UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM SELANGOR
QSM 505
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COURSE CODE : QSM 505
SUBMISSION DATE : 27 OCTOBER 2017


LECTURERS NAME : DR SULIAHTI BT HASHIM
TITLE : INTERNET OF THINGS IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
GROUP : AP224 3G


PREPARED BY:
NO NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1 ILINA BINTI ADENAN 2017488476

2 NURAISYAH FARAHIN BT NORAZAM 2017488514

3 WAN HAZIQ AZRI BIN WAN MAHAZIR 2017488748

4 MOHAMMAD FAIZ BIN YAACOB 2017488658

5 MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN AZMI 2017451906

1.2) How does IoT facilitate the construction team to deliver project on time?

In this era of globalization, home automation or smart homes is described as a

technology which is used within the home environment to provide comfort, security,
convenience, and energy efficiency to its user or occupants. By inclusion of the Internet
of Things (IoTs), the research and development of home automation are going to
become more and more popular. Different wireless technologies that support remote
data transfer control and sensing such as RFID, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and also cellular
networks have been evolved to add intelligence at various levels in the home. Internet
of Things (IoT) is nothing but physical items talking to each other, machine-to-machine
communications and person-to-computer communications will be extended to things.
Extension of the current Internet which providing communication, connection and inter-
networking in between the devices and physical objects, or also known as IoT. IoT is
the next evolution or generation of the Internet, its like taking a huge leap in its ability
to collect, analyze, and distribute data which ultimately, we can turn into information
then knowledge and finally into wisdom.

The Internet of Things (IoTs) is a connection of an everyday objects like Internet

TVs, smart phones, sensors and actuators to the Internet where this device linked
together intelligently which enables new forms of communication between people and
things. Now anyone can have connectivity with anything at anytime and anyplace and
it is possible to create these connections which extend and possibly create an
advanced dynamic network. Technologies have led to the improvement of the
performance of computers, sensors and networking. These changes have given rise
to the development of several home automation technologies and systems, and it even
effect the whole thing in our daily life.

As we focus on IoT for construction industry, there are huge of impact and one
of it is its help to deliver the project on time. As we know and as we notice, there will
be always a delay for a construction to be done on time, even the major factor or
caused of a delay is been written on PWD form of contract 2010, there is always a
delay caused by another factor. So, as a contractor that need to avoid from being
charged on LAD (Liquidated and Asserted Damages), they need to find a solution on
how to reduce and completely deliver the project on time.
 First of all, the Microsoft project, Microsoft Project is a project management
software product, developed and sold by Microsoft. It is designed to assist a project
manager in developing a plan, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress,
managing the budget, and analyzing workloads. With the presence of this software,
the progress of construction from pre-contract stage, construction stage and post
contract stage.

Figure 1.2.1 Project management software

Above is the example of work program during pre-contract stage. As we all

know, every project has a construction schedule. Not only does the schedule outline
how quickly the work will get done, it also outlines how the work will get done. The
schedule defines the sequence and method in which the materials will be put in place.
Thus, the earlier the schedule is put on paper (or computer screen, tablet, etc.) and
communicated to the project team, it will be better.

The construction scheduler needs to think through how to put in place the
proposed elements while maintaining the integrity of the design. The scheduler must
understand the proposed scope of work and the details affecting the connection of
each component in order to create a proper construction schedule. By knowing the
actual lead times and the way materials will be assembled, a good scheduler can
evaluate several possible installation sequences to arrive at the most productive
sequence. Avoiding improvisation imposed by last minute surprises, or lack of
foresight, benefits a project by preventing unnecessary costs and delays. Time
management is the most important things in the construction process, so, by having
this software, it is more useful and time management can be increase.
 Next, is an email. Nowadays, most of us use this platform as a transport to send
a document, a letter or even a picture. The process is faster and by this, a good time
management will be achieved. Compared to previous era, they need to send a
document by postage or any other option and that make the process slower. As an
example, if a group of consultant team want to do a meeting together, they can directly
send an invitation through the email so this will save time and lead to good time
management brings to deliver the project on time. Next example is, any query that is
listed by a quantity surveyor, need to be send to an architect or an engineer, so, they
can use an email as a communication platform to make a confirmation on any query
list that has been asked.

Other than that, a presence of WhatsApp, telegram, and any other

communication platform, help to save time to deliver the message. As a team that
needs to have a clear communication with each other, WhatsApp and telegram is the
best example on the fastest way to one to one communication or even a group
conversation since nowadays, everyone has their own cellphone that has this kind of
apps. So, even though this is just a small apps but this helps to make the construction
team to deliver the project on time.

If you are an architect, you played an important role in this industry since you
are a designer of a client imagination. With the presence of AutoCAD, they can draw
the design just using computer and can even send it through an email to the quantity
surveyor team to calculate the cost. This clearly will save the time. Moreover, if you
are in a consultant team of Quantity Surveyor, there is always not enough time to
calculate the total cost of the construction project since it is all depending on deliver of
an architect drawing and an engineer drawing. To make it done for calculating the
drawing and prepare the Bills of Quantities within estimated time is not easy. They
need at least one month to complete calculating from the below of the ground till the
above of the ground. So, with the presence of calculating software such as Binalink,
Buildsoft and many more, they can save more time. This will help the team to deliver
the project on time.
 Figure 1.2.1 An example of list of an element in the bills of quantity by Buildsoft
software.

TOTAL COST
AFTER TIMES
WITH THE
TOTAL
QUANITTY

DESCRIPTION

Figure 1.2.3 An example of bills of quantity for external work site preparation and
earthwork.

The latest technology thats has been introduced now and has already give the
large impact in construction is called BIM which stand for Building Information
Modeling. BIM is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture,
engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more
efficiently plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure. It is also
act as a sharing the data platform but in a safe way. The intelligence of this software
proven when you can just stay at one place but all of the construction team will get the
same information through this software. This software is not being introduced in
Malaysia yet but in within 3 years time, JUBM (Juruukur Bahan Malaysia) company,
will start using this software. With the introduced of this new software, 50% of times
management can be reduced thus bring to the successful of delivering the project on
time.

Figure 1.2.4 Building Information Modelling (BIM) process flow

It starts with approving the design made by the architect to the client. Once it
has approved, the drawings start to be delivered to others construction team to make
a price analysis, detection, making structural design and so on. After that, all the
consultant team will start to produce clash, reports of all the problems and solution and
they will resolve the problems within the time given. Next, they will start the construction
period for at least 2 years and then will proceed to 1 year of DLP (Defects Liability
Period) and once the project has reached the final account stage, the building is ready
to be fully handed over to the client. With the time saving during pre-contract stages,
the smart building or even the smart construction can be made up since it is all
depending on the internet coverage around you to complete your work.
 Figure 1.2.5 An example of the project overseas that using BIM.

Skype has many benefits for businesses calling between offices or calling
clients. But another innovative use for Skype, the help desk has been adopted. Using
Skype, help desk technicians are already at their computers, ready to troubleshoot
problems and conjure helpful information at a whim.

Furthermore, the uses of video calls such as Skype, helps the consultant team
to do meetings online. With the presence of this IoT, they can simply do meetings
without need to meet each other, other can save time, they can also save money, oil
petrol, and even save the environment with no released of a carbon monoxide gas.
When you record a Skype for Business meeting, you capture audio, video, instant
messaging (IM), screen sharing, PowerPoint slides, whiteboard activity, and polling.
Any of the presenters can record a meeting and save it on their computers. As an
example, the team wants to make an urgent discussion but everyone is busy with their
own schedule. So, they can find a solution by meeting trough Business Skype and
everyone can have discussion at their own place while doing other works. With this
technology, the construction team can do the work faster with the great
communications trough online.
 Figure 9 shows the process of recording the meeting on skype.

As a conclusion, Internet of Things (IoT) has help a lot in delivering the project
on time since it is more economically and has been widely used in construction industry
and even other industry in Malaysia. The connection of devices or physical objects with
embedded sensors, actuators and software by networking technologies to interact with
the internal states or the external environment shows how the IoT works in our daily
life. With the explanation on the IoT above, it is proven that this technology can reduce
the time taken for the project to be done and can deliver the project on time.
1.4) How does the Internet of things transform construction industry so far?

There are many ways internet of things transform construction industry which
are Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM transform the construction industry
which represent the new paradigm to the recent developments in the architecture,
engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. It helps architects, engineers, and
constructors visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any
potential design, construction, or operational issues. BIM can be viewed as a virtual
process that encompasses all aspects, disciplines, and systems of a facility within a
single, virtual model, allowing all design team members (owners, architects, engineers,
contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers) to collaborate more accurately and
efficiently than using traditional processes. As the model is being created, team
members are constantly refining and adjusting their portions according to project
specifications and design changes to ensure the model is as accurate as possible
before the project physically breaks ground.

Figure 1.4.1 shows changing in the AEC industry with BIM

 Second, Internet of things transform Green building to the living buildings.
Green Building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle
from design, construction, operation and maintenance. However Green Building face
challenge due to limited opportunities for integrating different building equipment and
systems to get a holistic view of energy and other green factors in order to be able to
operate building for optimum energy or comfort. IoT combined with ubiquitous
computing provided enormous data and information about building. These relationship
enable Green building to forecast, predict, and optimize its operations and needs. This
ability of Green Building to be self-aware, self-regulated and optimized transforms it
into Sustainable Green Building also some time termed as Living Building
.Moreover internet of things convergence with Green Buildings is right now in its
nascent stage. This convergence is impacting industry and creating a pull by evolution
and acceptance of wireless networking technologies: Smart Green Building.

The other major Internet of things can transform the construction industry is
creating a safer work environment. Safety is of the utmost concern for the construction
industry, which is affected by an annual 10% accident rate. GPS tracking and real-time
alerts are improving safety of assets while keeping track of their usage. This is a truck
driver can be required to wear a wearable, which may come in the form of an activity
band. There also function of wearable which drivers and management can be alerted
if a driver is falling asleep/falls asleep. Construction workers on-site can wear a helmet
and vest with RFID, vitals monitoring, GPS sensors, motion sensors, etc. Proactively
improving safety and security of high-value assets such as employees and equipment.

Figure 1.4.2 shows why construction companies using GPS tracking

2) Internet of Things (IoT) potential for the project

1 Design

During the designing stage of the project, application of Building Information

Modelling (BIM) will greatly enhance the project flows. BIM represents the process of
development and use of a computer-generated model to simulate the planning, design,
construction and operation of a facility (Salman Azhar, 2011). The resulting model, a
Building Information Model, is a data-rich, object-oriented, intelligent and parametric
digital representation of the facility, from which views and data appropriate to various
users needs can be extracted and analysed to generate information that can be used
to make decisions and to improve the process of delivering the facilityi (AGC, 2005).
Designing team for the project may apply BIM to create intelligent design with 3D
modelling which improve efficiency and accuracy with design.

Designing the project would need commitment from many party and involve
opinions which may change from time to time. However, BIM helps in updating the
design plans, so that changes to one set of plans can be updated simultaneously in all
other impacted plans. This automatically solves the problem of lag-time between and
update and delivery of new information during designing phase of the East Coast Rail
Link (ECRL) project. It is suitable to be applied in this mega project which involves long
period of time as it saves valuable time, cost, and resources by implementing new
design elements immediately.

A case study was carried out to illustrate the cost and time savings realized by
developing and using a building information model for an actual construction project.
The data for this case study is provided by Holder Construction Company, Atlanta,
Georgia (Salman Azhar, 2011). The project details are as follows:

Project name: Hilton Aquarium, Atlanta, Georgia

Project scope: $46M, 484,000 SF hotel and parking structure
Delivery method: Construction manager at risk
Contract type: Guaranteed maximum price
Design assist: GC and subcontractors on board at design definition phase
BIM scope: Design coordination, clash detection, and work sequencing
File sharing: Navisworks used as common platform
BIM cost to project: $90,000 - 0.2% of project budget ($40,000 paid by owner)
Cost benefit: $600,000 attributed to elimination of clashes
Schedule benefit: 1143 hours saved
 Holder Construction created 3D models of the architectural, structural and
plumbing systems of the proposed building. These models were created during the
design development phase using detail level information from subcontractors based
on drawings from the designers.

Architectural Model Structural Model Plumbing Model

Building Information Modelling for Hilton Aquarium, Atlanta, GA (Courtesy of: Holder
Construction, Atlanta, GA)

This method allowed project team members to perform their work in the comfort
of their traditional 2D, drawing-based delivery process and eliminated the potential risk
that is often associated with open sharing of digital models across stakeholders.
Through frequent 3D coordination sessions, the project team was able to quickly
identify and resolve system conflicts, saving an estimated $600,000 in extras and
avoiding months of potential delays (Salman Azhar, 2011).

During the construction process, non-BIM-savvy stakeholders made use of

Holders visualization models through a free viewer (i.e. Navisworks). The collaborative
3D viewing sessions also improved communications and trust between stakeholders
and enabled rapid decision making early in the process (Salman Azhar, 2011). Finally,
Holders commitment to updating the model to reflect as-built conditions provided the
owner, Legacy Pavilion, LLC, a digital 3D model of the building and its various systems
to help aid O&M procedures down the roadii (CIFE, 2007).

2 Procurement

In procurement, the IOT will increase in spend visibility and a better

understanding of supply and equipment usage for the project. This will help the
procurement team improve catalogue content and spend management by knowing
exactly what is being used and exactly what is needed. The ability to more accurately
predict these needs will also greatly improve budget and contract management
(Busch, 2015).
 Taking full potential of the procurement benefits of IoT would require
consultants and solutions to be flexible and efficient. Even though the procurement
department will be working with more analytics than ever before, the IoT should not
increase administrative and operating costs for this mega project.

As devices become smarter, more mobile and more connected, the devices
used to manage them need to do the same. Mobile procurement will become an even
more vital element of your procurement strategy. On the purchasing side, users and
employees will need their procurement workflows to be mobile and connected just like
everything else in their lives (Busch, 2015). Even more important, however, is that the
procurement department is able to analyse the insights gathered from its users
purchases and activity in a mobile and connected way. The same method can be
applied in the procurement process of this project. Between contractor and the client,
e-tendering can be used to purchase the tender which is handy and safe travelling
time. The project open to companies and consortia, who are interested in participating
in the project, in the areas of ECRL railway design, funding, construction, operations
and maintenance across the supply chain.

Manual data entry, paper-driven processes, and legacy software systems have
plagued procurement for too long. Todays software solutions are taking procurement
to the cloud but not all cloud solutions are created equal, and many are as inefficient
as the systems they are replacing. By leveraging a 100% true cloud platform for pre-
integrated business processes and applications, E-procurement system is changing
the way businesses optimize every dollar (and Euro, yen, and peso) around the world.

E-procurement refers to the use of electronic methods in every stage of the

purchasing process from identification of requirements through payment and
potentially to contract management (Davila et al., 2003). There are six forms of e-
procurement: e-ordering/e-maintenance repair operate, web-based enterprise
resource planning, e-sourcing, e-tendering, e-reverse auctioning/e-auctioning and e-
informing (de Boer et al., 2002). Some of the benefits of adopting e-procurement
include savings in purchasing transaction cost resulted from less paperwork, less
mistakes and more efficient purchasing process (Croom and Brandon-Jones, 2007).

The IoT will greatly improve procurement productivity for the entire
organization, if the company is equipped to process the analytics gained and make
them actionable to the right people (Busch, 2015).
3 Construction

a) Providing Construction Equipment Data

With smart devices ubiquitous on appliances in homes and business, those in

construction can use the same thing on equipment. Many devices go beyond the
basics of calculating machine hours or fuel consumption. Now it can go into more
complex data like engine load or fluid pressures. More detailed data on how your
equipment works to prevent downtime with unexpected repairs. Better scheduling
of preventative maintenance helps your construction equipment last longer to
avoid spending more on replacements. Using smart devices for equipment health
checks also enables you to study the above stats through a mobile device. When
youre on the go, it makes it easy to manage your equipment without having to
make a special trip to your headquarters.

The control transportation of materials from the factory to the construction site
is considered as a part of the constructive process. Grau et al. (2008) study the
shipping and receiving of steel constructive components, which are transported in
a trailer. The authors have analysed different kinds of tags, the bed conditions and
the truck speed. Related to this conveying analysis, the mileage of the vehicles is
an important factor to consider, aiming to improve the efficiency of these trips and
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This objective can be achieved by means of
a radio frequency identification system helping to reduce the CO2 emissions from
transportation and to increase the vehicle loading rate (Kaneko, 2008).

b) Tracking Construction Equipment

Keep in mind that IoT goes beyond just providing data. It can also track how,
when, and where your equipment gets used. Considering a lot of these tools have
to go to various work sites, how can you track where they go and if theyve been
returned? Using sensor technology, youll pick up on your mobile device where
your work equipment went and where it still is. Again, this helps your management
duties when you have no time to return to the office.

Cranes and excavators are dangerous vehicles that can cause accidents
during the building process. In spite of the safety conditions in the construction
scenes, thousands of workers are wounded every year. More precisely, vehicles
and heavy equipment are one of the primary sources of fatalities in construction,
accounting for nearly 36% (TCFCRAT, 2013). The development of a personal
warning system can alert workers to the dangers of hazards using working area
information (Chae, 2009). Wu et al. (2009) have studied and classified the
category and frequency of struck-by-falling-object accidents, controlling the
position of materials and labour force by means of a RFID system.

c) Monitoring project remotely

One of the greatest aspects to IoT is the ability to monitor your construction
projects on a mobile device from afar. You may have to spend time at other work
sites, and now you can monitor whats going on in other locations when you cant
be everywhere at once. When branching out to international construction planning,
this is going to become extremely valuable to cut down on travel time.

The continuous movement of materials and workers in the job site, together
with the advances in the works, make the monitoring of resources in the
construction environment truly complicated. RFID technologies are not able to
control every process carried out in the workplace. However, the combination of
several technologies can automate the monitoring systems, helping measure the
progress of every process. Thus, laser scanning and photogrammetry can be used
for site representation, RFID and barcodes for collecting actual working hours and
modelling for information purposes and updating planned data (El-Omari, 2011).
The control of the status of materials in the job sites by means of RFID technology
is a useful tool to show a 4D CAD model of the building under construction and to
compare the planned model with the built one (Montaser, 2013). To visualize the
construction progress in real time, other authors Wang (2013) propose the
integration of building information management (BIM) models and augmented
reality. They suggest the use of an RFID system to track different components.
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