SEMINAR

on
VALVES AND FITTINGS
Subject :-
WATER SYSTEM
AND
SANITARY ENGINEERING
(W.S.S.E.)-3350603
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC VALSAD
VALVESTHE FOLLOWING VALVES ARE USED
IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
1. SLUICE VALVES OR GATE VALVES
2. AIR RELIEF VALVES
3. REFLUX VALVES
4. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
5. SCOUR VALVE
6. FIRE HYDRANTS
7. WATER METER
8. FERRULE
 1)
SLUICE
A GATE VALVE ALSO KNOWN AS SLUICE
VALVE, IS A VALVE WHICH OPENS BY LIFTING
A ROUND OR RECTANGULAR GATE WEDGE
OUT OF THE PATH OF THE FLUID. THE
DISTINCT FEATURE OF A GATE VALVE IS THE
SEALING SURFACES BETWEEN THE GATE AND
SEATS ARE PLANAR, SO GATE VVALVES ARE
OFTEN USED WHEN A STRAIGHT LINE FLOW
OF FLUID AND MINIMUM RESTRICTION IS
DESIRED. THE GATE FACES CAN BE PARALLEL,
BUT ARE MOST COMMENLY WEDGE
SHAPED. GATE VALVE ARE PRIMARILY USED
TO PERMIT OR PREVENT THE FLOW OF
LIQUIDS, BUT TYPICAL GATE VALVE SHOULD
NOT BE USED FOR REGULATING FLOW,
UNLESS THEY ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
FOR THAT PURPOSE. BECAUSE OF THEIR
ABILITY TO CUT THROUGH liquids, gate
valves are often used in the petroleum
industry. FOR EXTREMELY THICK FLUIDS, A
SPECIALITY VALVE OFTEN KNOWN AS A
KNIFE GATE VALVE IS USED TO CUT
THROUGH THE LIQUID. ON OPENING THE
GATE VALVE, THE FLOW PATH IS ENLARGED
IN A HIGHLY NONLINEAR MANNER WITH
RESPECT TO PERCENT OF OPENING. THIS
MEANS THAT FLOW RATE DOES NOT
CHANGE EVENLY WITH STREAM TRAVEL.
ALSO, A PARTIALLY OPEN GATE TENDS TO
VIBRATE FROM THE FLUID FLOW. MOST OF
THE FLOW CHANGE OCCURS NEAR SHUTOFF
WITH A RELATIVELY HIGH FLUID OPENED OR
CLOSED. WHEN FULLY OPEN, THE TYPICAL
GATE VALVE HAS NO OBSTRUCTION IN THE
FLOW PATH, RESULTING IN VERY LOW
FRICTION LOSS.
GATE VALVE MAY HAVE FLANGED ENDS
WHICH ARE DRILLED ACCORDING TO
PIPELINE COMPATIBLE FLANGE
DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS. GATE VALVES
ARE TYPICALLY CONSTRUCETD FROM CAST
IRON, DUCTILE IRON, CAST CARBON STEEL,
GUN METAL, STAINLESS STEEL, ALLOY STEEL,
AND FORGED STEELS.
ALL METAL GATE VALVES ARE TYPICALLY
USED IN ULTRA HIGH VACCUM CHAMBERS
TO ISOLATE REGIONS OF THE CHAMBER.
 AIR RELIEF VALVE

Air release valve or air relief valve function to

release air pockets that collect at each high
point of a full pressured pipeline. An air
release valve can open against internal
pressure, because the internal lever
mechanism multiplies the float force to be
greater than the internal pressure. This greater
force opens the orifice wherever air pockets
collect in the valve. Air release valves are
essential for pipeliine efficiency and water
hammer protection.
A vacuum valve, or air valve is a safety valve
opening inward to admit air to a vessel in
which the pressure is less than that of the
atmosphere, in order to prevent collapse.
 REFLUX VALVE
Reflux valve is also as non return valve and check valve.
This valve is installed when flow is required to proceed in one
direction only. Reflux valves are generally used on gravity
and raising mains as they permit water and check all the return
flow. It is operated by pressure alone, having no external
means of control.
The flow is controlled by means of disc rising and falling onto
a seat with the pressure. The return of disc may sometime be
aided by a spring.
Mostly reflux valve is provided on downstream side of
pumps. So that reflux valves would not prevent water hammer
in the pipeline. They just prevent and avoid water hammer
pressure reaching the pumps. Normally a reflux valve
installed will not reduce water hammer pressure, although it
may limit lateral extent of the shock.

FLAP VALVE
FLAP VALBE IS ONE TYPE OF REFLUX
VALVE. A SINGLE DOOR OR FLAP
HINGED SO THAT WHEN HANGING
FREELY THE VALVE WILL REMAIN
CLOSED. FLOW IN THE FORWARD
DIRECTION CAUSES THE DOOR TO
SWING OPEN, THE AMOUT OF OPENING
DEPENDING UPON VELOCITY OF FLOW
AND WEIGHT AND DISPOSITION OF
THE METAL OF THE DOOR.
 PRESSURE RELIEFVALVE
A relief valve is a type of safety valve used to control or limit
the pressure in the system, pressure might oterwise build up
instrument or equipment failure or fire. The pressure is
relieved by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow from an
auxillary passage out of the system. The relief valve is
designed or set to open at a predetermined set pressure to
protect vessels and other equipments from being subjected to
pressures that exceed their design limts.when the set pressure
is exceeded, the relief valve becomes the path of least
resistance as the valve is forced open and the portion of the
fluid is diverted through the auxilliary route. The diverted
fluid is usually routed through a piping system known as a
flare header or relief header to a central, elevated gas flare
where it is usually burned and the resulting combustion gases
are released to the atmosphere. As the fluid is diverted,the
pressure inside the vessel will stop rising. Once it reaches the
valve`s reseting pressure, the valve will close. The blowdown
is usually stated as a percentage of set pressure and refers to
how much the pressure needs to drop before the valve reseats.
The blowdown can vary from roughly 2-20%, and some
valves have adjustable blowdowns.
In some cases, a so called bypass valve acts as a relief valve
by being used to return all or part of fluid discharged by a
pump or gas compressor backto either a storage reservior or
the inlet of the pump or gas compressor and any associated
equipment from excessieve pressure. The bypass valve and
bypass path can be internal or external. Many fire engines
have such relief valves to prevent the overpressurisation of
fire holes.
In other cases,equipment must be protected against being
subjected to an internal vacuum that is lower than the
equipment can withstand. In such cases, vacuum relief valves
are used to open at a predetermined low pressure limit and to
admit air or an inert gas into the equipment so as control the
amount of vacuum.
 SCOUR VALVE
Scour valve is also called as blow-off valve. These are
ordinary valves but used for specific purpose of scouring or
emotying or cleaning the main. The scour valve is provided at
the loweset point of the section of the pipeline to be drained
and at all dead ends of the distribution system. The size of
scour valve is generally half size of the main pipeline. The
scour valves generally discharge into natural course.
The exact location of scour valves is frequently influenced by
opportunities to dispose off the water. Where the main
pipeline crosses a stream or drainage structures,there will
usually be a low point in the line butif the main pipeline goes
under the stream ora drain, it cannot be completely drained
into the channel. In such a situation it is better to locate a
scour connection at the lowest point that will drain the gravity
and provide for pumping out the part below the drain pipeline.
The sizw of blow oof valve depends on time in which a given
section of pipeline is designed to be empited and also depends
upon the resulting velocity of flow.for calculation it is based
on the orifice discharge under a falling head, equal to the
difference in elevation of the water surface in the conduit and
the blow off less the friction head. Its frequency of operation
depends upon the quality of the water carried, especially on
slit loads.