Functions and Relation PDF

What Is This Module About?
The idea of relations can be seen in our daily life.We say that two or more elements of two
sets may be related. For example, if the elements are people, we can note relationships among
them. If the elements are the number of hours spent by a student in studying his lesson, we can
relate the time spent to his achievements.
This module will discuss concepts on relations and functions. It includes three lessons,
namely:
Lesson 1 Describing and Classifying Relations
Lesson 2 Differences between Functions and Relations
Lesson 3 Domain and Range
What Will You Learn From This Module?
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

describe relations using arrow diagrams;
classify relations as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one

many-to-many;
state whether a given relation is a function or not;
differentiate functions from relations;
determine whether a graph is a function or merely a

relation; and
determine the domain and range of relations and functions.
Before you begin reading Leasson 1, answer first some questions to determine how much
you already know about the topics in this module.
1
Lets See What You Already Know
I. 1. Which of the following is not a function?

A. Jollibee
Characters of Jollibee Mr. Yum
Popo
Hetty
Twirlie
B. Blue B
Pink P
Green G
Yellow Y
C. PLDT
GLOBE Telephone Companies
SMART
BAYAN TEL
D. 1 1
1
2 2
2
2. Which of the following graphs describes a function?
A. C.
B. D.
2
3. What is the range of the relation {(Adam, Eve), ( Anthony, Cleopatra), (Samson,
Delilah )}?
A. { Adam, Anthony, Samson}
B. { Eve, Cleopatra, Delilah}
C. { Adam, Anthony , Eve }
D. { Adam, Anthony, Samson, Eve, Cleopatra, Delilah}
4. Given: {(Monday, Mon.), (Tuesday, Tues.), (Wednesday, Wed),
(Thursday, Thurs.), (Friday, Fri.)}. What is the domain of the function?
A. { Monday, Tuesday , Wednesday, Thursday, Friday }
B. {Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri.}
C. { Monday, Tuesday , Wednesday, Wed, Thursday, Friday }
D. {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Mon., Tues., Wed.,
Thurs., Fri.}
For nos. 57. Given

A. C
CARE A
R
E
B. father mother
brother sister
uncle aunt
C. Mercury
Venus
Earth Some Planets in our galaxy
Mars
Jupiter
D. 0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
3
5. Which is an example of a one-to-many relation?
A. A B. B C. C D. D
6. Which shows a many-to-one relation?
A. A B. B C. C D. D
7. Which is a many-to-many relation?
A. A B. B C. C D. D
8. Which is an example of a function?
A. {(1,1), (1, -1), (2,2),(2, -2), (3,3) ,( 3, -3), (4,4)}
B. {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3), (1, 4)}
C. {(x,y)/ x = 5}
D. { (x,y)/y = 6 }
9. Which is an example of a one-to-one relation?
A. {(January, J), (February, F), (March, M), (April, A), (May, M)}
B. {(a, 1) , ( a, 2 ) , ( b,3), ( b,4)}
C. {(a,3), (b, 3), ( c, 5 )}
D. {(a, t), ( b, t ), ( c, t) ( d, t) }
10. In how many point(s) will the vertical line intersect the graph of a function?
A. at only one point
B. at most one point
C. at more than one point
D. at no point at all
11. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Every function is a relation.
B. A relation is not necessarily a function.
C. Every relation is a function.
D. The set {(n,g),(i,i),(c,r), (e,l) is a relation with domain
{n,i,c,e} and range { g,i,r,l }
4
II. Determine whether the following graph is a function or merely a relation.
1. 3.
2.
. . 4.
.
Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in
the Answer Key on page 39 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much
about the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you
already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, dont feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will
help you to understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If
you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a
lot more! Are you ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.
5
LESSON 1
Describing and Classifying Relations
The concept of relations in our everyday life has to do with association between two sets of
objects, things or persons. For example, if the elements of the two sets are people, they may be
father or son, mother or daughter, or friends. You can also find a relationship between height and
weight, the measure of your waistline and your neck, etc.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
describe relations using an arrow diagram; and
classify relations as one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
Study the dialogue below.
Whom do you
love?
Eugene
Flor Glo
Joy Terry
Olive Raphael John Elma
Raphael John is a student of MABAIT High School. One day, his teacher asked, Whom
do you love? Raphael John replied, I love my mother. Joy said, I love my father. Olive said,
I love my parents, friends and even my enemies. Terry replied, I love GOD, my country, and
my parents. Elma said, I love GOD, my country, and my parents, friends and even my
enemies.
The teacher also asked, Who loves you? Glo said, My Mom loves me!
Eugene replied, My parents, my brother and my friends love me.
Flor said, Ed loves me.
If you are one of the students of that class, how will you respond to the question, Whom
do you love?
6
Your answer could be one or all of the following:
GOD, parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, countrymen, friends, pets, money.
We can illustrate the dialogue with a diagram using arrows to mean love as follows:
Raphael John mother
Joy father
Ed Flor
mother Glo
parents
Olive friends
enemies
GOD
Terry country
parents
GOD
country
Elma parents
friends
enemies
parents
friends Eugene
brother
7
Answer the following questions:
1. Do the arrows point from left to right or from right to left?
______________________________________________________________
2. How many cases show that one element on the left side is paired with one element on
the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How many cases show that one element on the left side is paired with several elements
on the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. How many cases show that several elements on the left side are paired with only one
element on the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with mine:

1. All arrows point from left to right.
2. There are four cases. Raphael John is paired with his mother, Joy is paired with her
father, Ed is paired with Flor, and mother is paired with Glo.
3. There are three cases namely: Olive is paired with her parents, friends and enemies;
Elma is paired with GOD, her country, parents, friends and enemies; and Terry is
paired with GOD, her country, and parents.
4. There is only one case: parents, friends and brother are paired with Eugene.
Did you get the right answers?
8
Consider the following relations:
1 3
2 6
3 9
4 12
1
2
Factors of 6
3
6
J
JOY O
Y
1
3 Odd numbers less than 9
5
7
North
South
Directions
West
East
Aurea
Rene English
Alice Math
Minda Science
MaryFe Filipino
Student-subject relation
9
Answer the following:
1. Do the arrows point from left to right or from right to left?
______________________________________________________________
2. How many cases show that one element on the left side is being paired with one
element on the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How many cases show that one element on the left side is paired with several elements
on the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. How many cases show that several elements on the left side are being paired with only
one element on the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. How many cases show that several elements on the left side are paired with several
elements on the right side? Name them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with mine:
1. All arrows point from left to right.
2. Only in one case this time. Here, 1 is paired with 3; 2 is paired with 6; 3 is paired with
9 and 4 is paired with 12.
3. There are two cases. In the first case, number 6 is paired with its factors. In the second
case, the name Joy is paired with its spelling.
4. There are two cases. In the first case, odd numbers that are less than 9 are listed out
and paired with the phrase odd numbers less than 9. In the second case, North,
South, West, and East are paired with the word Directions.
10
5. There is only one case. The diagram shows the student-subject relation.
Aurea is paired with English, Math, Science, and Filipino

Rene is paired with English, Math, Science, and Filipino
Alice is paired with English, Math, Science, and Filipino
Minda is paired with English, Math, Science, and Filipino
Mary Fe is paired with English, Math, Science, and Filipino
This time, did you get the right answers? If you did, you are doing well. If not, read and
study pages 6 to 11 again.
Lets Study and Analyze
The examples above describe relations using an arrow diagram. Relations can be
classified as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one and many-to-many.
Relations are said to be one-to-one if each element of the first set is paired with one and
only one element of the second set.
Here are examples of a one-to-one relation:
Raphael John mother, Joy father
Ed Flor
Relations are said to be one-to-many if each element of the first set is paired with more
than one element of the second set.
Here are some examples of one-to-many relation:
parents
Olive friends
enemies
GOD
Terry country
parents
GOD
country
Elma parents
friends
enemies
11
Now, when do relations become many-to-one?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
Relations are said to be many-to-one if each element of the first set is paired with one
element of the second set and a different first element matches with the same second element.
Here are examples of a many-to-one relation.
Mother
Glo
Phon
parents
friends Eugene
brother
When do relations become many-to-many?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Relations are said to be many-to-many if several elements of the first set are paired with
several elements of the second set.
Did you get the correct answer? If you did, thats good.
Lets Remember
You can describe relations using arrow diagrams.

You can classify relations as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and
many-to-many.
12
Lets Review
What type of relation is illustrated in each?

1. food
shelter
needs clothing
money
love
2. B 1
E 2
A 3
U 4
T 5
Y 6
3. by wheels
land transportation using animals
by rails
4. Math
English
Academic
Filipino
subjects
Science
Social Studies
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39 .
13
LESSON 2
Differences Between Functions and Relations
In the previous lesson you learned how to describe relations using arrow diagrams and
how to classify them. In this lesson, we will discuss functions, in addition to other aspects
of relation.
At the end of the lesson you should be able to:
describe relations using ordered pairs;
state whether a given relation is a function or not;
differentiate functions from relations; and
determine whether a given graph depicts a function or merely a relation.
Relations?
Functions?
How can I
differentiate one
from the other?
Angie an NFE learner is busy preparing for the NFE accreditation examination. She is going
to take the examination next month. One of the topics she is reviewing is about relations and
functions. She forgot the difference between function and relation.
Can you help her?
Suppose you are given the following relationships:

1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
14
You can change each relationship to a set of an ordered pair (x,y) where x is the
element on the left side and y is the element matched to it. Following this, the given arrow
diagrams in the previous page can be expressed as { (1,2), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8), (5, 10) }.
Following the pattern (x,y), how can you express the relationship below?
J S
O A
Y D
They can be expressed as {(J,S), (O,A), (Y,D)}.
If you are given the following, how will you change each to a set of ordered pair?
C L
A O
R V
E E
Compare your answer with mine. { ( C,L ), ( A,O ), ( R,V ), ( E,E ) }
Look at the following examples:
Ex. 1. { (1,1), (1,2 ), ( 1,3 ), ( 1,4 ), ( 1,5 )}
2. { ( x, w ) , ( x, x ), ( x, y ), ( x, z ) }
3. { ( 1, 1), ( 1, 1 ), ( 2, 2 ), ( 2, 2 ) ( 3,3 ) }
4. { ( a, a ), ( b, a ), ( c, a ) , ( d, a ) }
5. { ( 1, 2 ), ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6 ), ( 4, 8 ) }
6. { ( 1, 2 ), ( 0, 3 ), ( 1, 4 ) , ( 2, 5 ) , ( 3, 6 ) }
Look at example 1. What do you observe regarding the values of x?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Look at example 4. What do you observe regarding the values of x? Is there a
repetition of the values of x?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15
Compare your answers with mine.
In example 1, the values of x are the same.
{ (1,1), (1,2 ), ( 1,3 ), ( 1,4 ), ( 1,5 )}
values of x are repeated

In example 2, the values of x are the same.
{ ( x, w ) , ( x, x ), ( x, y ), ( x, z ) }
values of x are repeated

In example 3, some of the values of x are repeated.
{ ( 1, 1), ( 1, 1 ), ( 2, 2 ), ( 2, 2 ) ( 3,3 ) }
some values of x are repeated

In example 4, there is no repetition of the values of x.
{ ( a, a ), ( b, a ), ( c, a ) , ( d, a ) }
no repetition of the values of x

{ ( 1, 2 ), ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6 ), ( 4, 8 ) }

{ ( 1, 2 ), ( 0, 3 ), ( 1, 4 ) , ( 2, 5 ) , ( 3, 6 ) }

Did you get the correct answers?
16
Lets Learn
Notice that for examples 1-6, there are characteristics which match the left elements
with the right elements. This means that there exists a relationship between the values of x
and the values of y. You call this a relation. Hence relations can also be presented using
sets of ordered pairs.
Note that in example 1, there is only one value for x. In examples 2 and 3, there is a
repetition with respect to the first element.
In examples 4, 5 and 6, there is no repetition regarding the first element.
Here, examples 4, 5 and 6 are functions; the rest are relations only. So, how can you
differentiate functions from relations?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Given ordered pairs, if there is no repetition of the first element, then the relation
presented is also a function. If there is a repetition of the first element, only a
relation is presented.
Lets Remember
An ordered pair with no repetition of its first element is a function. If there is a

repetition of its first element, then it is a relation only.
17
Let us illustrate a function and a relation in graphs. Look at figure 1 where graph 1 is
illustrated.
If you draw a vertical line anywhere in graph 1, how many times do you think will your line
intersect graph 1 ?
y
5 Graph 1
4
3
2
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
Figure 1
Lets try it! Suppose the vertical line you made are represented in broken lines.
Graph 1
y
5
4
3
2
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
2
vertical line 1
3 vertical line 2
4
vertical line 3
vertical line 4
Figure 1
In Figure 1, let us suppose that you have drawn four vertical lines across Graph 1. Can you
tell how many times vertical line 1 intersected or touched graph 1 ? What about vertical line 2 ?
What about vertical lines 3 and 4 ?
From Figure 1, we can see that each of the four vertical lines that we had drawn accross
graph 1, only touched or intersected with Graph 1 once. This is the maximum number of times
any line drawn accross graph 1, will touch or intersect graph 1.
18
If we are to plot the points where each of the two lines intersected, we have the
following :
{ ( 2,5 ) ( 1,4 ) ( -2, 2 ) ( 0, -3 ) }
Notice if there is a repetition of the first elements or the values of x. There is no
repetition, right ? Since there is no repetition of the values of x which is the first element,
then we can say that Graph 1 is a function. We say that Graph 1 is a function because the
maximum number of times any line will intersect or touch Graph 1 is only once.
Now, let us look at Graph 2 in Figure 2:y Graph 2
5
4
3
2
1
x
1
2
3
4
Figure 2
Again we will try to draw several vertical lines across Graph 2. Let our lines be
represented in broken lines. Then, lets look at Graph 2 again.
y
Graph 2
5
4
3

2

1
x
1 1 2 3 .4
2
3
4

vertical line 1
vertical line 2
vertical line 3
vertical line 4
Figure 2
19
Can you tell how many times our vertical lines intersected or touched Graph 2 ?
From Figure 2, we can see that the broken lines which cut across Graph 2 touched or
intersected Graph 2 at most twice or two times. Vertical line 1 touched Graph 2 at two
points, so with broken lines 2 and 3, although broken line 4 touched the graph only once.
The maximum number that any line can intersect or touch the graph is two.
We can say that Graph 2 is only a relation because a line can intersect Graph 2 at more
than one point.
You can determine whether a given graph is a function or only a relation by drawing
vertical lines. If it touches or intersects the graph at only one point at the most then it is a
function. This means that the vertical line can only touch or intersect the graph at only one
point.
If the vertical line intersects the graphs at more than one point, then the graph is only a
relation.
Can you determine which of the following graph is a function ? Which illustrates only a
relation ?
y
A. 5
4
1.
3
2
1
x
1
2
3
4
5
2. 4
3
2
1
x
1
2
3
4
20
y
5
4
3
3. 2
1
x
1
2
3
4

Graph 1 is a function because any line drawn across it can intersect or touch the graph at
only one point. If I will draw any vertical line across it, it will only touch the graph at only one
point.
Graph 2 is a relation, because any vertical line drawn across it can intersect or touch the
graph at most, two points.
Graph 3 is a function, because any vertical line drawn across it can intersect or touch the
graph at only one point.
Lets Remember
You can describe relations using a set of ordered pairs.
A set of ordered pairs may be a function if there is no repetition with regard to
the first element. If there is repetition, it is simply a relation.
If you draw a vertical line anywhere in the graph and this intersects the graph at
only 1 point at the maximum, then the graph represents a function. If the line
intersects at more than 1 point, then the graph is a relation.
21
Lets Review
A. Determine whether the following is a function or only a relation.

1. { (c, d) , (a, o), (t, g) }
2. { (1,5) (2, 10) , (3, 15) , (4, 20) }
3.
4.
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39.
22
LESSON 3
Domain and Range
In Lesson 1, you learned how to describe relations using arrow diagrams and how to
classify them. In Lesson 2, you learned that relations can also be described using ordered
pairs. You also learned to distinguish whether a given relation is a function or just a
relation, given sets of ordered pairs and their graphs.
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
determine the domain of a given relation or function; and
determine the range of a given relation or function .
Can you help me find

the domain and range?
You learned in Lesson 2 that relation can be described as a set of ordered pairs. The set
containing all the possible first elements of the ordered pairs describing a relation or a function is
called the domain of the relation or the function. Suppose you are given set A = { ( H, 1),
(I, 2 ) } , the domain is { H, I } . The set containing all the possible second elements of the
ordered pairs describing a relation or a function is called the range of the relation or the
function. In set A, the range is { 1,2 }.
Hence, the domain refers to the possible value or values of x while the range refers to the
possible value or values of y.
23
, ), (
If you are given the set which consists of {( , ), ( #, * )}, what is the domain
and range of it?
Domain = { ____________________ }
Range = { ___________________ }
Domain = { , , #}
Range = { , , }
How about if you are given { ( f,p ), ( i,r ), ( r,i ), ( s,z ), ( t,e ) }, what is its domain and its
range?
Domain = { ___________________ }
Range = { ___________________ }
Domain = { f, i, r, s, t, }
Range = { p, r, i, z, e, }
How about if you are given { ( 1,1 ), ( 2,2 ), ( 3,3 ), ( 4,4 ) }, what is the domain and the
range?
Domain = { ___________________ }
Range = { ___________________ }
Domain = { 1,2,3,4 }
Range = { 1,2,3,4 }
Did you get all your answers right? Good!
If youre given { ( x,y ) / y = 2x }, ( this is read as set of x and y such that y = 2x ), to find
its domain, look first for the possible value or values of x.
In the relation y = 2x, what values can you think of as possible for x. Think about
this:
Can you replace x with 1? Answer: ____________
Can you replace x with ? Answer: ____________
Can you replace x with 1/4? Answer: ____________
Can you replace x with 2 ? Answer: ____________
24
Can you replace x with 1? Yes
Can you replace x with ? Yes
Can you replace x with 1/4? Yes

Since it is possible to replace x by 0,1,2; you can replace x by any whole number. Since
you can also replace x by a whole number and 1 or 2, then you can replace x by any
integer. You can also replace x by a fraction and an integer, hence you can replace x by any
rational number.
Since you can also replace x by 2 and 5 , you can replace x by any irrational number. Since
you can both replace x by a rational number and by an irrational number, then the domain is the
set of real numbers.
Note: The set of real numbers comprises a set of rational and irrational numbers. The set
of rational numbers comprises the set of integers and fractions. The set of integers comprises
the set of whole numbers and negative numbers. The set of whole numbers comprises 0 and the
set of counting numbers. The set of counting numbers starts with 1, 2, and so on.
To find the range, you need to find all possible values of y. Hence, if y = 2x and if :
x = 1, then y = 2 ( 1 ) = 2 hence y = 2
x = 2, then y = 2 ( 2 ) = 4 hence y = 4
x = 0, then y=2(0) = 0 hence y = 0
x = 1, then y=2( 1) = 2 hence y = 2
x = 2, then y=2( 2) = 4 hence y = 4
x= , then y=2( ) = 1 hence y = 1
x = 1/4, then y = 2 ( 1/4 ) = 1/2 hence y = 1/2
x= 2 , then y=2( 2) =2 2 hence y = 2 2
x= 5, then y=2( 5) =2 5 hence y = 2 5

Since the possible value or values of y belong to the set of whole numbers, integer, rational
and irrational numbers, the range is the set of real numbers.
25
How about if you are given { ( x,y ) / y = 3x } , what is its domain and its range?
Domain = { ________________________ }
Range = { _________________________}
To find the domain, look first for the possible value or values of x. For y = 3x,
Can you replace x with 3 5 ? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with 2 ? Yes
Can you replace x with 3 5 ? Yes

Since it is possible to replace x by 0,1,2; you can replace x by any whole number. Since you
can also replace x by a whole number and 1 or 2, then you can replace x by any integer. You
can also replace x by a fraction and an integer, hence you can replace x by any rational number.
Since you can also replace x by 2 and 3 5 , you can replace x by any irrational number. Since
you can both replace x by a rational number and by an irrational number, then the domain is the
set of real numbers.
26
To find the range, you need to find all possible values of y. Hence, if y = 3x and if
x = 2, then y = 3 ( 2 ) = -6 hence y = 6
x = 1, then y = 3 ( 1 ) = -3 hence y = 3
x = 0, then y=3(0) = 0 hence y = 0
x = 1, then y=3( 1) = 3 hence y = 3
x = 2, then y=3( 2) = 6 hence y = 6
x= , then y = 3( ) = 3/2 hence y =3/2
x= 2, then y=3( 2) =3 2 hence y = 3 2
x=3 5, then y =3 (3 5 ) = 9 5 hence y = 9 5

Since the possible value or values of y belong to the set of whole numbers, integers,
rational and irrational numbers , the range is the set of real numbers.
What if you are given { ( x,y ) / y = 1 }, what is its domain and its range?
Domain = { ________________________ }
Range = { _________________________}
To find the domain, look first for the possible value or values of x. For y = 1,
27
Since you can replace x by a whole number, an integer, a rational number and an
irrational number, then the domain is the set of real numbers.
To find the range, you need to find all the possible values of y. Hence, if y = 1 the only
possible value for y is 1. Hence the range is 1.
How about if you are given {( x,y ) / y = x }, what is its domain and its range ?
When we speak of x we refer to the value of x regardless of sign.
Take note that: 1 = 1, 0 = 0, 2 = 2,
To find the domain, look first for the possible value or values of x.
For y = x

5

5
Since it is possible to replace x by 0,1,2; you can replace x by any whole number.
Since you can also replace x by a whole number and 5,1 or 1/2, then you can replace x
by any integer. You can also replace x by a fraction and an integer, hence you can replace x
by any rational number. Since you can also replace x by 2 and 5 , you can replace x by
any irrational number. Since you can replace x both by a rational number and irrational
number, then the domain is the set of real numbers.
28
To find the range, you need to find all the possible values of y. Hence, if y = x and if ,
x = 5, then y = (5) = 5 hence y = 5
x = 1, then y = (1) = 1 hence y = 1
x = 1/2, then y = (1/2) = 1/2 hence y = 1/2
x = 0, then y= (0) = 0 hence y = 0
x = 1, then y=(1) = 1 hence y = 1
x = 2, then y= (2) = 2 hence y = 2
x= , then y= ( ) = hence y =
x= 2, then y= ( 2) = 2 hence y = 2
x= 5, then y= ( 5) = 5 hence y = 5
Since the only possible values for y are whole numbers, nonnegative integers,
nonnegative rational numbers and nonnegative irrational numbers, then the range is the set
of nonnegative real numbers.
Thus 1, 2, 1/2, , 2 and 5 cannot be a possible values of y.

Note:
Nonnegative integers comprise 0 and positive numbers only. Nonnegative rational
numbers comprise positive rational numbers and 0.
Nonnegative irrational numbers comprise of positive irrational numbers and 0.
If you are given { ( x,y ) / y = 2x }, what is its domain and the range?
Domain = { ______________ }
Range = { ______________ }
To find the domain, look first for the possible value or values of x.
For y = 2x ,
Can you replace x with 1? Answer: _____________

Can you replace x with ? Answer:_____________
Can you replace x with 2 ? Answer:_____________
Can you replace x with 5? Answer:_____________
29
Can you replace x with -1? Yes

Since you can replace x by a whole number, an integer, a rational number, an irrational
number, then the domain is the set of real numbers.
To find the range, you need to find all possible values of y. Hence, if y = 2x and if,
x = 1, then y = 2(1) = 2 hence y = 2
x = 0, then y = 2(0) = 0 hence y = 0
x = 1, then y = 2 (1) = 2 hence y = 2
x = 2, then y = 2 (2) = 4 hence y=4
x=, then y = 2 () = hence y =
x=22 then y = 2( 2 ) = 2 2 hence y = 2 2
x=5 then y = 2( 5 ) = 2 5 hence y = 2 5
Since the possible values for y are whole numbers, nonnegative integers, nonnegative
rational numbers and nonnegative irrational numbers, then the range is the set of
nonnegative real numbers.
How about if you are given { (x,y) / y = x}, what is its domain and its range?
Domain = { _____________ }
Range = { _____________ }
To find the domain, look first for the possible value or values of y.
For y = x,
Can you replace x with 5 ? Answer: _____________
30
Can you replace x with ? Answer: _____________
Can you replace x with 5? No
Can you replace x with 2? No
Can you replace x with 1 No

We cannot replace x by 5, 2, 1, and 5 , but we can replace x by 0, 1, 2, , 2
and 5 . This means that the only possible values for x are whole numbers, nonnegative integers,
nonnegative rational numbers and nonnegative irrational numbers.The domain is then, the set of
nonnegative real numbers.
To find the range, you need to find all possible values of y. Hence,
if y = x and if
x = -5, then y = 5 this cannot be because there is no
possible value for y


x = 0, then y = 0 = 0 hence y = 0
x = 1, then y= 1 = 1 hence y = 1
x = 2, then y= 2 = 2 hence y = 2
x = , then y= 1 hence y = 1
2 2
31
x= 2 , then y= 2 = 4
2 hence y = 4
2
x = 5 , then y= 5 = 4
5 hence y = 4
5
Since the only possible values for y are whole numbers, nonnegative integers,
nonnegative rational numbers and nonnegative irrational numbers, then the range is the set
of nonnegative real numbers.
Lets Remember:
The set containing all the possible first elements of the ordered pairs
describing a relation or a function is called the domain of the relation or
the function.
The set containing all the possible second elements of the ordered pairs
describing a relation or a function is called the range of the relation or
the function.
Lets Review
Find the domain and the range of the following :

1. { ( A, H ), ( N, A ), ( G, J ), ( I, I ), ( E,E ) }
2. { (1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (0,3), (1,2) }
3. { ( x,y )/ y = 4x }
4. { ( x,y )/ y = x2 }
5. { ( x,y ) / y = x5 }
Compare your answers with the correct ones found in the Answer Key on page 40. Did
you get the right answers? Good !
32
Lets Sum Up
In this module, you learned that:

Relations can be described using arrow diagrams.
Relations are classified either as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-
to-many.
Relations are said to be one-to-one if each element of the first set is paired with one
and only one element of the second set.
Relations are said to be one-to-many if each element of the first set is paired with
more than one element of the second set.
Relations are said to be many-to-one if each element of the first set is paired with one
element of the second set and a different first element matches with the same second
element.
Relations are said to be many-to-many if several elements in the first set are paired
with several elements of the second set.
Relations can be described using a set of ordered pairs.
Given a set of ordered pairs, if there is no repetition with the first element, then it is said
to be a function. If there is a repetition, it is simply a relation.
If you draw a vertical line anywhere in the graph and it intersects the graph at only 1
point at the most ( maximum of one point ), then it is a function. If it is more than 1
point, it is only a relation.
The set containing all the possible first elements of the ordered pairs describing a
relation or a function is called the domain of the relation or the function.
The set containing all the possible second elements of the ordered pairs
describing a relation or a function is called the range of the relation or the
function.
33
Lets See What You Have Learned
I. 1. Which of the following is not a function?

A. eye eyeglasses
ears earring
hand ring
B. H
E
Heart A
R
T
C. Tanduay
Purefoods PBA Basketball Team
Ginebra
Sta. Lucia
D. heart
red card
diamond
club
black card
spade
34
2. Which of the following graphs describes a function?
A. B.
C. D.

3. What is the range of the relation {( L,C ), ( O, A ), ( V,R ), ( E , E )} ?

A. { L, O, V, E }
B. { C, A, R, E }
C. ( L, O, V, C, A, R, E }
D. { A, C, E }
4. Given: {(S,G), (M, L), (A, O), (R, B), (T, E)}. What is the domain of the
function?
A. { S, M, A, R, T }
B. { G, L, O, B, E }
C. { S, M, R, T, G, L, B }
D. { S, M, A, R, T, G, L, O, B, E }
For nos. 5-7 . Given :

A. banana
atis fruits
mangga
B. 3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
35
C. F
FACE A
C
E
D. 1 4
0 5
1 6
5. Which is an example of a many-to-one relation?
A. A B. B C. C D. D
6. Which is a many-to-many relation?
A. A B. B C. C D. D
7. Which shows a one-to-many relation?
A. A B. B C. C D. D
8. Which is an example of a function?
A. { (1,2), (2, 3), (3,4),(3, 5), (4,6) }

B. { (x,y)/ y = 1 }
C. {(x,y)/ x = 4}
D. { (x,y)/ x 2 + y2 = 1 }
9. Which is an example of a one-to-one relation?
A. { (Monday, AM), (Tuesday, A M), (Wednesday, AM)}

B. {(a, 1) , ( a, 1 ) , ( b,2), ( b,2) }
C. { (j,1), (o, 3), ( y, 5 ) }
D. { ( t,1), ( t,2 ), ( t,3) ( t,4) }
10. In how many point(s) will the vertical line intersect the graph of a relation ?
A. only one point

B. at most one point
C. more than one point
D. no restriction needed
11. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Every function is a relation.

B. The domain on the relation { ( s, 1), ( a, 2), (f, 3) , (e,4 ) } is { s,a,f,e,}.
36
C. Every relation is a function.
D. The set {(n,g),(i,i),(c,r), (e,l) is a relation with domain
{ n,i,c,e,} and range { g,i,r,l }
12. When more than one element of the first set is matched with the same element
of the second set, we classify the relation as __________.
A. one-to-one
B. one-to-many
C. many-to-one
D. many-to-many
13. What do you call a relation that is one-to-one and many-to-one ?
A. function
B. association
C. domain
D. range
II. Determine whether the following graphs are either a function or merely a relation.
1.
2.
3.
37
4.
5.
Check your answers on page 40. If you got a score of :

05 Study the whole module again.
6 10 Go back to the parts of the module which you did
not understand very well.
11 15 Good! Just review the items which you did not get
right.
16 20 Very good ! You learned a lot from this module.
You are now ready to go on to the next one.
38
Answer Key
A. Lets See What You Already Know? ( pages 25 )

I. 1. A 8. D
2. A 9. A
3. B 10. A
4. A 11. C
5. A
6. C
7. D
II. 1. Function
2. Function
3. Relation
4. Function
B. Lesson 1
Lets Review ( page 13 )
1. one-to-many
2. one-to-one
3. one-to-many
4. many-to-one
C. Lesson 2
1. Function
2. Function
3. Relation
4. Function
39
D. Lesson 3
1. Domain = { A, N, G, I, E }
Range = { H, A, J, I, E }
2. Domain = { 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }
Range = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
3. Domain = ( , ) or the set of real numbers
Range = ( , ) or the set of real numbers
4. Domain = ( , ) or the set of real numbers
Range = ( 0, ) or the set of nonnegative real numbers
5. Domain = [ 1, ) or the set of real numbers greater than or equal to 1.
Range = ( 0, ) or the set of nonnegative real numbers
E. Lets See What Have You Learned (pages 3438)

I. 1. B since the rest are functions
2. A since the rest are relations
3. B , the range of a relation refers to the second elements on an
ordered pair.
4. A, the domain of a relation refers to the first elements on an
ordered pair.
5. A since several elements of the first set is paired with a single
element in the second set
6. D since several elements in the first set is paired with several
elements of the second set
7. C since one element of the first set is paired with several elements
of the second set
8. B since the rest are relations
9. C since the rest are either one-to-many or many-to-one relation
10. D since even if there is no point of intersection or there is a point
of intersection/s it is still a relation.
11. C since not all relations are function.
12. C since several elements in the first set are paired with one
element of the second set.
13. A since functions are one-to-one and many-to-one relations.
II. 1. Relation
2. Function
3. Relation
4. Function
5. Relation
40
References
Sia, Lucy O., et al. 21st Century Mathematics, Second Year. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. Reprinted 2000.
Capitulo, F. M. Algebra, a Simplified Approach. Manila: National Bookstore, 1989.
41

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What Is This Module About?

What Will You Learn From This Module?

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

classify relations as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one

state whether a given relation is a function or not;

differentiate functions from relations;

determine whether a graph is a function or merely a

determine the domain and range of relations and functions.

I. 1. Which of the following is not a function?

2. Which of the following graphs describes a function?

For nos. 57. Given

Describing and Classifying Relations

Compare your answers with mine:

Aurea is paired with English, Math, Science, and Filipino

Lets Study and Analyze

When do relations become many-to-many?

You can describe relations using arrow diagrams.

What type of relation is illustrated in each?

Differences Between Functions and Relations

Suppose you are given the following relationships:

Look at example 1. What do you observe regarding the values of x?

values of x are repeated

values of x are repeated

some values of x are repeated

no repetition of the values of x

no repetition of the values of x

In example 6, there is no repetition of the values of x.

no repetition of the values of x

An ordered pair with no repetition of its first element is a function. If there is a

Compare your answers with mine.

A. Determine whether the following is a function or only a relation.

Domain and Range

Can you help me find

Can you replace x with 2 ? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with 5 ? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with 2? Yes

Can you replace x with 5? Yes

x= 2 , then y=2( 2) =2 2 hence y = 2 2

x= 5, then y=2( 5) =2 5 hence y = 2 5

Can you replace x with 2 ? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with 3 5 ? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with 2 ? Yes

Can you replace x with 3 5 ? Yes

x= 2, then y=3( 2) =3 2 hence y = 3 2

x=3 5, then y =3 (3 5 ) = 9 5 hence y = 9 5

Can you replace x with 2? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with ? Answer: ____________

Can you replace x with 2 ? Yes

Can you replace x with ? Yes

Thus 1, 2, 1/2, , 2 and 5 cannot be a possible values of y.

Can you replace x with 1? Answer: _____________

Can you replace x with 2 ? Answer:_____________

Can you replace x with 5? Answer:_____________

Can you replace x with 2 ? Yes

Can you replace x with 5? Yes

Can you replace x with 2 ? Yes

Can you replace x with 5? Yes

x = -2, then y = 2 this cannot be because there is no

x = -1, then y = 1 this cannot be because there is no

Find the domain and the range of the following :

In this module, you learned that:

I. 1. Which of the following is not a function?

3. What is the range of the relation {( L,C ), ( O, A ), ( V,R ), ( E , E )} ?