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Parts, plural
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Let that long rectangle represent 3; and let us divide it into thirds, that is,
into three equal parts; and let us shade one of them -- 1 out of 3.
1 is one third of 3.
If the entire figure represents 15, then 5 is the third part of 15, and
10 is two third parts of 15.
If the entire figure represents 18, then 6 is the third part of 18, and
12 is two third parts of 18.
If the entire figure represents 21, then 7 is the third part of 21, and
14 is two third parts of 21.
And so on. Two thirds of a number are twice as much as one third.
Example 1. Fifths. Here is 10 divided into fifths, that is, into five equal
parts:
Answer. To name two thirds of 12, we must first name one third. But to name
one third, we can simply divide by 3.
"12 divided by 3 is 4."
Two thirds will then be two times 4: 8.
We see, then, that to take two thirds of a number, divide it by 3, then
multiply times 2.
Example 3. How much is two thirds of 27?
Answer. "3 goes into 27 nine times. Nine times 2 is 18."
(One third of 27 is 9. Two thirds are 18.)
Example 4. How much is three fourths of 28?
Answer. "4 goes into 28 seven times. Seven times 3 is 21."
We can illustrate this with any number that has a fourth part, namely any
multiple of 4. For example, 12, 40, 100:
Four fifths of 15
Let the circle represent 100%, and let us divide it into fifths, that is, into five
equal parts -- into 20's. Each 20% is a fifth of the circle. Two fifths of the
circle -- of 100% -- is 40% Three fifths is 60%. Four fifths is 80%.
That is what those percents mean:
20% means one fifth.
40% means two fifths.
60% means three fifths.
80% means four fifths.
100% is the whole; it is all five fifths.
Example 7. How much is 60% of 45?
Answer. 60% means three fifths.
"5 goes into 45 nine times. Nine times 3 is 27.
60% of 45 is 27.
Example 8. A scarf that sells for $35 is on sale at 40% off. How much do
you pay?
Answer. "40% off" means that two fifths of the price will be
subtracted. One fifth of 35 is 7. Therefore, two fifths are 14. You will pay $14
less:
$35 $14 = $21.
You will pay $21.
More simply, since 40% of the price will be subtracted, then you will pay
60%. 60% -- or three fifths of $35 -- is three times $7, which is $21.
For more on percent, see Lesson 17.
Finally, we will state this theorem:
Each number is either a part of a larger number
or parts of it.
(Euclid, VII.4.)
We will illustrate that with each number less than 9. We will see that
each number less than 9 is either a part of 9 or parts of 9.
Now, 9 units can be divided either into Ninths or Thirds:
19. a) Let this straight line represent 32, and divide it into fourths.