EE 0308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 4

SEQUENCE NETWORKS AND

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS

1
 SEQUENCE NETWORKS AND
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS

1 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND SEQUENCE NETWORKS

2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AT THE GENERATOR TERMINALS

3 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS

4 CONSTRUCTION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRICES OF SEQUENCE

NETWORK

5 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS

2
1 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND SEQUENCE NETWORKS

When a symmetrical three phase fault occurs in a three phase system, the
power system remains in the balanced condition. Hence single phase
representation can be used to solve symmetrical three phase fault analysis.
But various types of unsymmetrical faults can occur on power systems. In
such cases, unbalanced currents flow in the system and this in turn makes
the bus voltages unbalanced. Now the power system is in unbalanced
condition and single phase representation can not be used.

Three phase unbalanced currents and voltages can be conveniently

handled by Symmetrical Components. Therefore unsymmetrical faults are
analyzed using symmetrical components. Some of the important aspects of
symmetrical components are presented in brief.

3
Sequence voltages and currents

According to symmetrical components method, a three phase unbalanced system

of voltages or currents may be represented by three separate system of balanced
voltages or currents known as zero sequence, positive sequence and negative
sequence as shown in Fig. 1

Ia
(0) I (1) I (1)
a
I (2)
a
I a
c

I (0)
=
b
+ + I (2)
Ic I (0)
b
c

Ib (1) I (2)
I b
c

Fig. 1

4
Defining operator a as

a = 1 120 0 (1)

it is to be noted that

a 2 = 1240 0 ; a 3 = 1360 0 = 1 (2)

Also a = - 0.5 + j 0.866 ; a 2 = 0.5 j 0.866 (3)

Hence 1 + a + a 2 = 0 (4)

5
 Ia
I (1) I (1) I (2)
a
I (0)
a
c
a

I (0)
=
b
+ + I (2)
Ic I (0)
b
c

Ib (1) I (2)
I b
c

Further referring Fig. 1

I (1) 2 (1)
b = a Ia

c = a Ia
I (1) (1)

(5)
I (2) (2)
b = a Ia

I (2) 2 (2)
c = a Ia

Therefore
I a = I (0) (1) (2)
a + Ia + Ia

I b = I (0) (1)
b + Ib + I (2) (0) 2 (1) (2)
b = Ia + a Ia + a Ia

I c = I (0) (1)
c + Ic + I (2) (0) (1) 2 (2)
c = Ia + a Ia + a Ia

Thus
I a = I (0)
a + I (1)
a + I (2)
a

I b = I (0)
a + a Ia + a Ia
2 (1) (2)
(6)
I c = I (0) (1) 2 (2) 6
a + a Ia + a Ia
 Ia 1 1 1 I (0)
a

i.e. Ib = 1 a2 a I (1)
a i.e. I a , b , c = A I 0 , 1 , 2 (7)
Ic 1 a a2 I (2)
a

The inverse form of the above is

I (0)
a 1 1 1 Ia
1
I (1)
a = 1 a a2 Ib i.e. I 0 , 1 , 2 = A 1 I a , b , c (8)
3
I (2)
a 1 a2 a Ic

Similarly, corresponding to voltage phasors

Va , b , c = A V0 , 1 , 2 (9)

and V0 , 1 , 2 = A 1 Va , b , c (10)

Matrix A is known as symmetrical component transformation matrix. Similar

expressions can be written for line to line voltages and phase currents also.
7
Sequence impedances and sequence networks

The impedance of any three phase element is of the form

z aa z ab z ac
z a,b,c = z ba z bb z bc (11)
z ca z cb z cc
Then element voltage and element current are related as v a,b,c = z a,b,c i a,b,c
i.e. A v 0,1,2 = z a,b,c A i 0,1,2
v 0,1,2 = A 1 z a,b,c A i 0,1,2
v 0.1,2 = z 0,1,2 i 0,1,2
where z 0,1,2 = A 1 z a,b,c A

Thus for any three phase element having the impedance z a,b,c the corresponding
sequence impedance z 0,1,2 can be obtained from

z 0,1,2 = A 1 z a,b,c A (12)

8
It is to be noted that

zs zm zm
for static loads and transformers z a,b,c = zm zs zm
zm zm zs

zs z m1 z m2
for transmission lines z a,b,c = z m1 zs z m3 (symmetric)
z m2 z m3 zs

zs z m1 z m2
and for synchronous machines z a,b,c = z m2 zs z m1 (cyclic symmetric)
z m1 z m2 zs

9
For power system components, sequence impedance z 0,1,2 will be decoupled as

z (0) 0 0
z 0,1,2 = 0 z (1) 0 (13)
0 0 z (2)

For static loads and transformers z (0) = z (1) = z (2) .

For transmission lines z (1) = z (2) and z (0) > z (1) .
For rotating machines z (0) , z (1) and z (2) will have different values.

The single phase equivalent circuit composed of sequence voltages, sequence

currents and impedance to current of any one sequence is called the sequence
network for that particular sequence. The sequence network includes any
generated emf of like sequence.

Consider a star connected generator with its neutral grounded through an

impedance Z n as shown in Fig. 2. It is assumed that the generator is designed to
generate balanced voltage.
10
 a
Ia

Zn +
Ea n
In Ecn
+
+ Eb n Ib
c
b

Ic
Fig. 2
Ec
Let E an be its generated voltage in phase a . Then
Ea
Ea 1
Eb = a2 E an This gives Eb
Ec a

11
 E (0)
a 1 1 1 1 0
1
E (1)
a = 1 a a2 a2 E an = E an (14)
3
E (2)
a 1 a2 a a 0

This shows that there is no zero sequence and negative sequence generated voltages.

The sequence networks of the generator are shown in Fig. 3.

I a( 1 )
a I a( 1 )
Z1
Zn +
Ean Z1
In = 0 Ecn Va( 1 )
+ +
Z1 Z1 Ean
+ Eb n I (1) __
b

b
Reference bus ( Neutral )
c I (c1 )
Positive sequence network
Note that In = 0
12
 a
I a( 2 ) I a( 2 )
Zn Z2
Z2 Va( 2 )
In = 0
Z2
Z2 I b( 2 )
c
b
Reference bus ( Neutral )
I c( 2 )
Negative sequence network
Note that In = 0

a I a( 0 ) I a( 0 )
Zn Zg 0
Zg0
(0) n Z0 Va( 0 )
In = 3I a
Zg 0
3 Zn
I b( 0 )
c Zg0
b
Reference bus ( Ground )
I c( 0 )
Note that In = 3 Ia(0) Zero sequence network
Fig. 3 13
Z 1 and Z 2 are the positive sequence and negative sequence impedance of the
generator. Z g 0 is the zero sequence impedance of the generator. Total zero sequence
impedance Z 0 = Z g 0 + 3 Z n .

Sequence components of the terminal voltage are

Va( 0 ) = Z 0 I (a0 )
Va( 1 ) = E a n Z 1 I (a1 ) (15)
Va( 2 ) = Z 2 I (a2 )

As far as zero sequence currents are concerned, the three phase system behaves as
a single phase system. This is because of the fact that at any point the zero
sequence currents are same in magnitude and phase. Therefore, zero sequence
currents will flow only if a return path exists and hence extra care is needed while
drawing the zero sequence network.

14
The connection diagram and the zero sequence equivalent circuit for star
connected load is shown in Fig. 4.

Z
Z Z

3 Zn
Z Zn
Reference
Fig. 4
The connection diagram and the zero sequence circuit for delta connected
load is shown in Fig. 5.

Z Z
Z
Reference 15
Fig. 5
Special attention is required while obtaining the zero sequence
network of three phase transformers. The zero sequence network
will be different for various combination of connecting the
windings and also by the manner in which the neutral is
connected.

The zero sequence networks are drawn remembering that no

current flows in the primary of a transformer unless current flows
in the secondary
( neglecting the small magnetizing current ).

Five different cases are considered and the corresponding zero

sequence network are shown in Fig. 6. The arrows in the
connection diagram show the possible path for the flow of zero
sequence current. Absence of arrow indicates that the zero
sequence current can not flow there. Impedance Z 0 accounts for
the leakage impedance Z and the neutral impedances 3 Z N and
3 Z n where applicable.

16
 Connection diagrams Zero sequence equivalent circuit

P Q
Z0

P Q
ZN Zn
Reference

P Q
Z0

P Q
ZN

Reference
17
 P Q
Z0
P Q

Reference

P Q
Z0

P Q

ZN
Reference

18
 P Q
Z0

P Q

Reference

Fig. 6

Example 1

For the power system shown in Fig. 7, with the data given, draw the zero
sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks.

T1 T2 M1

M2

Fig. 7
19
Per unit reactances are:

Generator X g0 = 0.05 ; X n = 0.32 ; X 1 = 0.2 ; X 2 = 0.25

Transformer T1 X 0 = X 1 = X 2 = 0.08

Transformer T2 X 0 = X 1 = X 2 = 0.09

Transmission line X 0 = 0.52; X 1 = X 2 = 0.18

Motor 1 X m o = 0.06; X n = 0.22; X 1 = X 2 = 0.27

Motor 2 X m o = 0.12; X 1 = X 2 = 0.55

20
 T1 T2 M1

M2

Positive sequence network

j0.08 j0.18 j0.09

j0.2
j0.27 j0.55
+ + +
Eg Em1 Em 2

Reference

21
 T1 T2 M1

M2

Negative sequence network

j0.08 j0.18 j0.09

j0.25
j0.27 j0.55

Reference

22
 T1 T2 M1

M2

Zero sequence network

j0.08 j0.52 j0.09

j0.05
j0.06 j0.12

j0.96 j0.66

Reference

23
2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AT GENERATOR TERMINALS

Single line to ground fault ( LG fault ), Line to line fault ( LL fault ) and Double
line to ground ( LLG fault ) are unsymmetrical faults that may occur at any
point in a power system. To understand the unsymmetrical fault analysis, let us
first consider these faults at the terminals of unloaded generator. This treatment
can be extended to unsymmetrical fault analysis when the fault occurs at any
point in a power system.

Consider a three phase unloaded generator generating balanced three phase

voltage. The sequence components of the terminal voltages are

Va(1) = E a n I (1)
a Z1 (16)
Va(2) = I (2)
a Z2 (17)
Va(0) = I (0)
a Z0 (18)

24
Va(1) = E a n I (1)
a Z1 (16)
Va(2) = I (2)
a Z2 (17)
Va(0) = I (0)
a Z0 (18)

The above three equations apply regardless of the type of fault occurring at the
terminals of the generator.

i) For each type of fault there will be three relations in terms of phase
components of currents and voltages.

ii) Using these, three relations in terms of sequence components of currents and
voltages can be obtained.

iii) These three relations and the eqns. (16), (17) and (18) are used to solve for
the sequence currents I (0) (1) (2)
a , Ia , Ia and sequence voltages Va(0) , Va(1) , Va(2) . Sequence
components relationship will enable to interconnect the sequence networks to
represent the particular fault.

25
Single line to ground fault ( LG fault )

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 9.

Ia
a

Zf
Zn +
_E a n
Ec n +
Eb n Ib
+
c
b

Ic
Fig. 9

26
The fault conditions are

Ib = 0 (19)
Ic = 0 (20)
Va = Z f I a (21)

I a(0) = 1/3 ( I a + I b + I c ) = I a /3
I a(1) = 1/3 (I a + a I b + a 2 I c ) = I a /3
a = 1/3 ( I a + a I b + a I c ) = I a /3
I (2) 2

Thus I a(0) = I a(1) = I a(2) (22)

Further from eqn. (21)

Va(0) + Va(1) + Va(2) = Z f ( I a(0) + I a(1) + I a(2) ) = 3 Z f I a(1) (23)

Using eqns. (16) to (18) in the above

I (0)
a Z 0 + Ea n I a Z1 I a Z 2 = 3 Zf I a
(1) (2) (1)
i.e.

I (1)
a Z 0 + Ea n I a Z1 I a Z 2 = 3 Zf I a
(1) (1) (1)
i.e.
Ea n
I a(1) = (24) 27
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3 Z f
 Ea n
I (1)
a = (24)
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3 Zf

Then the sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 10.

Z1

I (1) +
+ a
Ea n Va(1)
_ _
Z2
+
I (2)
a Va(2) 3 Zf
_
Z0
(0)
+
I a Va(0)
_

Fig. 10
28
Line to line fault

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 11

Ia
a

+
Zn
Ea n
_
Eb n
+
Ec n Ib
c +
b
Zf
Ic

Fig. 11
The fault conditions are
Ia = 0 (25)
Ib + Ic = 0 (26)
Vb Z f I b = Vc (27)
29
Ia = 0 (25)
Ib + Ic = 0 (26)
Vb Z f I b = Vc (27)
Then I a(0) = 1/3 ( I a + I b + I c ) = 0 (28)
I a(1) = 1/3 (I a + a I b + a 2 I c ) = I b /3 ( a a 2 )
I a(2) = 1/3 ( I a + a 2 I b + a I c ) = I b /3 ( a 2 a )
Since I (0)
a = 0 , Va(0) = - Z0 I (0)
a = 0 (29)
Further I a(2) = I a(1) (30)
From eqn. (27)

Va(0) + a 2 Va(1) + a Va(2) Z f ( a 2 I (1)

a + a I a ) = Va
(2) (0)
+ a Va(1) + a 2 Va(2)

( a 2 a ) Va(1) Z f ( a 2 a ) I a(1) = ( a 2 a) Va(2)

Thus Va(1) Z f I a(1) = Va(2) (31)

From the above eqn. E a n Z 1 I (1)

a Zf I a = Z 2 I a = Z 2 I a
(1) (2) (1)

i.e. E a n = ( Z 1 + Z 2 + Z f ) I a(1)

(1)
Ea n
Therefore I a = (32) 30
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f
 Ea n
Therefore a =
I (1) (32)
Z1 + Z 2 + Zf
I (2) (1)
a = - Ia

and I (0)
a = 0; Va(0) = 0

Sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 12.

Zf
Z1 Z2 Z0

+ I (1) I (2) I (0)

a a a
Ea n Va(1) Va(2) Va
(0)
=0
_

Fig. 12

31
Double line to ground fault

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 13.

a
Ia
+
Zn
E
_ an
Eb n
+
Ecn Ib
c +
b
Ic
Zf

Fig. 13
The fault conditions are

Ia = 0 ; Vb = Z f ( I b + I c ) and Vc = Z f ( I b + I c ) (33)
32
The fault conditions are

Ia = 0 ; Vb = Z f ( I b + I c ) and Vc = Z f ( I b + I c ) (33)

a = 1/3 ( I a + I b + I c ) , I b + I c = 3 I a
Because of I (0) (0)

Therefore
Vb = 3 Z f I (0)
a (34)
Vc = 3 Z f I (0)
a (35)

Va(1) = 1/3 ( Va + a Vb + a 2 Vc ) = 1/3 [ Va + ( a + a 2 ) Vb ]

Va(2) = 1/3 ( Va + a 2 Vb + a Vc ) = 1/3 [ Va + ( a 2 + a ) Vb ]

Therefore Va(1) = Va(2) (36)

33
Further Va(0) = 1/3 ( Va + Vb + Vc ) i.e.

3 Va(0) = Va(0) + Va(1) + Va(2) + 3 Z f I (0)

a + 3 Z f I (0)
a i.e. 2 Va
(0)
= 2 Va
(1)
+ 6 Z f I (0)
a

i.e. Va(1) = Va(0) 3 Z f I (0)

a = Z 0 I (0)
a 3 Zf Ia = ( Z0 + 3 Zf ) Ia
(0) (0)

i.e. Va(1) = ( Z 0 + 3 Z f ) I (0)

a (37)
a + Ia + Ia = 0
From eqn. (33) I (0) (1) (2)
i.e.

Va(1) (1) Va(2) Va(1) (1) Va(1)

+ Ia = 0 i.e. + Ia = 0
Z 0 + 3Z f Z2 Z 0 + 3Z f Z2

1 1 Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f
Therefore I (1)
a = Va
(1)
( + ) = Va(1)
Z 0 + 3Z f Z 2 Z 2 ( Z 0 + 3Z f )
Z 2 ( Z 0 + 3 Z f ) (1)
i.e. Va(1) = Ia (38)
Z2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
Z 2 ( Z 0 + 3 Z f ) (1)
i.e. Ea n I (1)
a Z 1 = Ia
Z2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
Ea n
Thus I (1) = (39)
a
Z ( Z0 + 3 Zf )
Z1 + 2
Z 2 + Z0 + 3 Zf 34
 Ea n
Thus I (1) = (39)
a
Z ( Z0 + 3 Zf )
Z1 + 2
Z2 + Z0 + 3 Zf

Z 2 ( Z 0 + 3 Z f ) (1)
From eqn. (38) Va(1) = Va(2) = Z 2 I (2)
a = Ia
Z 2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
Z0 + 3 Zf
a = Ia
I (2) (1)
Therefore (40)
Z 2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
Again substituting eqn. (37) in eqn. (38)
Z 2 ( Z 0 + 3 Z f ) (1) Z2
( Z 0 + 3 Z f ) I (0)
a = I a Thus I (0)
a = I (1)
a (41)
Z2 + Z0 + 3 Zf Z 2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
For this fault, the sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 14.

Z1 Z2 Z0

+ I (1)
a I (2) I (0)
a
Ea n Va(1) a
Va(2) Va(0)
_

3 Zf
35
Fig. 14
3 SUMMARY OF UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AT THE GENERATOR
TERMINALS

For any unsymmetrical fault

Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I a(1) I a = I a(0) + I a(1) + I a(2)

Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a I b = I (0) 2 (1)
a + a Ia + a I (2)
a

Va(0) = - Z 0 I a(0) I c = I a(0) + a I a(1) + a 2 I (2)

a

Single line to ground fault

Z1
Ia
I (1)
a +
Ea n Va(1)
Ib Zf _
Z2
+
Ic I (2)
3 Zf
a Va(2)
_
Z0
Fault conditions are: +
I (0)
a
Va(0)
Ib = 0
_
Ic = 0
36
Va = Z f I a
 Ea n
I (1)
= I (2) = I (1)
I (0) = (1)
a ; I
a
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3 Z f ; a a a

Corresponding phase components are I a , I b and I c

Fault current I f = I a = 3 I a
(1)

Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a

Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a

Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are Va , Vb and Vc

37
Line to line fault

Fault conditions are:

Ia
Ia = 0

Ib Ic = - Ib
Zf
Vb - Z f I b = Vc

Ic

Zf
Z1 Z2 Z0

I (1) I(2)
a
I (0)
a
Ean a
Va(2)
Va(1)

38
 (1) Ea n
I a = ; I (2)
a = I (1)
a ; I (o)
a = 0
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f

Corresponding phase components are I a , I b and I c

Fault current
(0) 2 (1) (2) 2 (1) (1)
I f = I b = I a + a I a + a I a = (a a) I a = j 3 I a

Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a

Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a

Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are Va , Vb and Vc

39
Double line to ground fault
Fault conditions are:
Ia

Ia = 0
Ib
Vb = ( I b + I c ) Z f
Zf
Ic
Vc = ( I b + I c ) Z f

Z1 Z2 Z0

+ I (1) I (2)
a I (0)
a
a
Ean Va(1) Va(2) Va(0)
-

3 Zf
40
 (1)
Ea n Z0 + 3 Zf
I = I (2)
=I (1)
a
Z ( Z0 + 3 Zf ) a a
Z2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
Z1 + 2
Z 2 + Z0 + 3 Zf

Z2
I (0)
a =I (1)
a
Z 2 + Z0 + 3 Zf
Corresponding phase components are I a , I b and I c

Fault current I f = I b + I c Since Ia(0) = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) and Ia = 0

If = 3 Ia(0)

Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a

Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a

Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are Va , Vb and Vc

41
Example 2
The reactances of an alternator rated 10 MVA, 6.9 kV are
X 1 = X 2 = 15 % and X g0 = 5 %. The neutral of the alternator is
grounded through a reactance of 0.38 . Single line to ground
fault occurs at the terminals of the alternator. Determine the line
currents, fault current and the terminal voltages.
Solution

X1 = = 0.15 p.u.
X2
10
X n = 0.38 x 2 = 0.0798 p.u.
6.9
X 0 = X g0 +3 X n = 0.05 + 0.2394 = 0.2894 p.u.

a = Ia
I (1) = = 1.0 / j ( 0.2894 + 0.15 + 0.15 ) = - j 1.6966 p.u.
(2)
I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are

Ia = -j 5.0898 p.u. Ib = Ic =0
42
 10 x 1000
Base current = = 836.7 A
3 x 6.9
Line currents are Ia = - j 4258.8 A ; Ib = Ic =0
Fault current, If = Ia = - j 4258.8 A

Va(1) = 1.0 ( j 0.15 ) (- j 1.6966 ) = 1.0 0.2545 = 0.7455 p.u.

Va(2) = - ( j 0.15 ) (- j 1.6966 ) = - 0.2545 p.u.
Va(0) = - ( j 0.2894 ) (- j 1.6966 ) = - 0.491 p.u.

Corresponding phase components are

Va = 0 ; Vb = 1.1386 130.38 p.u. ; Vc = 1.1386 130.38 p.u.
0 0

6.9
Multiplying by
3
Va = 0; Vb = 4.5359 130.38 0 kV ; Vc = 4.5359 130.38 0 kV
43
Example 3
The reactances of an alternator rated 10 MVA, 6.9 kV are
X 1 =15 %; X 2 = 20 % and X g0 = 5 %. The neutral of the
alternator is grounded through a reactance of 0.38 . Line to line
fault, with fault impedance j 0.15 p.u. occurs at the terminals of
the alternator. Determine the line currents, fault current and
the terminal voltages.

Solution
X1 = 0.15 p.u. ; X2 = 0.2 p.u. ; XF = 0.15 p.u. X0 =?

a =
I (1) 1.0 / j ( 0.15 + 0.2 + 0.15 ) = - j 2 p.u.
I (2)
a =- I (1)
a = j 2 p.u. and I (0)
a =0
Corresponding phase components are
Ia = 0 ; Ib = - 3.4641 p.u. ; Ic = 3.4641 p.u.
44
Base current = 836.7 A
Line currents are Ia =0; Ib = - 2898.4 A ; Ic = 2898.4 A
Fault current If = Ib = - 2898.4 A
Va(1) = 1.0 ( j 0.15 ) (- j 2 ) = 0.7 p.u.
Va(2) = - ( j 0.3 ) ( j 2 ) = 0.4 p.u.
Va(0) = 0
Corresponding phase components are
Va = 1.1 ; Vb = 0.6083 154.72 0 p.u. ; Vc = 0.6083 154.72 0 p.u.

6.9
Multiplying by , Va = 4.3821 kV
3
Vb = 2.4233 154.72 0 kV
Vc = 2.4233 154.72 0 kV
45
Example 4
An unloaded, solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 kV generator has
positive, negative and zero sequence impedances as j 1.2 ,
j 0.9 and j 0.04 respectively. A double line to ground fault
occurs at the terminals of the generator. Calculate the currents in
the faulted phases and voltage of the healthy phase.
Solution
11 2
Base impedance = = 12.1 ;
10
Z1 = j 0.09917 p.u. ; Z2 = j 0.07438 p.u. ; Z0 = j 0.00331 p.u.
Z2 Z0
Z1 + = j 0.10234 p.u.
Z2 + Z0

I (1)
a = 1.0/ j 0.10234 = -j 9.7714 p.u.
0.00331
I (2) = j 9.7714 = j 0.4163 p.u.
a
0.07769
0.07438
I (0)
= j 9.7714 = j 9.3551 p.u.
a
0.07769 46
I (1)
a = -j 9.7714 p.u.; I (2)
a = j 0.4163 p.u.; I(0)
a = j 9.3551 p.u.

Corresponding phase components are

Ia =0; Ib = 16.5758 122.16 0 p.u. ; Ic = 16.5758 57.84 0 p.u.
10 x 1000
Base current = = 542.86 A
3 x 11

Current in faulted phases are Ib = 8998.3 122.16 0 A

Ic = 8998.3 57.84 0 A
Va(1) = Va(2) = Va(0) = - ( j 0.07438 ) ( j 0.4163 ) = 0.03096 p.u.
11
Voltage of the healthy phase Va = 0.09288 x = 0.5899 kV
3

47
4 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS
In a general power system fault can occur at any bus p. In such case, the fault
analysis discussed in previous section can be extended following one-to-one
correspondence shown below.

Fault at the terminals of the Fault occurs at bus p in the power

generator system

Positive sequence pre-fault voltage is E a n Positive sequence pre-fault voltage is Vf

Thevenins equivalent impedance

between the fault point and the
Positive sequence impedance is Z 1
reference bus in the positive sequence
network is Z 1

Thevenins equivalent impedance

between the fault point and the
Negative sequence impedance is Z 2
reference bus in the negative
sequence network is Z 2

Thevenins equivalent impedance

between the fault point and the
Zero sequence impedance is Z 0 reference bus in the zero sequence
network is Z 0
48
Note that the Thevenins equivalent circuit of different sequence
networks will be similar to the sequence networks of the
generator. Thevenins equivalent circuit of the sequence networks
are interconnected, much similar to the case of fault occurring at
the generator terminals, to represent different types of faults.

This method is not suitable for large scale power systems as it

involves network reduction in positive, negative and zero sequence
networks.

49
5 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS USING Z bus matrix

When an unsymmetrical fault occurs in a power system, three phase network has
to be considered. Any three phase element can be represented as shown in Fig.
15.

p q

a,b, c
a
z pq
V p b Vqa
V
p
b
V
q
c
V c
p
V
q

Fig. 15
It can be described as
v pa,qb,c = z a,p qb,c i a,p qb,c i.e. (42)

v ap q z ap aq z ap bq z ap cq i ap q
v bp q = z bp aq z bp bq z bp cq i bp q (43)
v cp q z cpaq z cpbq z cpcq i cp q 50
Voltages at bus p and q can be denoted as

Vpa Vqa
Vpa,b,c = Vpb ; Vqa,b,c = Vqb (44)
Vpc Vqc
Considering the impedance of each three phase element as z a,p qb,c , using building
algorithm, the bus impedance matrix of transmission-generator can be obtained
as

1 2 N j
a,b,c a,b,c a,b,c
1 Z 11 Z 12 Z 1N
a,b,c a,b,c a,b,c
Z ai ja Z ai jb Z ai jc
2 Z Z Z
Z a,busb,c = 21 22 2N
where Z a,i jb,c = i Z bi ja Z bi jb Z bi jc
Z ci ja Z ci jb Z ci jc
N Z a,N1b,c Z a,N2b,c Z a,NNb,c
The bus impedance matrix Z a,busb,c will be normally full with non-zero entries.
Since impedance of any element in sequence frame, z p0,1,2
q is decoupled,
0,1,2
computationally it is advantage to use the matrix Z bus instead of Z a,busb,c .
51
For two bus system

1 2 1 2 1 2
(0) (0) (1) (1) (2) (2)
1 Z 11 Z 12 1 Z 11 Z 12 1 Z 11 Z 12
0
Z bus = ; Z 1bus = 2
; Z bus =
2 Z (0)
21 Z (0)
22 2 Z (1)
21 Z (1)
22 2 Z (2)
21 Z (2)
22

Then
1 2

0 1 2 0 1 2
(0) (0)
0 Z 11 Z 12
(1) (1)
1 1 Z 11 Z 12
0,1,2
Z bus = 2 (2)
Z 11 (2)
Z 12 (45)
0 Z (0)
21 Z (0)
22

2 1 Z (1)
21 Z (1)
22

2 Z (2)
21 Z (2)
22

0
Normally Z bus , Z 1bus and Z bus
2
are constructed and stored independently. It is
evident that as compared to Z a,busb,c , construction of Z bus
0,1,2
requires less computer
time and less core storage. For a 100 bus system, Z a,busb,c will be a 300 x 300 full
0,1,2
matrix; whereas for Z bus , we need 3 numbers of 100 x 100 matrices. Thus only
0,1,2
1/3 rd of the core storage is required for Z bus as compared to Z a,busb,c . Hence for
0,1,2 52
unsymmetrical fault analysis, use of Z bus is more advantages than Z a,busb,c .
Further, when unsymmetrical faults occur, the currents
and voltages are unbalanced and using symmetrical
components transformation, we can handle them
conveniently. Therefore, symmetrical components are
invariably used in the study of unsymmetrical fault analysis.

In order to obtain Z bus

0,1,2
, first the three sequence networks
are be drawn as discussed earlier. Considering the zero
sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks
separately, using bus impedance building algorithm,
are to be constructed independently . Of course special
attention is necessary while drawing the zero sequence network.

53
Example 5

Consider the system described in Example 1. Obtain the matrices

0
Z bus , Z 1bus and Z bus
2
.

Solution

Required bus impedance matrices can be constructed using bus impedance

building algorithm.

First consider the zero sequence network shown in Fig. 8(a).

1 j0.08 2 j0.52 3 j0.09 4

j0.05
j0.06 j0.12

j0.96 j0.66

Reference
0 54
Element 0-1 is added: 0
Z bus = j 1 [1.01]

1 2
0
1 1.01 0
Element 0 2 is added: Z bus = j
2 0 0.08

1 2 3
1 1.01 0 0
Element 0 3 is added: 0
Z bus = j 2 0 0.08 0
3 0 0 0.09

th
Element 2 3 is added: With bus

1 2 3
1 1.01 0 0 0
0
2 0 0.08 0 0.08
Z bus = j
3 0 0 0.09 0.09
0 0.08 0.09 0.69
55
 1 2 3
1 1.01 0 0
Eliminating the th 0
bus, Z bus = j 2 0 0.07 0.01
3 0 0.01 0.08

0
Element 0 4 is added: The final Z bus is obtained as

1 2 3 4
1 1.01 0 0 0
2 0 0.07 0.01 0
0
Z bus = j
3 0 0.01 0.08 0
4 0 0 0 0.72

Consider the positive sequence network shown in Fig. 8(b)

56
 j0.08 j0.18 j0.09

j0.2 1 2 3 4
j0.27 j0.55
+ + +
Eg Em1 Em 2

Reference

1
Element 0 1 is added: Z bus = j 1 [0.2]

1 2
1 0.2 0.2
1
Element 1 2 is added: Z bus = j
2 0.2 0.28

1 2 3
1 0.2 0.2 0.2
1
Element 2 3 is added: Z bus = j 2 0.2 0.28 0.28
3 0.2 0.28 0.46
57
 1 2 3 4
1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
2 0.2 0.28 0.28 0.28
Element 3 4 is added: Z 1
= j
bus 3 0.2 0.28 0.46 0.46
4 0.2 0.28 0.46 0.55

th
Element 0 4 is added: It has an impedance of j0.18. With the bus

1 2 3 4
1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
2 0.2 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
1
Z bus = j 3 0.2 0.28 0.46 0.46 0.46
4 0.2 0.28 0.46 0.55 0.55
0.2 0.28 0.46 0.55 0.73

th 1
Eliminating the bus, final Z bus is obtained as
1 2 3 4
1 0.1452 0.1233 0.0740 0.0493
1
2 0.1233 0.1726 0.1036 0.0690
Z bus = j
3 0.0740 0.1036 0.1701 0.1134
58
4 0.0493 0.0690 0.1134 0.1356
Similarly, considering the negative sequence network shown in Fig. 8(c)

1 j0.08 2 j0.18 3 j0.09 4

j0.25
j0.27 j0.55

Reference
0
2
Its bus impedance Z bus can be obtained as
1 2 3 4
1 0.1699 0.1442 0.0866 0.0577
2
2 0.1442 0.1904 0.1143 0.0761
Z bus = j
3 0.0866 0.1143 0.1765 0.1177
4 0.0577 0.0761 0.1177 0.1384

59
 0,1,2
6 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS USING Z bus MATRIX

0,1,2 1
For unsymmetrical fault analysis using Z bus the first step is to construct Z bus ,
2 0
Z bus and Z bus by considering the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero
sequence network of the power system. They are

1 2 p N
(1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Z 11 Z 12 Z 1p Z 1N
2 Z (1)
21 Z (1)
22 Z (1)
2p Z (1)
2N

1
Z bus = (1)
(46)
p Z p1 Z (1)
p2 Z (1)
pp Z (1)
pN

N Z (1)
N1 Z (1)
N2 Z (1)
Np Z (1)
NN

60
 1 2 p N
(2) (2) (2) (2)
1 Z 11 Z 12 Z 1p Z 1N
2 Z (2)
21 Z (2)
22 Z (2)
2p Z (2)
2N

2
Z bus = (2) (2) (2) (2)
and (47)
p Z p1 Z p2 Z pp Z pN

N Z (2)
N1 Z (2)
N2 Z (2)
Np Z (2)
NN

1 2 p N
(0) (0) (0) (0)
1 Z 11 Z 12 Z 1p Z 1N
2 Z (0)
21 Z (0)
22 Z (0)
2p Z (0)
2N

0
Z bus = (0) (0) (0) (0)
(48)
p Z p1 Z p2 Z pp Z pN

N Z (0)
N1 Z (0)
N2 Z (0)
Np Z (0)
NN

61
Suitable assumptions are made so that prior to the occurrence of the fault, there
will not be any current flow in the positive, negative and zero sequence networks
and the voltages at all the buses in the positive sequence network are equal to
Vf .

The currents flowing out of the original balanced system from phases a, b and c
at the fault point are designated as I f a , I f b and I f c . We can visualize these
currents by referring to Fig. 16 which shows the three lines a, b and c of the
three phase system where the fault occurs.

P
a
If a
b
If b
c

If c
Fig. 16
62
The currents flowing out in hypothetical stub are I f a , I f b and I f c . The
corresponding sequence currents are I (0) (1) (2)
f a , I f a and I f a . These sequence currents

I (1)
fa , I (2)
fa and I (0)
f a are flowing out as shown in Fig. 17. The line to ground voltages

at any bus j of the system during the fault are Vj a , Vj b and Vj c . Corresponding
sequence components of voltages are Vj(0)
a , V (1)
ja and V (2)
ja .

1
- Vf +
Positive
sequence
network 2
- Vf +
having p
bus
impedance I (1)
fa
matrix N
- Vf +
Z (1)
bus

63
 1 1

Negative Zero
sequence sequence
2 network 2
network
having p having p
bus bus
impedance impedance
matrix matrix N
N
I (2)
fa
I (0)
fa

Z (2) Z (0)
bus
bus

Fig. 17

64
Consider the Positive Sequence Network:

In the faulted system, there are two types of sources.

1 Current injection at the faulted bus.

2 Pre-fault voltage sources.

The bus voltages in the faulted system namely

1 V1a(1)
2 V2a(1)
(1)
Vbus = (49)
p V (1)
pa

N VN(1)a

can be obtained using Superposition Theorem.

65
It is to be noted that

1 0 1
2 0 1

0 1
I (1)
bus = and pre-fault voltage = Vf (50)
p I (1)
fa 1
0 1

N 0 1

Using these we get

V1a(1) (1)
Z 11 (1)
Z 12 (1)
Z 1p (1)
Z 1N 0 1 Vf Z 1p
(1) (1)
If a
V2a(1) Z (1)
21 Z (1)
22 Z (1)
2p Z (1)
2N 0 1 Vf Z (1) (1)
2p I f a

= + Vf =
Vp(1)a Z (1)
p1 Z (1)
p2 Z (1)
pp Z (1)
pN I (1)
fa 1 Vf Z (1) (1)
pp I f a

VN(1)a Z (1)
N1 Z (1)
N2 Z (1)
Np Z (1)
NN 0 1 Vf Z (1) (1)
Np If a
66
(51)
Consider the Negative Sequence and Zero Sequence Networks:

In a much similar manner, the negative sequence and the zero sequence bus
(2) (0)
voltages in the faulted system, namely Vbus and Vbus , can be obtained considering
the negative sequence and the zero sequence networks. Knowing the pre-fault
voltages are zero in the negative and zero sequence networks we get

V1a(2) Z 1p
(2) (2)
If a V1a(0) Z 1p
(0) (0)
If a
V2a(2) Z (2) I
2p f a
(2)
V2a(0) Z (0) I
2p f a
(0)

= and = (52)
Vp(2)a Z (2) (2)
pp If a Vp(0)a Z (0) (0)
pp If a

VN(2)a Z (2) (2)

Np If a VN(0)a Z (0) (0)
Np If a

67
When the fault occurs at bus p , it is to be noted that only the p th column of
1 2 0
Z bus , Z bus and Z bus are involved in the calculations. If the symmetrical
components of the fault currents , namely I (1) (2) (0)
f a , I f a and I f a , are known, than the

sequence voltages at any bus j can be computed from

Vj(0)
a = Z (0) (0)
jp I f a (53)
Vj(1)
a = Vf Z (1)
jp I (1)
fa (54)
Vj(2)
a = Z (2) (2)
jp I f a (55)

It is important to remember that the I (1) fa , I (2)

fa and I (0)
f a are the symmetrical

component currents in the stubs hypothetically attached to the system at the

fault point. These currents take on values determined by the particular type of
fault being studied, and once they are calculated, they can be regarded as
negative injection into the corresponding sequence networks.

68
General procedure for unsymmetrical
fault analysis

when fault occurs at a point in a

power system

69
PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS

1. Draw the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence

networks.
(1)
2. Using bus impedance building algorithm, construct ZBus , ZBus(2) and
ZBus(0).

DATA REQUIRED

Type of fault, fault location (Bus p) and fault impedance (Zf)

TO COMPUTE FAULT CURRENTS I f a , I f b and I f c

1. Extract the columns of ZBus (1), ZBus(2) and ZBus(0) corresponding to the
faulted bus.
2. Depending on the type of fault interconnect the sequence networks.
3. Calculate I f a(1), I f a(2) and I f a(0)
4. Compute the corresponding phase components I f a. I f b and I f c using
I fa 1 1 1 I fa
(0)

I fb = 1 a2 a Ifa
(1)

I fc 1 a a2 I fa
(2)

70
TO COMPUTE FAULTED BUS VOLTAGES V p a, V p b and V p c

1. Compute the sequence components V p a(1), V p a(2) and V p a(0) from

V p a(1) = Vf Z p p(1) I f a(1)

V p a(2) = Z p p(2) I f a(2)

V p a(0) = Z p p(0) I f a(0)

2. Calculate the corresponding phase components V p a, V p b and V p c from

(0)
Vpa 1 1 1 Vp a
(1)
Vp b = 1 a2 a Vp a
(2)
V pc 1 a a2 V pa

71
TO COMPUTE BUS VOLTAGES AT BUS j i.e V j a, V j b and V j c

1. Compute the sequence components V j a(1), V j a(2) and V j a(0) from

V j a(1) = Vf Z j p(1) I f a(1)

V j a(2) = Z j p(2) I f a(2)

V j a(0) = Z j p(0) I f a(0)

2. Calculate the corresponding phase components V j a, V j b and V j c from

(0)
V ja 1 1 1 V ja
(1)
Vjb = 1 a2 a Vj a
(2)
V jc 1 a a2 Vj a

72
 Single line to ground fault

I (f 1)a

+ Z p(1)p
Vf Vp(1)a
_

(2) I (1) (2) (0)

f a = If a = If a
I fa

(2)
3 Zf
Z pp
Vp(2)a

I (f 0)a

Z (0)
pp
Vp(0)a

73
 Line to line fault

Zf

Z (1)
pp
Z p(2)p

+ I (1)
fa I f(2)a I (0)
fa
Vf Vp(1)a Vp(2)a
_

74
 Double line to ground fault

Z (1)
pp Z (2)
pp Z (0)
pp

+ I (1)
fa I (2)
fa I (0)
fa
Vf Vp(1)a Vp(2)a Vp(0)a
_

3 Zf

75
SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

For a single line to ground fault through impedance Z f , the hypothetical stubs
on the three lines will be as shown in Fig. 18 The fault conditions are

P
a
Zf
If a

b
If b

c If c
Fig. 18
If b = 0
If c = 0 (56)
Vp a = Z f I f a
76
Using the above conditions ( similar to conditions for the LG fault at generator
terminals through impedance ) and also knowing that

Vp(1)a = Vf Z (1) (1)

pp If a (57)
Vp(2)a = Z (2) (2)
pp If a (58)
Vp(0)a = Z (0) (0)
pp If a (59)

from eqns. (51) and (52), similar to eqns. (22) and (23), we can get the relations

I f(1)a = I f(2)a = I f(0)a and (60)

Vp(1)a + Vp(2)a + Vp(0)a 3 Z f I (1)
fa = 0 (61)

Therefore
Vf
I (1)
fa = (62)
Z (1)
pp +Z (2)
pp + Z (0)
pp + 3 Zf

The above relationships are satisfied by connecting the sequence networks as

shown in Fig. 19

77
 I (f 1)a

+ Z (1)
pp
Vf Vp(1)a
_

(2) I (1) (2) (0)

f a = If a = If a
I fa

(2)
3 Zf
Z pp
Vp(2)a

I (f 2)a

Z (0)
pp
Vp(0)a

Fig. 19

The series connection of Thevenin equivalents of the sequence networks, as

shown in the above Fig. 18, is a convenient means of remembering the equations
for the solution of single line to ground fault. 78
Once the currents I (1) (2) (0)
f a , I f a and I f a are known, the sequence components of

voltage at the faulted bus are calculated as

Vp(1)a = Vf Z (1) (1)

pp If a

Vp(2)a = Z (2) (2)

pp If a (63)
Vp(0)a = Z (0) (0)
pp If a

Thereafter the sequence components of voltage at any bus j can be calculated as

a = Vf Z j p I f a
Vj(1) (1) (1)

a = Z jp I f a
Vj(2) (2) (2)
j = 1,2,....... N (64)
Vj(0) (0) (0)
a = Z jp I f a
jp

Phase components of voltage and current can be calculated from the relations
Va , b , c = A V0 , 1 , 2
I a , b , c = A I 0 , 1, 2

79
Example 6

The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence bus impedance
matrices of a power system are shown below.

1 2 3 4
1 0.1437 0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
2 0.1211 0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
Z (1) (2)
bus = Z bus = j
3 0.0789 0.1104 0.1696 0.1211
4 0.0563 0.0789 0.1211 0.1437

1 2 3 4
1 0.1553 0.1407 0.0493 0.0347
2 0.1407 0.1999 0.0701 0.0493
Z (0)
bus = j
3 0.0493 0.0701 0.1999 0.1407
4 0.0347 0.0493 0.1407 0.1553

A bolted single line to ground fault occurs on phase a at bus 3. Determine the
fault current and the voltage at buses 3 and 4.

80
 I (f 1)a

+ Z (1)
33
Vf V3(1)a
_

(2) I (1) (2) (0)

f a = If a = If a
I fa

(2)
3 Zf
Z 33
Vp(2)a

I (f 2)a

Z (0)
33
Vp(0)a

81
Solution
Vf
I (1)
fa = I (2)
fa = I (0)
fa =
Z (1)
33 + Z (2)
33 + Z 33
(0)

Let Vf = 1.0 0 0
(1) (2) (0) 1.00 0
Then I fa = I fa = I fa = = j1.8549
j (0.1696 + 0.1696 + 0.1999 )

The fault current I f a = I f(0)a + I f(1)a + I (2) (1)

f a = 3 I f a = - j 5.5648; I f b = I f c = 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are calculated as

V3(0)a = Z (0) (0)

33 I f a = ( j 0.1999 ) ( j 1.8549 ) = 0.3708

V3(1)a = Vf Z (1) (1)

33 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.1696 ) ( j 1.8549 ) = 0.6854

V3(2)a = Z (2)
33 I f a = ( j0.1696 ) ( j1.8549 ) = 0.3146
(2)

82
Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 3 are computed as

V3 a 1 1 1 0.3708 0
V3 b = 1 a2 a 0.6854 = 1.0292 122.710
V3 c 1 a a2 0.3146 1.0187 122.710

The sequence components of voltage at bus 4 are calculated as

V4(0)a = Z (0)
43 I f a = ( j 0.1407 ) ( j 1.8549 ) = 0.2610
(0)

V4(1)a = Vf Z (1)
43 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.1211 ) ( j 1.8549 ) = 0.7754
(1)

V4(2)a = Z (2)
43 I f a = ( j0.1211 ) ( j1.8549 ) = 0.2246
(2)

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 4 are computed as

V4 a 1 1 1 0.2610 0.2898 0 0
V4 b = 1 a2 a 0.7754 = 1.0187 121.8 0
V4 c 1 a a2 0.2246 1.0187 121.8 0

83
LINE TO LINE FAULT
To represent a line to line fault through impedance Z f the hypothetical stubs on
the three lines at the fault are connected as shown in Fig. 20.

P
a
If a

b
If b

Zf

c (
If c

Fig. 20
Fault conditions are
I fa = 0
If b + If c = 0 (65)
Vp b Z f I f b = Vp c 84
Using the above conditions along with the relations

Vp(1)a = Vf Z (1) (1)

pp If a

Vp(2)a = Z (2) (2)

pp If a (66)
Vp(0)a = Z (0) (0)
pp If a

we can get the following relations.

I f(0)a = 0 (67)
I f(1)a = I f(2)a (68)
Vp(1)a Z f I f(1)a = Vp(2)a (69)

Vf
and hence fa =
I (1) (70)
Z (1)
pp + Z (2)
pp + Zf

85
To satisfy the above relations the sequence networks are to be connected as
shown in Fig. 21.

Zf

Z (1)
Z (2) Z (0)
pp
pp pp

+ I (1)
fa I (2)
fa I (0)
fa
Vf Vp(1)a Vp(2)a
_

Fig. 21

Once I (1) (2) (0)

f a , I f a and I f a are calculated, Vp(1)a , Vp(2)a and Vp(0)a can be computed from
a , V j a and V j a for j = 1,2,...., N ;
Vj(1) j p can be calculated
(2) (0)
eqn. (63). Thereafter
using eqn. (63). The corresponding phase components are then calculated using
the symmetrical component transformation matrix. 86
Example 7

Consider the power system described in example 6. A bolted line to line fault
occurs at bus 3. Determine the currents in the fault, voltages at the fault bus
and the voltages at bus 4.

Solution

fa = 0
For line to line fault I (0)
Vf 1.0
fa = I f a =
I (1) = = j 2.9481
(2)

Z33 + Z33
(1) (2)
j 0.1696 + j 0.1696
The phase components of the currents in the fault are
I f a = I f(0)a + I (1)
fa + I f a = 0
(2)

I f b = a 2 I f(1)a + a I f(2)a = j 3 I f(1)a = - 5.1061

I f c = I f b = 5.1061
Sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are

V3(0)a = 0 ; V3(1)a = V3(2)a = Z (2)

3 3 I f a = ( j 0.1696 ) (j 2.9481 ) = 0.5
(2)

87
Phase components of voltage at bus 3 are

V3 a = V3(0)a + V3(1)a + V3(2)a = 1.0

V3 b = V3 c = a 2 V3(1)a + a V3(2)a = V3(1)a = -0.5

Sequence components of voltage at bus 4 are

V4(0)a = Z (0)
43 I fa = 0
(0)

V4a(1) = Vf Z (1)
43 I f a = 1 ( j 0.1211 ) ( j 2.9481 ) = 0.643
(1)

V4(2)a = Z (2)
43 I f a ( j 0.1211 ) ( j 2.9481 ) = 0.357
(2)

Phase components of voltage at bus 4 are

V4a = V4(0)a + V4(1)a + V4(2)a = 1.0

V4 b = a 2 V4(1)a + a V4(2)a = - 0.5
V4 c = a V4(1)a + a 2 V4(2)a = - 0.5
88
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

For a double line to ground fault, the hypothetical stubs are connected as shown
in Fig. 22.
P
a
If a
b
If b

c (

If c
Zf

Fig. 22
The relations at the fault bus are

I fa = 0
Vp b = Z f ( I f b + I f c ) (71)
89
Vp c = Z f ( I f b + I f c )
Further the relations are also applicable.

Vp(1)a = Vf Z (1) (1)

pp If a

Vp(2)a = Z (2) (2)

pp If a (72)
Vp(0)a = Z (0) (0)
pp If a

Using eqns. (71) and (62) the following relations can be obtained.

Vp(1)a = Vp(2)a
Vp(1)a = Vp(0)a 3 Z f I (0)
fa

I (0)
fa + I (1)
fa + I fa = 0
(2)

On further simplification we get

Vf
fa =
I (1) (73)
pp ( Zpp + 3 Zf )
Z (2) (0)

pp +
Z (1)
Z (2)
pp + Z pp + 3 Zf
(0)

90
To represent the above relations, the sequence networks must be interconnected
as shown in Fig. 23.

Z (1)
pp Z (2)
pp Z (0)
pp

+ I (1)
fa I (2)
fa I (0)
fa
Vf Vp(1)a Vp(2)a Vp(0)a
_

3 Zf

Fig. 23
The sequence currents I (2) (0)
f a and I f a can be obtained from

(2) (1)
Z (0)
pp + 3 Zf
I fa =I fa (2) (0)
(74)
Z pp +Z pp + 3 Zf

(0) (1)
Z (2)
pp
I fa =I fa (2) (0)
(75)
Z pp +Z pp + 3 Zf 91
Knowing I (1) (2)
f a , If a and I (0)
fa sequence components of voltage at fault point are
calculated from

Vp(1)a = Vf Z (1) (1)

pp If a

Vp(2)a = Z (2) (2)

pp If a (76)
Vp(0)a = Z (0)
pp I (0)
fa

Thereafter, sequence components of voltage at any other bus can be obtained

from

a = Vf Z j p I f a
Vj(1) (1) (1)

Vj(2)
a = Z (2)
jp I (2)
fa j = 1,2,....... N (77)
a = Z jp I f a
Vj(0) (0) (0)
jp

Knowing the sequence components, corresponding phase conponents are obtained

as

I a, b, c = A I 0, 1, 2 or Va, b, c = A V0, 1, 2 (78)

92
Example 8

The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence bus impedance
matrices of a power system are shown below.

1 2 3 4
1 0.1437 0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
(1) (2) 2 0.1211 0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
Z bus = Z bus = j
3 0.0789 0.1104 0.1696 0.1211
4 0.0563 0.0789 0.1211 0.1437

1 2 3 4
1 0.19 0 0 0
2 0 0.08 0.08 0
(0)
Z bus = j
3 0 0.08 0.58 0
4 0 0 0 0.19

93
A double line to ground fault with Z f = 0 occurs at bus 4. Find the fault
current and voltages at the fault bus.

Solution

Sequence components of fault current are

Vf 1.0
fa =
I (1) = = j 4.4342
Z Z(2) (0)
( j 0.1437 ) ( j 0.19 )
Z (1) + (2)44 44(0) j 0.1437 +
44
Z 44 + Z 44 j 0.1437 + j 0.19

(2) (1) Z (0) j0.19

I fa =I fa
44
= ( j4.4342 ) = j2.5247
Z (2)
44 + Z (0)
44 j0.1437 + j0.19

(0) (1) Z (2) j0.1437

I fa =I fa
44
= ( j4.4342 ) = j1.9095
Z 44 + Z 44
(2) (0)
j0.1437 + j0.19

94
Phase components of current at the fault bus are

I f a = I (0) (1) (2)

f a + If a + If a = 0

I f b = I (0)
f a + a I f a + a I f a = j1.9095 + 4.4342150 + 2.5247210
2 (1) (2) 0 0

= - 6.0266 + j 2.8642
I f c = I (0) (1) 2 (2)
f a + a If a + a If a = j1.9095 + 4.434230 0 + 2.5247 30 0
= 6.0266 + j 2.8642

Fault current I f = I f b + I f c = j 5.7285

Sequence components of voltage at the faulted bus are calculated as follows.

Noting that Z f = 0

V4(1)a = V4(2)a = V4(0)a = Vf Z (1)

44 I f a = 1.0 ( j0.1437 ) ( j4.4342 ) = 0.3628
(1)

Phase components of faulted bus voltage are:

V4 a = V4(0)a + V4(1)a + V4(2)a = 1.0884

V4 b = 0
V4 c = 0 95
 PROBLEMS UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

1. In an unbalanced circuit the three line currents are measured as

I a = 7.031159.85 0
Ib = 4.3733203.84 0
Ic = 2.6810160.75 0

Obtain the corresponding sequence components of currents and draw

them to scale.

2. For the sequence components calculated in Problem 1, find the

corresponding phase components of line currents and verify the results

graphically.

3. A three phase transmission line has the phase impedance of

21 6 6
z =j 6 21 6
a,b,c
6 6 21

Calculate its sequence impedances. 96

4. A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV alternator has the following reactances:

X1 = 0.25 p.u. X2 = 0.35 p.u. Xg0 = 0.04 p.u. Xn = 0.02 p.u.

A single line to ground fault occurs at its terminals. Draw the

interconnections of the sequence networks and calculate

i) the current in each line

ii) the fault current

iii) the line to neutral voltages

iv) the line to line voltages

Denoting the neutral point as n and the ground as o , draw the phasor

diagram of line to neutral voltages.

5. Repeat Problem 4 for line to line fault.

6. Repeat Problem 4 for double line to ground fault.

7. Repeat Problem 4 for symmetrical three phase fault.

8. Consider the alternator described in Problem 4. It is required to limit the

fault current to 2500 A for single line to ground fault. Find the additional

reactance necessary to be introduced in the neutral. 97

9. Two synchronous machines are connected through three-phase
transformers to the transmission line as shown.

T1 T2
1 2 3 4
1 2

The ratings and reactances of the machines and transformers are:

Machines 1 and 2: 100 MVA, 20 kV, X1 = X2 = 20 %, Xm0 = 4 %, Xn = 5 %

Transformers T1 and T2: 100 MVA, 20 / 345 Y kV, X = 8 %

On a chosen base of 100 MVA, 345 kV in the transmission line circuit, the
line reactances are X1 = X2 = 15 % and X0 = 50 %. Draw each of the three
sequence networks and find Zbus0, Zbus1 and Zbus2.

98
10. The one-line diagram of a power system is shown below.

T1 T3
1 2 3 5 6
1 3

T2

The following are the p.u. reactances of different elements on a common

base.

Generator 1: Xg0 = 0.075; Xn = 0.075; X1 = X2 = 0.25

Generator 2: Xg0 = 0.15; Xn = 0.15; X1 = X2 = 0.2

Generator 3: Xg0 = 0.072; X1 = X2 = 0.15

Transformer 1: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.12

Transformer 2: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.24

Transformer 3: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.1276

Transmission line 2 3 X0 = 0.5671; X1 = X2 = 0.18

Transmission line 3 5 X0 = 0.4764; X1 = X2 = 0.12

99
Draw the three sequence networks and determine Zbus0, Zbus1 and Zbus2.
11. The single line diagram of a small power system is shown below.

T1 T2 S
1 2 P 3 4
1
Switch open

Generator: 100 MVA, 20 kV, X1 = X2 = 20 %, Xg0 = 4 %, Xn = 5 %

Transformers T1 and T2: 100 MVA, 20 / 345 Y kV, X = 10 %

On a chosen base of 100 MVA, 345 kV in the transmission line circuit, the
line reactances are:

From T1 to P: X1 = X2 = 20 %; X0 = 50%

From T2 to P: X1 = X2 = 10 %; X0 = 30%

A bolted single lone to ground occurs at P. Determine

i) fault current IfA, IfB and IfC.

ii) currents flowing towards P from T1.

iii) currents flowing towards P from T2.

iv) current supplied by the generator.

Note that the positive sequence current in winding of transformer lags

that in Y winding by 300; the negative sequence current in winding leads
100
that in Y winding by 300.
12. In the power system described in Problem 10, a single line to ground fault
occurs at bus 2 with a fault impedance of j0.1. Determine the bus currents
at the faulted bus and the voltages at buses 1 and 2.

ANSWERS

1. I a0 = Ib0 = Ic0 = 2120 0 ; I a1 = 3.5 30 0 ; Ib1 = 3.5 270 0 ; Ic1 = 3.5 150 0

I a2 = 360 0 ; Ib2 = 3180 0 ; Ic2 = 3300 0

2. I a = 7.031159.85 0 ; Ib = 4.3733 203.84 0 ; Ic = 2.681160.75 0

3. Z 0 = j 33 ; Z 1 = Z 2 = j 15

4. Ia = -j 3586.1 A Ib = 0 Ic = 0 If = -j 3586.1 A

Va = 0 Vb = 8.0694 102.22 0 kV Vc = 8.0694 102.22 0 kV

Vab = 8.0694 77.78 0 kV; Vbc= 15.7724 90 0 kV; Vca= 8.0694 102.22 0 kV

5. Ia = 0 Ib = -2415.5 A Ic = 2415.5 A If = -2415.5 A

Va = 9.2948 kV Vb = -4.6474 kV Vc = -4.6474 kV

Vab = 13.9422 kV Vbc = 0 Vca = 13.9422 180 0 kV 101

6. Ia = 0 Ib = 4020.95 132.22 0 A Ic = 4020 47.78 0 A If = 5956.08 90 0 A

Va = 5.6720 kV Vb = 0 Vc = 0

Vab = 5.6720 kV Vbc = 0 Vca = 5.6720 180 0 kV

7. Ia = 3347 90 0 A Ib = 3347 150 0 A Ic = 3347 30 0 A

If = 3347 90 0 A

Va = Vb = V c = 0

Vab = Vbc = Vca = 0

8. 0.9655

9. Zero sequence network:

1 2 3 4

102
Positive sequence network:

1 2 3 4

+
+

- -

Negative sequence network:

1 2 3 4

103
 1 0.19 0 0 0
2 0 0.08 0.08 0
Zbus0 = j
3 0 0.08 0.58 0
4 0 0 0 0.19

1 2 3 4
1 0.1437 0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
2 0.1211 0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
Zbus1 = Zbus2 = j
3 0.0789 0.1104 0.1696 0.1211
4 0.0563 0.0789 0.1211 0.1437

10. Zero sequence network:

3 5 6
1 2

104
 0.3 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.104468 0.031065 0 0.031065
Zbus0 = j 3 0 0.031065 0.177871 0 0.177871
4 0 0 0 0.6 0
5 0 0.031065 0.177871 0 0.654271

Negative sequence network:

3 5 6
1 2

105
 Zbus1 = Zbus2 =

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0.167640 0.128108 0.068808 0.031276 0.048041 0.025959

2 0.128108 0.189500 0.101836 0.046289 0.071101 0.038419
3
0.068808 0.101836 0.151377 0.068808 0.105690 0.057109
j
0.031276 0.046289 0.068808 0.140367 0.048041 0.025959
4
0.048041 0.071101 0.105690 0.048041 0.157574 0.085145
5
0.025959 0.038419 0.057109 0.025959 0.085145 0.114956
6
11. IfA = - j 2.4195 p.u.; IfB = 0; IfC = 0

IA = - j 1.9356 p.u.; IB = j 0.4839 p.u.; IC = j 0.4839 p.u.

IA = - j 0.4839 p.u.; IB = - j 0.4839 p.u.; IC = - j 0.4839 p.u.

Ia = - j 1.3969 p.u.; IB = j 1.4969 p.u.; IC = 0

12. I2a = j 3.828162 p.u.; I2b = 0; I2c = 0

V2a = 0.382815 p.u.; V2b = 0.950352 245.680 p.u.

V2c = 0.950352 114.320 p.u.

V1a = 0.673054 p.u.; V1b = 0.929112 248.760 p.u.

V1c = 0.929112 111.2360 p.u. 106