e n ta 8 e o f d r ' 60 3 (o , 0 3 L )
o

0
y
00
p r o d tc ts o f c o n t b l [s tio n m r

C 0 -
1 15
2 . 24 5% N 10 0
1 603 2 -
71 7% 0 06 10 0
.
0 .

t0 ) W gh
e t o Fd ? 1 603 -

y p r o tltc ts o f c o m b ,Is Ti. . . b ta i. E d '

b '" in ,"
g o fg a s :

-
(7 7 1 9 6 g + 1 43 7 5
g + 85 7 1) 2 ,2 9 5 g
,
g -
- 2 295 k g

=7' , C a lc ta e (i) g r o s s d
: a n n e t ca
o r i tc f a u e o f1 kg o f c o a l (
a te n t h e a t o s te a n t
f = 5 8 7 kc a l/ k ) (ii) m in i
g , m t
n
ga s ,
i 2 5 " 4o e x c e s s a ir is u sed

S lu tio (N a g p u r, M a y 0 1)
o n (i) G C V - 1/ 1 0 0 8 , 0 8 0 75 + 3 4,5 0 90 [9 (4 / 8 )] + 2 , 2 4 0 2 k c a l/ k g - 9 , 0 3 7 2 k c a l/ k
N C V g
-
[9 ,
037 2 0 09 9 5 8 7 ] k c a l/ k
g - 8 , 5 6 1 7 k c a l/ k
g
(ii) M in im t f ar ir e d fo
p le te
u m w o re qu r co m co m b u s tio n f 1 kg
o co a l
-
[0 T 5 (3 2 / 12 ) + 0 0 9 (1 6 / 2 ) + 0 0 2 (3 2 / 3 2 ) 0 0 4 ] (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 1 1 7 3 9 k
g
M in im lu f a ir
u m v o m e o fe q u ir e d
' 3
-
& 5 22 4 L m o . 9,0 86 L o r 9 086 m
2 8 94 g m o

iii) C a lc t la tio n o f d r
y \ o d c ts (w ith 2 5 % e x c e s s a ir )
C 0 2
- 750 g (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 2 750 g

N 0 2
- 4 0 g (o f c o a l) + 1 1 , 7 3 9 g (T 7 / 1 0 0 ) (6 2 5 / 1 0 0 ) = 1 1, 3 3 9 g

0 2
- 1 1, T 3 9 g (2 3 / 1 0 0 ) (2 5 / 10 0 ) = 675 g

T o ta l = 14 , 7 6 4 g

2 1 1,
C 0 -
,
- 18 2
- - 76 80% 0 2 = - 4 57%
2 14 , T 6 4 14, 76 4
14 ,7 6 4
Ex p le 2 2 A c o a t c o n
a m in g 6 2 4 % C ; 4 1 % H ; 6 9 % 0 ; 1 2 % N ; 0 8 % S : 1 5 1% m o is tu r e a n d 9 7 %
a i?
a s h to n s
b tT tt iY t s t [c l a u a y th a t d r y lh e g a s c o n ta in e d 1 2 9 % C 0 2 , 0 2 % C 0 , 6 1 % 0 2 a n d 8 0 8 % N 2 C a cu a te

) }e t u e ig lt t o f a ir th e o r e tic a
i t
y n q ir e d p e r kg o c
oa , ( )
ii th i
e w e g h t o f y g
d r iu e a s o b ta in e d p e r k g ( ) th e
e i iii ,

Ueigt o f a ir a c ttia lly ts e d ( m

A r a v a ti, 9 6 W in te r )

S o lu tio n (l) 1 k g o f c o a l c o n t a in s C = 6 H = 41 g O = 69 g N = 12 g S = 8 g
g
T h e o r e tic a l w e ig h t o f a ir r e q u ir e d fo r c o m b u s tio n o f 1 k g c o a l
6 9 1 g (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
[6 2 4 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 4 1 (1 6 / 2 ) + 8 (3 2 / 3 )
-
2

- 8 ,3 9 6 g (o r 8 396 kg )

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 N o w 0 d e d to
2 n ee co n v e rt 2 g o f c O (p e s e n t in 1 k fl
'g
u e g a s ) to C 0 2
- 2 g (1 6 / 2 8 ) 1 4 g =

: Ex ce ss w e ig h t o f 0 2 / k o f flu e
g gas
- W t o f 0 2 / k flu
g e ga s W t o fo 2 n ee d e d to co n v er t c o to c o
2
= 61 g 1 4 g
5 9 6 g (o r 0 0 5 9 k
g)
-

W e ig h t o f C pe r k o f u e a
g g s
- W t o f C 0 X (12 / 4 4 + W
2 ) t o fC O (1 2 / 2 8 )
- 129 g (1 2 / 4 4 ) + 2 g (12 / 2 8 ) 3 6 0 4 (o r 0 0 3 6 0 4 k )

g g =

(ii) W e ig h t o f flu e g a s / kg o f c o a l b u rn t
- W t o f C in c o a
/w t o f C p e r k g flu e a s = 6 2 4 / 3 6 0 4 = 1 7 3 1 4 k
g g
(iii) W e ig h t o fe x ce ss 0 in flu o b ta in e d b b i 1 k l
2 e ga s y u r n n g g c o a
= W t o f flu e g a s/ kg c o a l W t o f 0 / k fl
2 g u e g a s 17 3 1 4 k g 0 0 5 9 6 = = 1 0 3 19 k g
E x c e ss a ir / k g lb u t 1 0 3 19 k g
co a rn =
(1 0 0 / 2 3 ) 4 4 8 7 k g =

H ig h t f a ir lly p p lie d p e r k g c o a l b u r n t
e n c e w e o a c tu a
, su

g 12 885 k g
-
[8 3 9 6 (th e o r e tic a l) + 4 4 8 9 (e x c e s s )] k -

Ex p le 23 A
a m l t u a s lo i m d to h a e th esa m p le o f
lo llo iu in g p e r c e n ta g e c o m p o s itio n
coa
C - 54 ;H = 6 5 ; 0 - 6 0 ;N
- 1 8 S - 3 2 m o is tt tr e 17 3 a n d r e m in d e r is a s h T h is c o a l o n c o m b u s tio n w itJe x c e =
,

flir g a m 2 0 0 0 f" g o ftlq p r o t

u c t (fi n e g a s e s ) e r k o f c o a l b
p g imt C a lc u la te th e p e r c e n ta e e x c e s s a ir u s e d jo r c o m b ts tio l
g
tJ r c o a l (A m a v a ti, M a y 0 1
S o lu tio n 1 k g o f c o a c o n ta in s : C 5 40 g , H - 65 g O = 60
g N 18 ; S 32 g =
= =

C o n b t io t io W t f0
s n re a c n o 2 re q u ir e d W t o f d r y u e ga s

C + 0 C 0 540 (3 2 / 1 6 ) 1,4 4 0 g C0 540

2 2 =
2
- (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 1,9 8 0 g

H 2
+ 0 5 0
2
+ H 2
0 65 (16 / 2 ) = 52 0 g

S + O ,
+ S0 ,
32 (3 2 / 3 2 ) = 32 g 50 - 32 (6 4 / 3 2 ) = 64 g
2

N 2 (in co a l) = 18 g

T o ta l - 1, 9 9 2 g T o ta l _ 2 ,0 6 2 g

Less 0 2
in fu e l = 60 g

N e t 0 2 re q u ir e d = 1 , 93 7 g

C o r re s p o n d in g w t o f a ir - 1, 9 3 2 g (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 8 ,4 00 g o r 8 40 kg

T o ta l w t o f d ry p r o d u c ts -
[2 ,
0 62 + 8 400,
(7 7 / 10 0 )]8 - 8,530 g o r 8 53 0 k g
N o w w t o f u e ga s p e r kg co a lbu rn t = 20 kg
W t o fex c e s s a ir u s e d =
(2 0 8 530 )k g - 11 47 k g
1 1 47 10 0
H e n ce ,
e x c e ss a ir u se d = = 13 6 5 %
8 40
Ex a m

p le te b tts tio n F in d t th e p e r ta g e c o n p o s itio n b t s tio n b y if H is b t

co m co n ou ce n o f dTy p r o tc ts o f co m m ass ,

T !e te t a n ti n o c a r b o n is le ft be k in d ti, 9 8 S u m m e
c o n t y (A m ra v a

S o lu tio T he tic l a ir l (C d H 6 g)
n o re a re q u ir e d fo r co m bu s tio n o f 1 k g fu e = 900 g a n =

-
[9 0 0 g (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 6 g (16 / 2 )] (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
= 10 , 6 4 3 g
W t o f a ir a c tu a lly u se d = 1 0 6 4 3 k g (9 0 / 1 0 0 ) 9 5 7 9 g =
,

S in d a 1l
ce in s
j g c ie n t a ir
is u se d ,
a n d a ll H is id is e d to H 2 0 s o p a r t o f C is o x id is e d to C 0 2
o x ,
an ren

C is ox id is e d to C O Let g o f C is o x id is e d to C O a n d (9 0 0 x ) g o f C is o x id is e d to C 0 2

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 F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T IO N

A 107
lr r e q l ir e m e n t =
[6 g (1 6 / 2 ) + x
g (1 6 / 1 2 ) + (9 0 0 X

=
[4 8 g + (4 / 3 ) + ) g (3 2 / 1 2 )] (10 0 / 2 1 )
g 2 400 ,
g (8 x / 3 ) g ] (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
= [2 4 4 8 g (4 / 3
B L it w t f a ir
,
) g (1 0 0 / 2 3
) ]0 6 43
o i
c tu a lly u s e d 5 797 =
, g g
. 9 ,5 7 9
g
9,5 7 9 10 , 6 4 3
g -
g 5 7 97
\v t o fC o x id is e d C O g
O t
() x -
(1 0 6 4 3 9 ,5 7 9 5 7 9 7
W t o fC o x id is e d to C 0
,
. 183 5 g
2 -
(9 0 0 183 5) 716 5
A lte rn a tiv e e th o d
g -
g
m W hen 1 g a f c bu rn s to C o , in s te a d fco
o
2 , th e r e du c tio n in q u a n tity o f a ir
B L t a c tu a l r e d tio n in
t
c a ir s u
p p ie d p e r k g o f fu e l
(1 0U U6 4* 3O y9 , 35 /7 y9 ) - 1 0 6 4
?
-

g g
,
,
W t o f C o ut t oo f 9 0 n0n c r 8b u r n i
,

g n g to C 0 . 1 0 6 4 /
1
5 9 7 9 18 3 5
g , _

C a lc ltla tio n o tu t o f d r
y p r o d t tc ts o f c o m b u s tio n / k lie l
W t ofC 0 s l
. 1 8 3 5 g (2 8 / 1 2 =
) 428 g
W t (f C 0 2 = 7 1 6 5 g (4 4 / 1 2 = 2 6 2 7
) g ,
W t o f N 2 (f o m a ir u s e d ) = 9 5 7 9 7 7
, g ( / 10 0 )= 7 3 7 6 g ,
T L ta l w t o f d r y p r o d u c ts o f c o m b u s tio
n 1 0 43 1 g -
,

C t c tla tio 1 o f in a s s \ r c e n a g e c o m p o s itio n o ctr

f y p r o d u c ts
4 2 8 10 0 2 62 7 10 0
C O 4 10 % C O - 7 3 T6 10 0 ,
25 19 % N 2 -
. _ ,

10 4 3 1 70 71 % -
-
, 10 43 1 10 4 3 1 ,
,

E x a m p le 2 5 A p e tr o l s a m p le c o n ta in s 8 4 % c a r b o n a n d 1 6 % h d r o e n b t u e i h t ts
y g y g l t e g a s c o m p o s itio n a l
la ta b y u o lu n e is a s l in d e r
C (r b o n d io x id e 1 2 1 % , c a r b o n n t o n o x id e - 1 1 % , o x y g e n - 1 3 % a n n ity o g e n
-
8 5 5 % C a c u a te (i) n i in -

n m m t ir fo r c o n tp le te c o m b s tio n o f 1 0 k g o fp e t r o l (ii) a c tu a l a ir s u p p lie d p e r k g o fp e

y o a n d (iii) tite c a o r ific u a l e s
, ,

l
f t e / e r o s a n /?
T t te ( T M a y 0 1)
R G ,

S o iu tio (i) 1 k g o f p e tr o l c o n ta in s : C = 84 0 g H = 16 0 g

0
" ? d W t o f ry n o d 1c t s (g )

C " > C O '" - 2 240

,
C0 2
- 840 (4 4 / 1 2 ) 3 0 8 0 =
,
, .

f 1 kg
p le te c o m b u s t o n o
i
M in im u m w t o f a ir re q u ir e d fo r co m

- 3 520 g
,
(1 0 0 / 2 3 ) 1 5 , 3 0 4 g o r 1 5 3 0 4 k g
=

3 ta in
(ii) 1 m o fH u e ga s co n s
3
3
3 3
0 0 0 13 m N - 0 855 m
C 0 - 0 12 1 m C O = 0 011 m 2
- 2
2
ly s is to m o ss a n a ty s is
Con u e r s io n o fu o ltm e tr ic a n a

On ) u x m
M a s s /fg o itegas
G M o l n a s s
a s
5 324 5 3 2 4 / 2 9 98 8 = 0 1776 k g
3 44
C 0 0 0 03 k g
0 3 08 / 2 9 98 8
-
2
0 30 8
=

28
C O = 0 0 1 1/ m n A 1 L 0 4 16 / 2 9 9 8 8 = 0 0 13 9 k g
U r u
3 32
0 2
- 0 0 1 3 // m n o n n 2 3 94 / 2 9 9 8 8 = 0 798 3 k g

2 - u D ? m
2 9 988 T o ta l = 1 uUUU 4 8
T o ta E =

0 0 1 0 8 k g C O to C
0 2 )
d to c o n v e rt
fo (in flu e g as re q u ir e
M a ss o 2 0 00 60 k g
0 0 0 7 9 ]k g
-
-

[0 0139
0 13 9 0 0 103 (16 / 2 8 )] k F
- [0
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 10 8
EN G
N EER
N G C HEM I
s
M a ss o f C /k g o f flu M f [C O
e gas - ass o x (1 2 / 4 4 ) + C O (1 2 / 2 8 )]
0 17 7 6 12 / 4 4 k g 0 0 10 3 0 0044 k g
(1 2 / 2 8 ) k g 0 048 4 0 0440 k g
-
- -

M ass o f flu e g a s fc r m e d by bu rn in g 1 k g p e tr o l

Ex c e ss 0 2/ k g o f p e tr o l b u r n t

-
(M ass o fe x ce ss 0 2 / k g f
u e g a s ) (M ass o f flu e ga s/kg o f p e tr o l b u rn t)

= 0 006 19 09 k g - 0 1 15 4 k g
E x c e ss a ir p e r k g o f p e tr o l b u rn t = 0 115 4 (1 0 0 / 2 3 ) k g - 0 498 k g
H l a ir
e n ce ,
a c tu a su p p lie d p e r k g o f p e tr o l b u rn t
- M a ss o f a ir (fo r co m b u s tio n + e x cess in flu e gas)
-
(1 5 3 0 4 + 0 4 9 8 )k g - 15 802 k g
H C V = 1 / 10 0 [8 ,
080 84 + 3 4 5 00 1 6 ] k c a l/ k g - 1 2 ,3 0 7 k ca l/ k g
,

[N o te S in ce th e fu e ldo es n o t co n t a in h yd ro ge n ,
so its H C V . N C V ]
am p e 2 6 T h e p e r c e Y t ta g e c o m o s it io n o f a s a m
Ex p p le o f a n th r a c ite c o a t is C = 9 0 , H = 3 5 , 0 3 0 N .
=
,

S = 0 5d tite r e n ta in d e r b e in g (s Jt (b y tu e ig h t) E s tim a te : (i) th e m in in n n n w e ig h t o f a ir r e q u r e d fo r th e c o n t b u s

a n

is f[e ; (ii) th e c o n p o s iio n o f d r y p r o c t tc ts o f c o m b u s tio ? b y u o h tm e if 5 0 % e x c e s s a ir is s ttp p lie d

o f 1 k g o f tJ ,

(R G T , Ju n e
S o lu t io n 1 kg o fco a lc o n ta in s : C = 900 g H = 35 9 0 - 30 g N = 10 g s = 5 g an d a s h (b y d iffe re n

- 20 g

C o m b t ts t io t r e a c t io n W t o fO z reg
d (g ) W t o fdry p r o d u c t (g )
C + 0 2
> C 0 2
900 (3 2 / 1 2 ) = 2 ,4 0 0 C0 2
- 900 (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 3 30 0
,

2 H + 0 5 0 H 0 35 (1 6 / 2 ) 2 8 0 =
2 2

(i) M in im u m w t o f 0 2 re q u ir e d fo r 1 kg co a l

-
[9 0 0 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 3 5 (1 6 / 2 ) + 5 (6 4 / 3 2 ) 3 0 ] g (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
-
[2 ,
400 + 280 + 10 3 0 ]g (1 0 0 / 2 3 ) 1 1 5 6 5 g
=
,
- 11 565 k g

C a lc u
a tio n o u t o d r y p r o d ttc ts o fc o m b t ts tio n w ith 5 0 % e x c e s s a ir

C 0 2
- 900 (4 4 / 1 2 ) g - 3 30 0 g
,

50 2 - 5 (6 4 / 3 2 ) g - 10 g

N - 1 0 g (o f fu e l) + 1 1 5 6 5 (1 5 0 / 1 0 0 ) (7 7 / 1 0 0 ) g (o f a ir ) 10 g = + 1 3 ,3 57 g - 1 3 , 3 67 g
2 ,

0 2
- 1 1,5 65 g (5 0 / 1 0 0 ) 5 7 8 3 g =
,

a tio n
C a lc t u o lu m e tr ic c o m p o s itio n o fd r y p r o d c ts o fc o m b l ts tio ?

W t o f dn lp ro du c t \ M o l M a ss R e
a t ir t e u o h m e o fo d u c t
C 0 - 3,3 0 0 9 44 3 ,3 0 0 / 4 4 = 75 0 0 0
2

50 - 10 9 64 10 / 64 = 00 15 6
2

N - 13 , 3 6 7 9 28 13, 367/ 2 8 = 477 393

2

0 - 5,783 9 32 5 7 8 3/ 32 = 180 7 19
2 ,

T o ta = 733 2 6 8

T5 0 00 10 0 0 156 10 0
0 U 2 = . 1U Z ZB % 5U 2 = = U U Z 1 To
733 2 68 733 268
4 77 39 3 10 0 18 0 7 1 9 10 0
11
2
- = 65 1U5% U 2 = = z * B a o
73 3 2 6 8 733 2 68
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 F U E L S A N D C O M B U S T IO N

r r is es o r h a e ic e 10 9

2 C lc l la te th e gro ss an d n e t c a lo r ifi
C 80% H 7% c v a lu e f
=
,
. 0 . 3% S 3 5%
o a sam
p
e o f co a l h a v in g fo llo in g
,
,
.
N . 2 1% d
w co m p o s itio n
a sh
,
, an . 4 4%
(P T D e e 28 )
,

}Liquid fu e l w e ig h in
g o 98 g an d co n ta in in
g 9 o 1% c 8% H ha v th e fo
lo in g
, e w re s u lte in b o m b
A m o u n t o fw a te r ta ke in
n c a lo r im e te r = 1,4 5o g
W a te r e q u iv a le n t o f c a lo r im e te r = 450 g
R is e n te m pe r a tu r e o fw a te r = 11 8
L
IT f l1a t+ eo n1 t+ hh e a t o f

s te a m is 5 8 7 ca l/ g , c a lc u
a te g r o ss a n d n e t c a lo r ific v a lu e o f fu e l (D e l
i, M ay 99)

4 0 945 g f fu l
p le te c o m b u s tio n in e x c e s s o f o x
o e co m o n

c a lo r im e te r fr o 1 3 2 5 to 1 9 2 C T h e
m
y g e n in c r e a s e d th e te m p e r a tu r e o f w a te r in a
m a s s o f w a te r in c a l
o r im e te r w a s fo u n d to b e 1 4 5 8
th e g r o ss c a lo r ific v a lu e o f th e fu e l if th , g C a lc u la te
e w a te r e u iv a le n t o f
,
q c a lo r im e te r is 1 4 4 (V T , A p r il 2K )
&
lA n s 1 0 , 0 87 ca l/ g ]
5 A sa m p le o fc o a lh a s th e fo llo in g a n a ly s is : C - 8 3 %
w
,
S - 1 5% N - 0 6% H - 7 5% an d 0 - 8 4% F in d
, ,
th e g r o s s lo r ific u s in g D u lo n
g F o r m u la
ca v a e u
(M K A p r il 0 1) ,

lA n e 8 885 k c a
, /k g]
6 C a lc u la te th e d t c a lo r ific v a lu e f l
g ro ss a n n e o co a sam p le h a v in g th e fo llo w in g co m p o s itio n
C = 80% ,
H = 7% ,
O = 3% ,
S - 3 5% ,
N = 2 1% an d a sh = 4 4% (A n d h r a tly 9 7)
,

lA n s G CV = 8 , 8 2 8 k c a l/ k g N V C = 8 , 4 5 8 k c a 1/k g ]
7 T h e te m p e r a tu r e f 9 5 0 0 g o f w a te r in c r e a s e d fr o m 2 5 5 C to 2 8 5 C o n burning 0 7 5 g o f a
o

so lid fu e l
in a bo m b c a lo r im e te r W a te r e q u iv a le n t o f c a lo r im e te r a n d la te n t h e a t o f s te a m a re 400 0 g an d 5 87 0
ca l/ g re sp e c tiv e ly If th e fu e l c o n ta in s 0 6 5 % o f h y d r o g e n , c a lc u la te its n e t c a lo r ific v a lu e

(M an g a lo r e A , g 9 6)
u lA n s 5 366,
cal /g ]
by lu H 20% ; CH 4 6% CO 22% C0 4% )
fo llo p o s itio
-
s ha s th e w in g co m n v o m e : 2
- - =
2
3
is d F in d th e ig h t f a ir tu lly p p lie d p e r m o f th is
e x c e s s a ir o a c a su
4% a n d N - 44 % 20% u se w e
2
(B o m ba y N o 9 6 ) lA n s 2 , 14 3 g ]
t o f ir 28 97 ,

gas M a -
o w

t a in in g 9 2 % C 5% H 3 % a s h W h e n th is c o a l w a s te s te d in th e la b o r a to ry fo r its
H A sa m p le o fco a lco n
\
e te r , th e fo llo w in g
d a ta w e r e o b ta in e d
lu in th e b o b c a lo r im
c a lo i fic v a e m
- 0 95 g
W e ig h t o fco a lb u rn t
- 700 g
W e ig h t o fw a te r ta k e n
d c a lo r im e te r - 2,000 g
a le n t fbo m b an
W a te r e q u iv o

R is e in te m p e r a t u re

C o o lin g c o rre c tio n

Fu se w ir e c o r re c tio n
. 60 0 ca l
A c id c o r re c tio n
97 D e tli, tu n e 9 8 )
U o d w u tu n e
/g L C V
6 7 7 0 6 c a 1/ g ]
lg ) 703 1 6
=

o f s te a m a s 5 80 ca
lA n s G CV =
ca

%
' "
a ir 2 1) re q u '
f o x y g e n in
-

lu % o
la te th e v lu m e o f a ir (v o m e
1u c a lc u o

o n e litr e o f C O

Scanned by CamScanner
 e n @ n e e r in g

l .
W J
L n lc u ln tt th l +
m l m m \ m w c l* h t n n {r m q Liw c l ro r c o

C W )K , , I I 3 5
m p l te cu m b u t+ tio n o f 1 kg n f fu e C
h * 3 0% S 0 s ryn , 1 l2 , 1 0 'H J, N - 0 5% a n d n eh - re gt
L1 n t
ai
,
( o d lp F
, M *

12 C n
cu ln tt th t v o lu 3

m t o f n lr r e q u lr e c l lo c tn n p le tc co m b Lre ti n o f 1 m a f gaseo u s fu e h
v
Co m
p itin n C 0
u s 46% C I I 10 1X 1 12 , 4 0 21, C 2 H 2 0 ). , N '
2
- 10T n n d re m in in g b e i
l
,
,
,
, 2 a
n g c

IB o n bq
y N ,

lA n s 34
13 A n 8 th e fo l? w in g ] 4 'yo
co m p o slilio n by v o lu m e : H 2
- 3 2 C I l4 - N 2
- 40% 0 2 - 14 % If 2 5 %
i i
n r s u s e c l fin c l th c 3
w iR h t o f a ir a c tu a
ly su p p lie d p e r m o f th is g a s (A n a M
,
, ay % ht
IA tu

P o c lu cc r g n s h a s th c fo l]o w jn R c o m p L s itio n b y v o lu m e : C O - 30% H 2 - 12 % ; CO z

C t4 4 ' 2 )n'
n n c N 2 , 5 2 X , W h a t w ill b e th e c o m p o s itio
{
n o f d r y flu e g a s , if 5 0 % e x c e s s a ir w a
s tls e
3
bu rn in g 1o o m o f th t g a s ? (N a g p u r 97 S
,

lA n s C0 2
- 14 1 X,
N 2
- 79 8 0
R a se o u s u e l h a s th c fo llo w in g co m p o s itio n by v o lu m e H 2
- 25% ,
m e th a n e - 3 0 X} '
e th a n

; e th e n L 4 5 'X ; b u te n e 2 5% c a rb o n m o n o x id e 6 0 'X , C0 8% 0 2% d N
- ,, -
2
-
2
- an
2 12 %
C a lc u la te th e a iT fu e l r a tio a n d v o lu m e tr ic a n a ly s is f c lr y p r o d u c ts o fco bu s tio u s in
g 4 0% e
o m n
a i
LR a ja s th a n 95 S
,

lA n s (i) 9 3 3 3 :1 , (ii) C 0 2
- 9 49% N 2
- 86 7 1 0 2
A ga seo u s fu e lco n ta in in g ; H = 10 % C H 30% C 2H 15 % ; C 4H d C 2H 20% by
1o a n
-
2 l
-
4 2 6
-
vo
bu t in 10 % f th e o tic a l a ir b y m a s s r e ir e d fo p le te
w n s rn e x ce ss o bu
, re
q u r co m co m s tio n F in d o u
an a ly s is f c lr y p r o d u c ts o fco bu s tio n
o m (A n r a u a ti, 9 8 S
lA n s C 0 2
- 4 0 1 6 'X , N 2 - 5 8 4 3 '% 0 2
sa m p le o f co a l w a s fo u n e d to co n ta in th e fo ik w in g co n s titu e n ts C - 8 1% 0 - 8% ; S
H 5 1X , N 1% as h 4% C a lc u la te th e in im o u n to f a ir ir e d fo th e
= =
,
= , m u m a m re q u r co m l
p e e co m bu
t
f 1 kg fc o l A ls o c a lc u
la te th e p e by
o o a r c e n ta ge co m p o s itio n w e ig h t o f th e d r y p r o d u c ts a f c o m b
O x y g e n in a ir is 2 3 % b y w e ig h t
(R a u is ia n
lA n s (i) A ir - 11 086 kg (ii) C 0 2
- 27 57% ,
50 2
- 0 18 % ,
N 2
- T4 088
18 A p le o f c o a l w
sa m a s fo u n d to co n ta in th e fo llo w in g : C = 80% H = 5% ;0 - 1% N = 2% ,
re m a
b e in g a s h \
E ) C a lc u la te th e a m o u n t o f m in im u m a ir re q u ir e d fo r co m p le te co m bu s tio n o f 1 k g o f c o a l s a m ple ,

(i) If 4 5 e x c e s s a ir is su p p lie d ,
e s tim a te th e p e rc e n ta ge c o m p o s itio n o f th e d r y p r o d u c ts o f c o m b t
tio n
(R a ja s th a n . 1
lA n s (i) A ir - 10 9 7 k g (ii) C 0 2
- 17 9 5 % N 2
- T5 10 % ;0 2
- 5 9510
19 A n a ly s is o f c o a l u se d in a b o ile r is : C 82 % H 4 2% O 4 8% h d
t W ne th is c o a l w a s u se
= = _
,
a s - re s n
in a b o ile r , th e a n a ly s is o f flu e g a s w a s : C0 10 % CO 1 5% 0 D e te r m in
2
- -
2
- 8 0% ,
N 2
- 80 5 %
() th e a m o u n t o f e x c e s s a ir
p e r k g o f c o a l b u r n t (ii) to ta l m f a ir f c o a lb u m
, a ss o su p p lie d p e r k g o
p e r c e i r ta fex ir p p lie d fo r c o m b u s tio n
g (A m a u a ti,
e o ce ss a su a lL

lA n s (i) 5 970 k g (ii) 1 6 731 kg (ii) 55 5

20 A sa m p le o f th e G dw
l o f Jh a r ia w a s a n a l s e d a s fo llo w s : E
o n
y x a c tly 2 5 o 0 g w a s w e ig
an a co a hed
O a s ilic a r h e a tin
cru c ib le A fte
g fo r 1 h o u r a t 1 1 0 C th e r e s id u e w e ig h e d 2 4 1 5 g T h e c r u c ib le w a s t

,

c o v e r d w ith a v e n te d lid a n d s tr o
n g ly h e a te d fo r e x a c tl 7 m in u t
e s a t 9 5 0 2 0 C T h e r e s id u e
w e ig
y
1 5 2 8 g T h e c r u c ib le w a s th e n h e a te d w ith
o u t th e c o v e r u n til a c o n s ta n t
w e ig h t w a s o b ta in e
d T h e l
r e s id u e w a s fo u n d to w e i h t o 24 5
g g (i) c a lc u la te th e p e r c e n ta e r e s lts f th e b o v e a n a ly s is (hj
,

Toll
ty p e ) f a n a ly s is d o e s th e a b o v e d e s i i
c r p tio n b e lo n
g ? w h y is th e a n a ly s is s o n a m e d ? (]a ba lp rfq
lA n s M O is tu r e - 3 4 % ; v o la tile m a tte r 3 5 4 8 % a s h = 9 8 0 % ; fix e d C = 5 1 322 -

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F U E L S A N D C O M B U S T IO N

T7 ( % i ll = S 2W \ : 0
, J 12 8 % \ : N ) 2 7o " ;S ,
= 1 2 9. . Th e
a in n
r rr
W n t\ g be n g a sh C a lc u
P uw \
o T n p o s jtio n by a te th e m in im tm
w e ig h t o f d ry
p r o d u c te If 5 0 ')lJ e

.
, x c e s e a lr 18
su p p lie d (A lg a r h S e p l 9 6)
o f t\Q 1n W K e lc l
,

j a l\ llz e i L an d N
H la g a s th u
s e v o a b s o rb e d in 5 0 0 m L o f0 1 N

X " X , X X'B

. an tita ti' "
,
l '"ysis g a v e o 1755 g o f B a s o
l 4 c a
c tla te th e
(K lt 9 7) [A n 8 N . 3 9 2 6 % S
,

7%
S o r t n s t u e r Q p es tio n s

1 D e fin e a c h e m ic a l fu e l
A n s A co m b t s tib le s u b s ta
n c e c o n ta in in
g c a rb o n th e m a in
Iw r a te s la r g e am n t o
o t f h e a t,
as c o n s titu e n w h ic h o n p ro p e r
burning
w h ic h can be u sed e co n o m ic a lly fo r do m es tic as w e ll in d u s tr ia l p u r p o s e s
2 W h a t is L\ e a n
t b y c a lo r ific
v a lu e o f a fu e l ?
AIt is th e to ta l u a n tit o h
(D ib m g a r l In n e 9 4 Jw n g a lo r e A l\ ts t 9 7 )
,
n s
q y f e a t lib e r a te d w h e n a u n it m ass (o r v o lu m e )o f th e fu e l is bur nt c o m p
in p r e s e n c e o f s u ffic ie n t u a n tit e te ly
q y o f a ir / o x y g e n
3 Ditinguish b e tw e e n
g r o s s a n d n e t c a lo r ifi c v a lu e o f a fu e l (R a u is fa n flce r Iu fy 9 4 ) ,
A n s G r o s s c a lo r qic a lu e is th e to ta l q u a n tity o f h e a t lib e r a te d , w h e n o n e u n it o f th e fu e l h a s b e e n b u m t
co m p le te ly a n d th e p r o d u c ts o f c o m b u s tio n h a v e b e e n c o o le d to r n o m te m p e r a tt r e o n th e o th e r h a n d n et
c a lo r fic u a lte is th e n
.
e t h e a t e v o lv e d w h e n a n e u n it o f th e fu e l is b tm t c o m le te l a n d th e h o t r o d u c ts ll p y p a o w e d
to esca pe as su c h
4 W hat a re th e d iffe r e n t v a r ie tie s o f c o a l fo rm e d in s id e th e e a r th ? (D ib r tg a r lt in e 9 4 ) ,

A n s Pe a t, lig n ite ,
b itu m in o u s co a la n d a n th r a c ite

5 W h a t is m e a n t b y ig n itio n te m p e r a ttr e ? (M K ,
N ou 9 7)

A T he
n s o zu e s t te m p e r a tu r e a t w h ic h th e fu e l m u st b e p r e h e a te d so th a t it s ta r ts burning s m o o th ly

6 W h y s h o u ld a n id e a l fu e l h a v e m o d e r a te ig n itio n te m p e ra h r e ?

fir e h a z a r d s an d in v o lv e s d a n g e r in fu e l s to r a g e a n d tr a n s p o r t
A n s L o to ig n itio n te m p e r a tu re c a n c a u se
d iffic u lty in s ta r tin g ig n itio n o f fu e l H e n c e , a n id e a l fu e l s h o u ld h a v e
;w h ile lrig h ig n itio n te m p e r a tu re c a u se s

o d e r a te i n itio n te m
m
g p e r a tt r e
l d th r a c ite in d e c r e a s in g o ld e r f th e ir c a lo r ific
d , p e a t lig n ite , b ittm in o u s co a an a n o
7 A rra n ge w o o ,

hv iclt1 UP es
d
b it u in o u s co a l < lig n ite < peat< w o o
A n s A n th ra c ite < m
l d an th r a c ite in in c r e a s in g o rde r o f th e ir m o is h r e
i o u s co a an
8 A o o d p e a t, lig n ite , b itu m n
rra n ge w ,

co n te n ts
o o d
b itu in o u s co a l < lig n ite < p e a t < w
A A th ra c ite < m
lific a tio fw d N it
h fir s t s ta g e in th e
n s n co a n o o o am e
is re ga rd e d a s t e
9 A je lly lik e su b s ta n ce

A n s P e a t

i th e th e o r e tic a l a m t
p le te ly bur nt n
o u n
h e n th e co a l is co m
a che d, w
A n s The m a x in m te t?p e a trr e r e
a ir a lu e
im a te c a lo r ific v
k in g co a l G iv e its a p p ro x
11 1 N a m e ig
th e ze s t ra n

s e le c tin g co a l fo r d iffe r e n t u ses

tio n w h ile
c o n s id e r c a o r ific
a
fa c to r s ta k e n in a sh te n t, a n d (iu ) M g h
12 M en tio n tr e e co n te n t, (iii) lo w c o n
m o is tt r e
c a lo r ific v a

u e , (ii) lo w
A n s (i) H ig h
in te n s ity
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 112 E N Q IN E E R
N G C H M
81

1 3 W h a t is th e m t7 itp t
p o sc o f p r o x im a te a n a ly s is o f c {m ?
i / lil/i!/ fco n
A It p r o g n r c lin g th e p lT r l c n
o
n s v id e s v a lu a b le in fo rm a tio n re

14 N a m e th e v a r ie ty o fco al ,
u se d in m e ta llu r g y

A n s A n th a c ite
1 5 G iv e th r e e e x a m p le s o f a r tific ia l fu e l
A n s C o ke , c ha rc o a l d ie s e l o il, a n d o il g a s
,

16 W h a t is th e d iffe r e n ce b e tw een ca k in g c o a ls n n c l c o k in g c o a ls ? (R tT u is m n k e r lu n e !
,

A s C tk i g c o tT ls a r e th o s e w h ic h o n h e a tin g in th e n b s c n e c o f n lr
b e c o m e s s o ft p la s tic a n e l fu , se ta gt
k ) la r g e co h e e n t m a sse s w h ile c o k ittg c m /s a r e th o s e w h i c h o n h c i tin g y ic lc l r e s ic lu e , w h ic h is p o ro u s , h
s tr o n g a n d u s a b le fo m e ta llu r g ic a l p u r p o ses

1 7 W h a t is th e im p o r ta n ce o f c le te r m in in g j t d c n r b o lin c o n l?
A n s H ig h e r th e p e r c e n ta g e o f fix e d c a r b o n , h ig h e r is th e c n lo t ific v a lu e a n d b e tte r th e q u a lity o f c (
M o re o v e r, th e p e r c e n ta g e o f fix e d c a r b o n h e lp s in d e s ig n in g th e fu n a c e a n d th e s h a p e o f th e fir e b o x

18 W h a t a re th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f a g o o cl q u a lity co a l?
A n s A o o d qu a lity co a lp o ss e s s e s : (i) lo w m o is tL u e , (ii) lo w v o la tile m a tte r , (iii) lo w as h ,
an d (iu )h i
l
fix e d c a rb o n co n te n t

1 9 W h y is k e p r e fe r r e d to c o a l in
co m llu r g ic a l p r o c e s s e s ?
e ta

A n s C o ke p o sse sse s (i) h ig h e r s tr e n g th , (ii) h ig h e r p o r o s ity , (iii) le s s e r su lp h u r co n te n t, (iu ) s h o r t fl m

bu Ln in g c h a r a c te r is tic s S o it is p r e fe r r e d to co a l fo r m e ta llu r g ic a l p u r p o s e s
20 W a t is m ean t b y th e te r m c r a c k in g ?
A T he deco p o s itio f h ig h e r c h a in h y d ro c a rb o n le c u le s in to s im p le , lo b o ilin g h y d
n s m n o m o w r o c a rb o
lo w er m o le c u la r n ia s s e s

21 W h a t is s tr a ig Jtt ru n g a s o lin e ?
A n s T h e g a s o lin e o b ta in e d d ir e c tly fr o m th e fr a c t io n a tio n o f c ru d e o il
22 W h a t \s syn th e tic p e tr o l ?

P e tr o l s y n th e s is e d e ith e r b y p o l m e r iz a tio n o f lo
A n s le c u la r le fin
y w m o m a ss o s a n d a lk a n es o r fr c
fin e ly p o w d e r e d c o a l a n d h e a v y o il is c a lle d s n tlze tic e tr o l
y p
2 3 W h a t is r e fo r m in g ?

A p r o c e s s o f b r in g in g a b o u t s tn tc tu r a l n o d zp c a tio n s in th e c o m p o n e n t o f s tr a i h t r u
n s A
g n g a s o li
w ith th e o b je c t
o f im p r o v in g its a n tik n o c k c h a r a c te r is tic s

2 4 W n a t is m e a n t b y c o n tp r e s s io n r a tio o f a n I C e n in e ?
g
A n s T h e r a tio o f th e g a s e o u s v o lu m e in th e c i d r a t th e e n d o f th e s u c tio n
y n e
s tr o k e to th e v o lu m e
th e e n d o f c o m p r e s s io n s tr o k e o f th e p is to n
2 5 W h a t is m ea n t b y fm o c k tTtg ?

A n s Prem a tu re in s ta n ta n e o u s ig n itio n o f fu e l a ir ix tu in IC
m re an en g in e le a d in g to r o d u tio n
,
p c
an ex p lo s iv e V io le n ce ,
is k n o w n a s kn o c kin g
26 A rra n ge n o c ta n c e , n a p h th a le n e ,
is o o c ta n ce in in c r e a s in
g o rde r o f th e ir k n o c k in g te n d e n c
y
A n s N a p h th a le n e < is o o c ta n e < n o c ta n e

27 W h t is t b y o c ta n e n u m b e r o f a
a m e a n
g a s o lin e ?
(B h a r a tlid a s a n N ou 9
,
A T h e p e r c e n ta g e o f i o o c ta n
n s e in ix tu f is o o c ta n
a m re o e a n d n h e p ta n e w h ic h m a tc h e s th e g a s o l
d te s t in k n o c k in
,
u n e r
g c h a r a c te r is tic s
28 W h a t is c e ta n e u a lu e o f a d ie s e l fu e l?
A n s T h e p e r c e n ta e o f h e x a d e c a n e in a m i t
g x u re o f h e x a d e c a n d 2 th y l h
p h th a le n e, w
e a n m e n a
po ss e sse s th e s a m e ig n itio n c h a r a c te r is tic s a s th
e d ie s e l fu e l in u e s tio n q
29 A r ra n ge L P G w a te r g a s p ro du ce r g as an d b io g a s in in c r e a s in o rde r o f th e ir c a lo r ific v a lu e s
, ,
g
A n s P ro d u ce r te b io g a s
g as < w a r ga s < < LPG

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 S AN D C O M B U S T IO N
FU E L

n hex adeca /lg 1 a

h e p ta n n e
e o c ta

, , n e \n d is o o c tn e e l o c ta n e
r
H ig h e s t n e ba p n n
n m
d /tlg lu w t
A n s o e a r
e m be r : c 1a t
tJ Is o o c ta n o m m ib e r
H ig le s t c e ta n e n
e p u t o f
tm be r n h ex a d e ca
n e
31 W h a t \s p o tu e r a lc o h o l ?
A s w h e n e th y l a lc o h o l is
u se d ae a fu e l (a lo
o
a lc o t n g w ith p e tr o l) fo r i
'tu e T
p n te r n a l c o m b
w tio n e n iA e it ie c a
32 C o m p a re th e o c ta n e r g , le d
a tin
g o f a lc o h o w ith
A O ta n e r a tin th a t o f a
n s c
g o f a lc o h o l is a b o g s o lin e
u t 90
33 M en tio n t
)o a d v a n t
a ges o f u i
s n
g a lc o h o l g a s o lin
e b le n d s in in te n l
a c o m b u s tio n en g in e

34 M e n tio n to o d is a d v a n t
age o f u s in
g a lc o h o l g a s o lin e b le n d s in I c e
A n s B le n d : (i) lo w e rs th e c a lo r if c v l
n g in e
a u e o f p e tr o l (ii m
, ) a y c a u s e c o r r o s io n , s in c e a lc o h o l is e a s ily
35 W h a t is l u e t a s ?
g
A n s W e n n a ttr a l g a s o c c u r s a lo n
g w ith p e h o le u m in il w
o e lls its is ca lle d tu e t g a s
36 W h t is s zu e e te n in ,
a
g o f p e tr o l ?
(B
a r a th id a s a n N ,
ou 9 7)
A n s R e fin in g o f p e tr o l (o r a s o lin e b
g ) y tr e a tin g it w ith lk a lin e s o lu tio n f s o d iu p lu b ite ith
an a o m m w
co n tr o lle d a d d itio n o f S . is c a le d s u te e te n in o f e tr o l B d i
g p y o ng so h a r m fu l s u
phu po ds d
as le a d su lp h id e
, r co m u n a re re
r v e

+ S
2 R SH + N a pb0 2 P b (S R )2 + Pbs + R SSR
2 N a O H D is u lp h id e (o il s o lu b le )

37 G aso lin e co n ta in in g te tr a e th y l le a d is u se d in in te r n a l c o m b u s tio n en g in es G iv e re a so n

'

(M a n g a lo r e A tg 9 7 ) ,

A n s D u e to o f s o m e c o n s titu e n ts in g a s o lin e , its u s e in

th e in h e re n t p re se n ce internal c o m b u s tio n

e n g in e c a u s e s k n o c k in g th e r e b y r e s u lt in g n lo s s o f e ffic ie n c y In o r d e r to im p r o v e e ffic ie n c y o f p e tr o l u s e d
i,

e th y l le a d T h is s o c a lle d le a d e d
in in te r n a l c o m b u s tio n e n g in e , its o c ta n e n u m b e r is r a is e d b y a d d n g e r a
i t t

d a n d im p r o v e d e ffic ie n c y a s
internal c o m b u s tio n fu e l H e n c e , le a d e d
g a s o lin e p o s s e s s e s le s s k n o c k in g te n e n y
c

b tio n e n g in e s
g a s o lin e is u s e d in internal c o m u s
(B h a r ct th id a s a n N o u 9 7 )
3 8 w n a t is m e a n t b y c a t c r a c k e r ?
,

f it b l ta ly s t
h e a v y o il fr a c tio n s o f p e tr o le u m in p r e s e n c e o s u a e c a
A n s C a t c r a c k e r is u s e d fo r c r a c k n g
i
lit a n d in h ig h y ie ld
T h is m e th o d p r o d u c e s g a s o lin e o f h ig h q u a y
? (iv a d r a s , A p r il 9 7 )
ro d u c e r g a s
3 9 H o w is w a te r g a s s u p e r io r t p
o
in w a te r g a s C O = 4 1 % a n d
ta g e o f c o m b u s tib le g a s e , g ,
s e
A n s (i) w a te r g a s c o n t a in s igt ' per
T
3 th a t f pro d u g a s (= bo u t
tig e r th a n
a
bo t 2 , 8 o o k c a l/ m ) is o ce r
t r ga s ( a u
(ii) c a lo r ific v a lu e o f w a
=

? (K e r a la A 9 6)
h ig h e r th a n th a t o f n h e p ta n e ,
tg

f 2 , 3 d im e th y lp e n ta n e ,

4 o w h y is o c ta n e n u m
ber o

A n s S tr u c tu r e o f
C H CH a
3
th y p e n ta n e

12H
2 , 3 d im
c
e
CH
H CH CH 2 3
C H 3 1 Il
ttr e p a ra f
fin ) h e p ta n e
(B r a n c h e d s tr u
c n

c H 3 c H J cH 2
cH 2H2 CH2Ha r

in a r a ffin )
(s tr a ig h t c h a p

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Scanned by CamScanner
 A N D C O M B U ST
O N
FU E LS

47 W h y is g a s o lin e c o n t
a in in
g te tr a e th 11 5
A s p le a s e e fe r to y l le a d d in
n Q 46 n bo v e u se
n te r n n l
co m b tt # tk )n en g lh e s 7 (K u m /n ,
u$ db )
c l /
'
A n s o a
gas c o n ta in
'

s lliy re r
+ H CO C 2H 2 + C H ,

2 + + p e r c e n ta g e
(C + 2 4 ) s o its . c a lo r ific (a b o u t 9 0 % ) o r
v a lu e is u ite i j
q z g , (itb
{w t 4 9 o
00 ]
kc n
/m a
o
T b u s tib e
t 1,3 0 0 k c a l/ m 3
)
, :
) O
/o n ) (a b o u
a u c i8

A n s D u r in g ca ta ly s tic cra c k in g r o
tiu it / C
p ce ss th e ly s t in u s e
c a ta
ti
c r?t,7 /v s c iT c o n se
qu e n tly , ta l s t is
,
ca
y re g e ts c o lle tl u ilc tr bo , th e r e b it to s ils
ge n e l a te d p e r io d ic a ll y
y b y b u r n in g th e c a r b o n d e o s ite d o n it
p
c lir e c tly ?

A n s (i) 1 kg o f d r ie d ttle d
g (4 2 5 k g o f fr e s h c a ttle d
ca u n
u n g ) o n c o n v e r s io n in to
kc a l o f h e a t ; w h e r e a s th e g a s c a n s u p p ly 1 8 8
sam d ir e c t b u r n in
e o n
g lib e r a le s o n ly 2 3 4 k c a l o f e ffe c tiv e h e a t ii G o b
s s e s s e s a ll a d v a n ta g e s o f g a s e o u s fu e () a r ga s
p s (iii) G o b a r
g a s d o e s n o t c o n ta in p o is o n o u s c o ; w h e r a s d r ie d o b a r
o n l i e c t b u rn in g e v o lv es p o llu tin g C O g a s (iu ) G o b a r a s g
g p r o d u c tio n y ie ld s s im u lta n e o u s ly v a lu a b le g o o d
q u lity lla ll r !
t

X . '" d ' " l fo r c a rs n o tev a po r a te to o e a s il ?

y
A n. s Iw o u ld b e tll?g e I o lts o a h o t d t y M o r e o v e r if th e e tr o l
p v a p o r is e s in th e fu e l lin
, e s a b u b b le o f
v a po u r w ( u ld p re v e n t th e p e t r o l fr o m flo w in g p r l
,

e r y
52 Is cittalytic r e fo rm in g a n e x o th e r m ic o r e n d o th e r m ic r o c e s s ?
p
A n s E d o e r m ic
t s in ceth e s tr o n g C H b a n d s r e u ir e s u ffic ie n t a m ts o f e n to r e a k th e m T h is
,
q o u n e rgy
e n e rgy is n o t r e tr ie v e d by m a k in g th e b o n d s in d o u b le b o n c is c r e a te d d u
, r in g r e fo r m in g
53 h o w ig h t t p r c) d ts o f th e k in g b e s e p a r a te d ?
m
e l tc c ra c

stillation
'
A n s B y fr a c tio n a

54 W hy c lo e s c o a l e u o lu e h e a t o n bu rn in g ?
m d u c e d b y m a k in g th e b o n d s in th e pmducts o f
g c o m b u s tio n o f c o a l m o r e e n e r g y s p
A n s D u r in
i ,

r e a c tio n th a n is n e e d e d to b e a k th e b o n
d s in c o a l a n d o x y g e n m o le c u le s
f d ?
5 5 W h a t a r e fo s s il fu e ls a n d h a w a r e th e y o r m e
l d n a tu r a l \ s T h e y a r e fo r m e e l fr o m
d e a d p la n ts a n d
A n s T h e jils s i jlte ls in c u d e c o a l p e tr o e u m
a n
,

e c te d to h e a t a n
d h ig h p r e s s u r e s
a n i T a ls w h o s e r e m a in s a r e s u b j
,
d e r c o n d itiq n s o f c o n s ta n t p r e s s u r e o r
o r im e te r d o e s
th e r e a c tio n ta k e p la c e u n
5 6 In a b o m b c a ,

c o n s ta n t v o lu m e ?
A n s C o n s ta n t v o lu m e
fu e
fe w u a n ta g e s o f d ie s e l o v er p e tr o l a s a
57 M e n tio n a a d p ro d u ce o n ly a bo u to n e te n th o f
ffic ie n t g iv e b e tte r fu e l e c o n o m y a n

len g in e s a r e m o re e ,
A n s D ie se
in d iffe r e n t fr a c tio ns f
ber o f c a rb o n a to m s
ith in c r e a s in g n u m
58 w hy do e s v o la tility tte c r e a s e w

le c a ss o fh yd ro c a rb o n s
p e tr o le u m ? r e a s e w it
h de cr g e a s in m o ar m

f rce s o f a ttr a c tio n d e c fr a c tim ?

A T h e in te m o le c u la r o a se s o r gas
o lin e s
n d in th e g
n s
o u n d s fo u
59 w h y a re n o a ro m a tic co m p a t th e s e t
e m p e r a tu r e
o la tile t
d is til w e r
A s T h e y a t s u ffic ie n t y v
n e m
e tr c t a ir
mix tu r e
d is g r e a te r th a n th e p
,

T h v o lu m e p ro d u ce
n d w a
te r
A n s It p r o d u ce s c o 2 w a

i ?
h y d r o c y c lis a t o
n
fr o c le
tio n d iffe r m en rto g iv e a
e f z a l l
) e c L a r
e a rra n ge m
61 H do e s d e h yd ro is o m fo 1o w in g b y a m o le c u la r
d e h y d r a tio
o w n a m
,

in
yF s
iz lT tio n
i
v o
A n s D ly d r o s o n e r
a c y c lic
h a in ompdund to
re e r r a n n t h ic h c o n v e r ts
a n o pe n c
1
ge m w

Scanned by CamScanner
116

harm a ce u tic a ls , a g r o c h e m ic a ls p o ly m
b a s ic b u ild in g b lo c k s fo p r o d u c in g p
,
r
A n e T h e y s eu v e a s
y t tu ffs i
ntseptt e te
h e y in c lu d e lig h t h y d r o c a r
bo ns (e th e n e t
il n a tu r a l g a s T
,

A T h o s e d e r iv e l fr o m th e c r u d e o o r
n s
c k in g
d p f c tio n a l d is tillis a tio n o r c a ta ly tic c r a
r e n e ) o b ta in e d b y r a
nn p
6 4 N a m e im p o r ta n t c o m p Lr u n d s o
b ta in e d fr o m e th e n e
n e e tc
A n s E th y le a lc o h o l a c e tic a c id , p o ly th e n e p
V C , P V A , e p o x y e th a n e , p o ly s te r e ,
th e n e
,

th i
u e n c e o f r e a c tio n s fo r o b ta in n g
p V C a n d p o ly s ty r e n e fr o m e
6 5 G iv ee e s q
E th e n Dicoroethane > V in y l c h lo r id e > PV C
A n s e
:E th e n e
'

> E th y l b e n zen e 4 S ty r e n e 4 P o ly s ty r e n e

f a fu l s a m p e
d H 2 0 p r o d u c e d d u r in g c o m b u s t o
i n o e
66 H o w ca n yo u an a y s e th e
m asse s o fC 0 2 a n
l k K O H ) W a te r be a b s o rb e d b
e ig h e d s a m p le o f a n a l l i ( i e
can
A n s c0 can be a b s o r b e d in a p re w 3
2
n p re w e ig h e d sa m p le o f a h y d r o u s C a c 12
67 W r ite th e e qu a tio n fo r d e h y d r o c y lis a tio n o f h e p ta n e

A n s C 7H 16
C H 3 + 3 H 2

'
lf s u s ta in in g p r o c e s s ?
"
6 8 W h y is th e o x id a tio n o f a fu e l a "
se

A n s O n c e th e r e a c tio n s ta r ts s u ffic ie n t e n e r g y is p r o d u c e d to k e e p it g o in g , u n til co m b u s tio n

,

co m p le te p r o v id e d s u p p ly o f o x y g e n is a d e q u a te
,

6 9 W h a t e n e r g y c o n v e r s io n ta k e s p la c e w h e n a ft e l is b u r n t ?

A n s C h e m c a e n e r g y is c o n v e r te d in to h e a t a n d lig h t
7 0 W h y is it n e c e ss a ry to re m o v e su lp h u r co m p o u n d s fr o m o il a n d n a tu r a l g a s ?

A n s S u lp h u r co m po tn ds e a s ily p o is o n th e c a ta ly s ts u se d in m an y in d u s tr ia l p ro ce sse s

Te st
I
To w '
U n e r s ta n d n B

(a ) W hat he ic a l fu e ls ? G iv p le te c la s s ific a tio f c h e m ic a l fu e ls w ith

1 a re c m e co m n o e x a m p le s
(V T ,
A t tg 9 9 ; T r ip u ra ,
2K ;PT ,
D ec 2K ; U P T , [m 0 11
(b ) W h a t a re d iffe r e n t ty p e s o f fu e ls ? W h a t a r e th e cha r a c te r is tic s o f a go o d fu e l?
(S V A tg 01 G G S IP ,
D ec 2 19
(c ) M tio n th e cr ite r ia fo r s e le c tin g g o d fu l
e n o e
(T r ip tr a ,
2 10
(D ib r g a r h , D ec 2 10
2 ()
a D is tin g u is h b e tw een gro s s nd n e t c a lo r i c v a lu e s o f fu e l
(M K A P r i0 1 M G O ct 98 ; P T D ec 2 K : U P T a n 0 1 ; K t M at 99
, , ,
, y ,

G G S IP , M a r c h Z K ; A n n a Ju l 2 K )
, y
(b ) W h a t is m ea n t by c a lo r ific v a lu es o f a fu e l ?

P T a n 01 ;V T A
, , u g 2K ,
M a rch 01 A , u g 01 ; R G T M ,
a y 01
(c ) D e s c r ib e ho w th e c a lo r ific v a lu e o fa so lid fu l is d e te r m in d
e e u s in g a bo m b c a lo r im e te

(V T A P r il 2 K M a r e ll 01 , A
g 01 : T rip \tr a ,
, , 01 ; SV A u
ttg 2
M K A f r it 0 1 ; P T D
,
'
, ec 2K K u u h e 2 K ; U P T M a 0 1 ; G G S IP , D e c
W h a t T e th e fu
,
,
y ,
e s u s e d fo r th e d e te r m i
n a tio n fw te r iv h
o a e q u a
e n to fbo m b c a lo r im e te r an d w

3 E x p la in p r o x im W G S I u ec
a te a n a ly s is o f co a l? H o w is IF c q r r ie d
,

o u t ? W ra t is s ig n ific a n ce ?
j
(S a m b a
p tr u Jy 61 ; R a j:/ M
, a y 91 S in d r i M , a y 01 ; T r ip lEr a ,
2 K ; R G T M a ,

1 tt '
I A
Y '"" M 99 D e
v T _ ' " l tu .
r
A D ib r g a r
a n n a .
N ou 2K
Scanned by CamScanner
.
EL S A N D C O M B U S T
O N

(b ) D iffe r e n tia te p r o x im a te d
an u
tim a te a n 117
(c ) D is c L s s th e im p o r ta n c e a ly s is o fco al
o f u ltim a te ly s is o f
an a
(d ) E x p la in th e d e te r m in a tio n o fn
co a l (K u M a y 9 9 ) ,
e t c a lo i
r fic v
a u e of
c o a lf

(b ) H o w is n itr o g e n d e te rm in d in
e a so lid fu e l ? K u M a y 9 9
, ; A n d
tr a Jm on
(C ) W h a t is th e s ig n ific a n , e
ce o fv o la tile
H is
m a tte r in
co al?
LT r ip tr a 2 K )
o w k in g o f c o a lra n
,

m a ke b a s
e d o n l (P T , D e c 9 9 )
u ti n a te a r a l
i (a ) W h a t a r e th e a d v a n ta e s o f
y s is ?
g iq u id e l
s o v e r
(D ib m g a r h D e c 2 K )
()
b D iffe r e n tia te b e tw s o lid f u e ls ?
e e n co a l
an dW cL ou k
e LT r ip tr a 2 ,

(c ) E x p la in c a r b o n is a tio n o f c o a l (K u ,
M ay 99 A n n a N o u 2K ) ,

W h y is c o k e
p r e fe r r e d to c o a l in m (P D e c 2 K )
e ta llu r ic l
g a p u rp o se s ?
(e ) W h y a r e g a s e o u s fu e ls m o r e d (K lim e 2 K )
a v a n ta e o rJ ,
g s th a n s o lid f
u e ls ?
(a ) W r ite s h o r t n o te o n B e e h iv e c o k (U P T ]a n O ) ,
e o v e n
(b ) w n y is p e a t n o t c o n s id e r e d a s (K t, M a y 99)
an e co n o m ic a l r e l ?
(a ) D e sc r ib e in b r ie th e m an u fa c h f
M a y o )
r e o m e tu u u r g ic a l c o k e b y o tto H o ffm an
'
' ' "
(b ) M e n tio n th e n a m e s o f th e im
n
p o r ta n t p r o d u c ts r e c o v e re d d u r in g th e m a n u fa c h r e o f m e ta llu r ic a l
co ke g
(R G T M a y 01 ; A n n a N ou 2 K R a M a 00
,
j y
(c ) H o w is m e ta llu g ic a l c o k e p r e p a
r re d ?
, ,

(A td h r a fu n e o )
W h a t is c ru d e o il ? W r ite s h o r t n o te o n fin in g o f c r u d e p e tr o le im W a t a r e th e
,

re
v a r io u s fr a c tio n s
o b ta in e d fr o m p e tr o le u m ? M e n t io n th e in d u s tr ia l u s e s to w h ic h th e a r e u t
y p
(T n tr a ,
2K M D ,
D ec 99
fa n 0 1 K U fu n e 2 K ,

A m ra u a ti, M y 0 1 ; D ib n tg a r h , D e c 2 14
a

D e fin e o c ta n e n u m ber a n d ce ta n e n u m b e r W a t a re th e s tr u m a l fe a t u r e s o f h y d r o c a r b o n s in
u n le a d p e tr o la n d d ie s e l ? W h a t a r e th e s tr u c tu r a l fa c to rs th a t p ro m o te its M g h v a lu e ?

LA n n a , t t
y 2K N ou 2 K ; R G T , M a y 0 1 ; G G S IP , D e c 2 K ; D ib r u
W (, A p r i0 1 K u , t m e 2 K ; M D M a y 2 K , a n 0 1 M , ,
a y 01 S V A ,
tlg 0 11

th e se ca n b e im p ro v e d ? (K u , fa n O )
T E L is d t ik n o c k ?
(c ) W h y is C 2 H 4
B r2 a dded ,
w he n u se a s an an
(R G T ,
M ay O )

ds d a ys a re b e in g a d d e d to p e tr o l to im p r o v e o c ta n e ra t in g ?
W h a t ty p e s o fco m po u n ,
n o w a ,

(M D M ,
a y 0 1)
? h x p r a n H u id iz e d b e d c a ta ly tic m e th o d o f o b ta in in g
(a ) W h a t is m e a n k in g o f p e tr o
t b y cra c
e u m

g a s o lin e G iv e its m e c h a n is m
il 2 K ; M D M a y 2 K N
h D d i M a y 01 ; V T M a T c h 99 A P r
e c 2 K ; S i? r
a y 01
, , , ,

D ib n g a r
0 1 A N 2 K A
,
ti M a y 0 11
,
G T M
p T D ec 2K R
n n a o ti ; m r a o a
a y ;
,
, , ,

? D e s c r ib e w ith a n e a t d ia g r a m th e
f ta ly tic c ra c k in g p ro c e ss , ,

ca
(b ) w a t a r e th e a d v a n ta g e s o
(A n ita , 2 K )
k in g p r o c e ss
fix e d b e d c a ta ly tic c ra c
(K
t, M ay 99)
ly tic c r a c k in g
th e r m lan d c a ta
(c ) D iffe r e n tia te b e tw e e n a
g ?
r m a l c r a c k ir th e (D ib r u g a r li D ec 2K )
tic c r a g o
v er ,

o f c a ta ly
(d ) W h a t a r e th e a d v a n ta g e s
i c r e a s e o c ta n e n u m b e r ? G iv e an y to o
d o e s r e fo r m i g n
ro l ? H o
w
(a ) W h a t is r e fo f t M a y 2K ]a n 01 K Im 2K )
(V T A u g 0 1 M D
i o p e
t, e
rm n g ,
,

fo in g t io n s is m fkn o in g in h e m ic a l te rm s
e chan
re rm re a c o w c
? E x p la in th e m
c k in g in
IC e n g in e
vT M a r ch 0 , A 01)
r a u a ti M y o1 tg

(b ) w h a t is m e a n tb y
a o (A m ,
a ,

? D e s c r ib e th ftn tio o f
h e m ic a l c o n s t itu t io n e c n

is it re la te d to c
G S IP , D 2K )
(c ) W h a t is e a n t by
a o c k in g ? H o w (G ec
m
d c e ta n e n u m ber ,

TEL o c ta n e u m be r an
E p la in
x n
Scanned by CamScanner

18 E N IN N Q I C

12 k ) Descri m u th t r d s p lo y t L I tt t p th t w lln ln g
t m \ ' o nollnu (P T ,
D cc

(b ) S C r i b th t
s tle s d n t l a p p lic n tlu n s
c h a r n c te (1 6 k t\ I n Bc n c (P T ,
D ec 21
(c ) H tl w ca n po w e t n lo o h u l L t h e lp f\ tl in fu u l c t ls u s ? 99) (K u , M ay

13 (a ) D t s c r ib e n v
'
Itm m t th o ds s t d fo
L '
r th ( s y n th c s ls
\ (M D D d c 9 8 D ilr /g a r ll D e c 21
o f g a s o lin e , ,

D e s c r ib e th e m a m l f n c t u 1 u f g n s o lin e b y F is h t r T r o p s c h m u th o c l
\ (G G S P Mtrc/ 2 K D e 2 0 , ,

14 (a ) \ h a t is L P G ? \ v h n t n r e th e l
n dv nn tn g c s o f L P I o v c R g n s e o u s fu e
s ? (A l//n T h re O ,

() W r ite th e x in \a d c ir lo ific v a lu e s o fw it te r gas a n el p ro d u c e r g a s

p p o tc co m p s ititm s a n

P T , D e c 9 9 , D ec ZK )
(a ) W h a t is ? G iv its H is it p r c p a d la i g e s c a le ? W hat ?
p s itio
w n te g a s e co m n o w re o n a re u se s

M G ,
D ec 98 ; K la n 0 1) tt,

(b ) D e s c r ib e th e physichcmical p r in c ip le s in v o lv e d in th e m an u fa c tL tr e o fw a te r gas (A n n a lu ly 2 8 ) ,

(c ) B io g a s p ro d u c tio n s h o u ld b e c n c o m tlg e c l E x p la in (P T D e c 9 7) ,

(a ) D e fin e flu e g a s F lo w th e im ly s is o f flu e g a s i5 c lcm e b y O r s a t a p p a r a tu s ? W h a t

a c o n c lu s io n can
b e tl r a w n fr o m th e e x p e r im e n t ? W h a t is th e s ig n ific a n c e o f th is a n a ly s is ?

R nj M
,
n y 01 ; S in clr i, 2 K ; S V ,
A t tg 0 1 ; T r ip ri r a , 2 K )
H d is tin c tio be a c le b e tw d in
o w n ca n m een co m p le te a n co m p le te co m b u s ticm o f fu e l? (K tt, Ja n O)
(c ) W h a t is le a d e d p e tr o l ? (M K ,
A p r il 0 )
(a ) W h a t is th e s ig n ific a n c e o f u ltim a te a n a ly s is o f co a l? H o w is th is a n a ly s is is c a r r ie d o u t in th e
la b o ra to r i' ?

(b ) A ll c o k in g
"
c o a ls k in g c o a ls b t a ll c a k in g c o a ls a r e n o k in g l
a re c a t Ju tify th is
"
u co co a s s ta te m t
e n

(
vagp u r, M a y o )
H o w g ro ss c a lo r ific v a lu e o fa so lid fu l d e te r m in d b y B o m b c a lo r im
e e e te r ?
W r it e D u
o n g s fo rm la fo r c a lc u la tin g lo r ific lu e o f fu e l f o m its
u c a v a u ltim a te c o m p o s itio n d a ta
D is c u ss in b r ie f th e p r o x im a te a n a ly s is o fco a l
E s ta b lis h th e re la tio h ip b e tw kn k in g in I C g in d th e
n s e e n o c e n e s a n n a tu re a n d m o le c u la r s tr u c tu r e
o f th e co n s t it u e n ts in g a s o lin e
(d ) D is c u ss B ee h iv e s o v e n m e th o d fo r m a n u fa c tt r e o f c o ke
(e ) W r ite s ho rt n o te o n c ra c k in g
(R G T , m te o4)
(a ) D e s c r ib e th e d e te r m in a tio n o f c a lo r ific v a lu e o f s o lid fu e l u s in g b o b lo r im
m c a e te r
(b ) W r ite sh o r t n o te o n c ra c k in g an d o c ta n e n u m ber
(R a M a y 04 )
(a ) W
,
r ite sh o rt n o te s o n E) c h a r a c te r is tic s f d fu
o a go o e l (ii) r e la tiv its f
e m e o so lid liq u id a n d
gaseo u s fu e ls (iii) n o n c o n v en tio n a len e rg
,

y so u rc e s
(U p T D ec 03)
D is c u ss th e c la s s ific a tio f fu e ls W h a t is
,

n o m e a n tb y c a lo r ific v a lu fa
b e tw d lo r ific
e o s a r
p le o fc o a l ? D is tin g u is h
e en gra ss a n n e tca v a lu e s
LU P T M a y O
(a ) W hat a re th e c o n s titu e n ts o fco a ta s d e te r m in e d b y p ro im
,

x a te an a y s is ?
(b ) W r ite a te c h n ic a n o te o n "
o c ta n e n u m ber "

fo r ? (ii) W h t is th
a syn tic p e tr o l ? (W 04)
W h t is th e
e B ltn e
a
p r in c ip le o f b o m b c a
,
o r im e te r ?
(a ) D escr ib e th e fr a c tio n a l d is tilla tio (G G S IP M a y 0 4 ) ,
n o f petmleum
(b ) W h a t c lo y o u m d e r s ta n d ith th e k n k in g
w o c o f a fu e l ? R e o r t th e
c h a r a c te r is tic s f a fu p w a y s to im p o v e th e an tik n o c
a n g
o e l
(c ) W r ite a bo u t th e p ro d u tio d
c n a n a p p lic a tio n s o fw a te r gas 113
(a ) D e fin e th e g m s s a n d n e t
c a o r ific v a
(G G S IP D ,
ec
lu e s o f fu e ls
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