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1. What Free Cash Flow (FCF) is, and Why It's Important.
2. What if FCF is positive? What does that mean, and what do you do with it?
3. What if FCF is negative? What does it tell you about the company's operations?
4. Why do you exclude certain items, such as investing and financing activities, from the FCF calculation?
5. How do you use and interpret FCF when analyzing and valuing companies?
Interpretation: FCF seems to be all over the place - falling, rising, falling again Cash Flow from Ops
was MOSTLY growing except for the decline in Year 3 - due to Accrued Taxes.
Revenue is certainly growing over time, but WC and CapEx impact FCF in a huge, unpredictable way.
Not exactly "playing games" with Working Capital, but it did change something significantly in
Year 2, which pushed down its overall requirements even as revenue increased.
So, bottom-line: not the worst we've seen, but it's hard to buy into organic sales growth alone
contributing to the growth in Free Cash Flow. Some contribution, but some of it was also due
to CapEx and Working Capital changes.
Recap: So What Does Free Cash Flow Mean?
"Discretionary cash flow" - after paying for what's required, how much does the company have
left for other uses?
Paying for more employees, more on CapEx, more acquisitions, repay debt, invest in other
assets, buy other companies, issue dividends or repurchase shares, spend on WC
Or, does the company need more funding because it has a cash flow shortfall?
Used in a DCF analysis (variation), LBO analysis, and standalone growth / financial statement
analysis, to determine a company's value, debt repayment capacity, what else it might do
with the excess cash it generates.
It's really important to dig in and see what's driving Free Cash Flow - organic revenue growth?
Expense cutting? CapEx or Working Capital changes?
BEST is when organic sales and economies of scale are driving growth - less good is when it's
inconsistent, or expense/CapEx cutting is driving it.
And even worse is when "games" and accounting gimmicks are affecting FCF and distorting the picture.
We'll see many examples of how to calculate and project this in the upcoming modules.
Amazon - FCF Excerpt from Financial Statements: Salesforce - FCF Excerp
Interpretation: CapEx jumping around so much that it's hard to say anything substantial about
Free Cash Flow here - huge ramp-up in spending in the past 2 years.
Revenue is growing at a good clip, and that is genuinely contributing to FCF growth because
Cash Flow from Operations is also increasing - but Amazon is clearly also investing a huge amount
into future growth, and we don't know what the payoff of that will be.
Good investment / strategy / company? Depends on how useful you think that CapEx spending
is perhaps?
Not really "playing games" with Working Capital, but it is interesting how much the items
have changed over time - the Accounts Payable changes really stand out, but that actually
reduces cash flow for Amazon.
Salesforce - FCF Excerpt from Financial Statements:
Interpretation: FCF is genuinely growing each year, but we don't really buy into the Year 2
number because CapEx as a % of revenue also fell quite a bit and then rose in Year 3.
Genuine revenue growth, and since it's flowing down to Cash Flow from Operations, the company
isn't manipulating its numbers with Working Capital policies (at least, not to the extent that other
companies may).
Interesting Points Here: Will it continue to spend a lot on acquisitions and other activities with
its FCF? Still quite a bit left after paying for CapEx each year.
And what are its future CapEx plans? Seems to a bit all over the place right now, which is impacting
the numbers here.
If CapEx as a % of revenue will stay low, it's possible the company will continue to spend a lot on acquisitions,
or perhaps even issue dividends or repurchase shares in the future.