INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL) is a public sector

communication company in India. It is the largest telecommunication company in India
and the sixth largest in the world. Its headquarters are at Statesman House, Barakhamba
Road, New Delhi. It has the status of Mini-ratana - a status assigned to reputed Public
Sector companies in India.

BSNL is India's oldest and largest Communication Service Provider (CSP).

Currently BSNL has a customer base of 64.8 million (Basic & Mobile telephony). It has
footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi
which is managed by MTNL.As on March 31, 2007 BSNL commanded a customer base
of 33.7 million Wire line, 3.6 million CDMA-WLL and 27.5 million GSM Mobile
subscribers. BSNL's earnings for the Financial Year ending March 31, 2006 stood at INR
401.8b (US$ 9.09 b) with net profit of INR 89.4b (US$ 2.02 billion). The foundation of
Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history
of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost
entire 20th century, the Te.lecom in India was operated as a Government of India wing.

BSNL provides almost every telecom service, however following are the main Telecom
Services being provided by BSNL in India:-

1. Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wire line services & Wireless in Local loop
(WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. BSNL is
dominant operator in fixed line. As on March 31, 2007 (end of financial year) BSNL had
76% share of fixed and WLL phones.

2. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile

Telephone services using GSM platform under brand name Cellone. Pre-paid Cellular
services of BSNL are known as Excel. As on March 31, 2007 BSNL had 17% share of
mobile telephony in the country.

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3. Internet: BSNL is providing internet as dial-up connection (Sancharnet) and ADSL-
Broadband Dataone. BSNL has around 50% market share in broadband in India. BSNL
has planned aggressive rollout in broadband for current financial year.

4. Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL is providing in services like tele-voting, toll free
calling, premium calling etc.

Under BSNL various electronic exchanges are developed which provide subscriber a
number of additional facilities, which are not in possible old mechanical exchanges.
Introduction of exchanges like CDOT, E-10B and broadband facilities exchange in India
telecommunication network has ushered a new era.

TOPOLOGIES
The shape of a network, and the relationship between the nodes in that network is
known as the network topology. The network topology determines, in large part, what
kinds of functions the network can perform, and what the quality of the communication
will be between nodes.
Common Topologies

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Star Topology
'Star topology' - A star topology creates a network by arranging 2 or more host
machines around a central hub. A variation of this topology, the 'star ring' topology, is in
common use today.
The star topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
A star topology is typically used in a broadcast or SIMO network, where a single
information source communicates directly with multiple clients. An example of this is a
radio station, where a single antenna transmits data directly to many radios.
Tree Topology
A tree topology is so named because it resembles a binary tree structure from
computer science. The tree has a "root" node, which forms the base of the network. The
root node then communicates with a number of smaller nodes, and those in turn
communicate with an even greater number of smaller nodes. An example of a tree
topology network is the DNS system. DNS root servers connect to DNS regional servers,
which connect to local DNS servers which then connect with individual networks and
computers. For your personal computer to talk to the root DNS server, it needs to send a
request through the local DNS server, through the regional DNS server, and then to the
root server.
Ring Topology
A ring topology is a network where all the nodes are connected to exactly two
other nodes. The result is a circular or "ring" shape.
'Ring topology' - A ring topology (more commonly known as a token ring
topology) creates a network by arranging 2 or more hosts in a circle. Data is passed
between hosts through a 'token.' This token moves rapidly at all times throughout the ring
in one direction. If a host desires to send data to another host, it will attach that data as
well as a piece of data saying who the message is for to the token as it passes by. The
other host will then see that the token has a message for it by scanning for destination
MAC addresses that match its own. If the MAC addresses do match, the host will take the
data and the message will be delivered. A variation of this topology, the 'star ring'
topology, is in common use today.

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 The ring topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
Mesh Network
Mesh topology' - A mesh topology creates a network by ensuring that every host
machine is connected to more than one other host machine on the local area network.
This topology's main purpose is for fault tolerance - as opposed to a bus topology, where
the entire LAN will go down if one host fails. In a mesh topology, as long as 2 machines
with a working connection are still functioning, a LAN will still exist.
The mesh topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
Line Topology
Line topology - This rare topology works by connecting every host to the host
located to the right of it. Most networking professionals do not even regard this as an
actual topology, as it is very expensive (due to its cabling requirements)and due to the
fact that it is much more practical to connect the hosts on either end to form a ring
topology, which is much cheaper and more efficient.
Tree Topology
'Tree topology' - A tree topology, similar to a line topology in that it is extremely
rare and is generally not regarded as one of the main network topologies, forms a network
by arranging hosts in a hierarchal fashion. A host that is a branch off from the main tree is
called a 'leaf.' This topology in this respect becomes very similar to a partial mesh
topology - if a 'leaf' fails, its connection is isolated and the rest of the LAN can continue
onwards.
Bus Topology
Bus topology - A bus topology creates a network by connecting 2 or more hosts to
a length of coaxial backbone cabling. In this topology, a terminator must be placed on the
end of the backbone coaxial cabling - in Michael Meyer's Network+ textbook, he
commonly compares a network to a series of pipes that water travels through. Think of
the data as water; in this respect, the terminator must be placed in order to prevent the
water from flowing out of the network.

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 The bus topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
Hybrid Topologies
Hybrid topology - A hybrid topology, which is what most networks implement
today, uses a combination of multiple basic network topologies, usually by functioning as
one topology logically while appearing as another physically. The most common hybrid
topologies include Star Bus, and Star Ring.
Network Areas
Wireless networks do not have fixed topologies, so it doesn't make sense to talk
about "shape" of these networks. Instead, other characteristics such as network size and
node mobility are of primary importance.
Wireless networks and networking protocols can be divided up based on their
intended range. Networks with smaller ranges have smaller power requirements and often
have less noise to deal with. However, small networks are only able to communicate with
small numbers of clients, compared with larger nodes. Increasing the number of clients in
a network is often more useful, but more agressive techniques need to be employed to
prevent data collisions among multiple users in a large network.
Network Size Designations
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Extremely small networks, often referred to as "piconets" that encompass an area
around a single person. These networks, such as Bluetooth, have a range of only 1-5
meters, and tend to have very low power requirements, but also very low datarates.
personal area network (PAN) -
WIRELESS PAN
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN networks can encompass a building such as a house or an office, or a single
floor in a multi-level building. Common LAN networks are IEEE 802.11x networks, such
as 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n. local area network (LAN) - wireless LAN
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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 These networks are designed to cover large municipal areas. Data protocols such
as WiMAX (802.16) and Cellular 3G networks are MAN networks. metropolitan area
network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide-Area Networks are very similar to MAN, and the two are often used
interchangably. WiMAX is also considered a WAN protocol. Television and Radio
broadcasts are frequently also considered MAN and WAN systems. wide area network
(WAN)
Regional Area Network (RAN)
Large regional area networks are used to communicate with nodes over very large
areas. Examples of RAN are satellite broadcast media, and IEEE 802.22.
Sensor Area Networks
These networks are low-datarate networks primarily used for embedded computer
systems and wireless sensor systems. Protocols such as Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) and
RFID fall into this category.

C-DOT SBM/MBM
1.1 The C-DOT DSS Family
1.1.1 GENERAL
The Centre for Development of Telematics (CDOT) is an Indian Government owned
Telecom Technology development Centre. It was established in 1984 with initial mandate
of designing and developing digital exchanges.
C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch which can be configured for different
applications as local, transit, or integrated local and transit switch.
this discribes the general layout and other requirments for C-DOT DSS MAX
exchanges. it give the reader broad outline of C-DOT exchange
environment i.e. layout of
Switch/IOP/OMC rooms, electrical requirement and other preliminary
arrangements like

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 Air-conditioning, floor preparation etc.
The tipical layout of C-DOT DSS MAX exchange consist of the following
Switch Room
IOP Room
Operation and maintenance Room
Power plant and Battery Room
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)Room
Transmission Room
A/C Room
engine alternator room

In single base module(SBM) configuration, the switch room are provided

as single room whwreas in Multi Base Module(MBM) Configuration, switch
room,IOP room and OMC room are generally located side by side on the same
floor separated by glass partition. Other equipments like power plant, battery,
transmission equipment, MDF, etc. are installed in separate rooms, either on the
same or different floors of the exchange building.In SBM configuration window
type A/Cs are provided in switch room itself.
A/C room houses the required number of air conditioner units.Typical dimension

of A/C room is 4.0m *6.0m Engine alternator whose rating depends on the configuration,
is also installed in a separated room.
Another important feature of the design is the provision of both local and
centralized operation and maintenance. Beginning with local operation and maintenance,
with the installation of similar digital switches in the network, centralized operation and
maintenance will provide maintenance and administration services very economically. All
these services are provided through a simple, interactive man-machine interface.

1.1.2 (switch room)

INTRODUCTION
C-DOT DSS MAX switch room consist of BM & CM cabinets mounted in
standard suites. The cabinets are organized in groups of four cabinets each. Each group is

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called a half suite. In MAX-L/MAX-XL configuration the exchange can be organized as
a number of half suites or full suites. For MAX-L/MAX XL configuration minimum one
and a half suites has to be installed to accommodate CM in second half suites from wall.
If configuration of MAX-L/MAX-XL require more than two suites then CM is to be
installed in third suites.
It is also suggested that one DCDP is sufficient to cater power requirement of three
full suites with IOP, ADP and OMA. If fourth suites is included then one more DCDP is
required to meet power requirement of fourth and fifth suites.
A typical equipment layout in MAX-L exchange switch room is shown in fig. and
equipment layout for MAX-XL switch room is shown in fig.. For five six and seven
suites configuration respectively.
Central Module (CM) placement is different both for MAX-L as well as MAX-XL.
In MAX-L layout (CM) has been shown at 4 th position of the first half of the suites. First
three positions have been used for 2K lines. In MAX-XL CM can be placed at second
or third of the first half suite. Rest of the three position can be used for positioning trunk
BMs. A typical five suites exchange layout for a C-DOT MBM exchange depicting
switch room, IOP room, OMC room in a standard DOT building constructed for
exchange installation with proper pillar dimensions has been shown in fig . This five
suites layout can accommodate about 20K lines. For less line , suites can be reduced
accordingly and for more lines suites can be added. For a typical 20K line MDF space
requirement has been shown in fig.
To allow free movement of personnel & access to equipment, the following standard
suites arrangement have been followed.
Minimum distance between two suites 1000mm
Minimum distance between first suite & wall 1000mm
Minimum distance between last suite and wall 1600mm
Minimum distance between suite and wall 2200mm
On the power side end -2200mm
On the other side end -1000mm

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 ROOM ACCESS
The switch room entrance should be of sufficient size to allow equipment to pass
through easily. The recommended dimensions of the entrance are :
Width - 1.50m
Height - 2.15m

FLOORING
For MBM (MAX-L/MAX-XL) Configuration
C-DOT MAX and most of the electronic equipments contain printed circuit
boards containing components/integrated circuits which are sensitive to static charges.
These components are easily damaged by static electricity.
Therefore C-DAT recommends antistatic flooring or provision of some equipment
in the exchange to discharge the charge carried by the personnel while handling the
printed circuit boards in the equipment.
Nominal thickness of Antistatic flooring should be 2mm and floor strength should
be 600 kg/m2.
FALSE CEILING
The false ceiling comprise of panels made of either aluminum of tiles. Space has
to be left for fixing fire detectors (Refer Appendix-A) and light fittings.
The minimum required height (floor to beam) of switch room should be 3 m. A
false ceiling is not mandatory but may be needed only for old telecom buildings. False
ceiling is required for aesthetic look and make air-conditioning more effective. A general
layout of the floor with antistatic Vinyl flooring and the ceiling.

SWITCH ROOM EQUIPMENT

The C-DOT MAX exchange switch room accommodates cabinets mounted in
standard suites. The cabinets are fixed to the switch room iron work and are
interconnected by cables. The height of the iron work is around 2.4 meters. The cabinet
size is :
Height - 1.854m

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Width - 0.985m
Depth - 0.624m
An equipped cabinet weighs between 350 to 400 kg.
LIGHTING AND POWER OUTLETS
The switch room must have adequate lighting (around 300 lux). The light source
should be fluorescent tubes. Lighting equipment should be touching the surface of ceiling
(false ceiling, if provided). Lights should be aligned over the inter suite passageway
centre line to obtain a good level of illumination. Provision for Emergency Lighting'
should also be there. The switch room should also incorporate electrical wall sockets
approximately every 4m for plugging in installation/testing equipment. These sockets
must be placed approx. 200 mm above the floor level. Power Supply to these sockets
should come from mains as well as from inverters. The lighting arrangement for SBM &
MBM exchanges.

OPENING FOR CABLE

Openings should be provided in walls and floora of switch room for passage of
cables between switching equipment and power source, MDF and OMC. All these
openings should be made available before the commencement of exchange installation
work..
For a a 3 cabinet SBM exchange opening of following dimensions are rquired
between Switch Room and OMC Room : 100mm x 200mm
between Switch Room and MDF Room : 200mm x 300mm
between Switch Room and Power Room : 150mm x 250mm
For a multimodule exchange openings of following dimension are required
between IOP Room and OMC Room : 200mm x 200mm
between Switch Room and IOP Room : 200mm x 200mm
between Switch Room and MDF Room : 1000mm x 600mm
between Switch Room and Power Room : 400mm x 200mm

Earthing
Earth Resistance should be less than 0.5 ohms.

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 AIR CONDITINING
Cabinets do not require any upward throw of conditioned air through their
bottom. Air supply grills, throwing conditioned air, may be conveniently located on the
sides, or on the false ceiling, if provided, to ensure uniform distribution. Heat load of the
exchange due to occupancy and lighting load in the switch room and OMC room is also
considered for air-conditioning provisions.
For a five full suite configuration :
Heat load
Occupancy : 6 persons
Power dissipated by equipments : 40 KW (maximum)
Lighting load : 1 W/sq. ft.
Air conditioning provisions are required to provide the following stipulated conditions
inside switch room/OMC room.
Temperature : 21 + 40C
Relative Humidity: 45% to 65%
Fresh air : 1 and 1/2 changes per hr.
Air cleanliness : Filtration 99% down to 5 micron
It is proposed to take into account the ambient conditions prevailing outside the
switch room, depending upon the part of the country for which the C-DOT exchange is
being planned. An adequate safety factor is considered while finalising the
airconditioning requirements depending upon the ambient conditions of the location.
Duct layout for air conditioning.

CABLE RUNWAYS
Standard practice may be followed for laying the cable runways.

1.1.3 INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (IOP) ROOM

EQUIPMENT
- IOP room houses the following equipments

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 IOPs - 2 No.
VDU Terminal (console) - 2 No.
IOP Power Distribution Panel (IOP PDP) - 1 No.
Modems for RSUs (if any) - 2 Nos. (One at RSU
end and one at MBM
end)

- LINE DRIVERS
If the distance between IOP and the Operator Position in MDF Room is more than
30 meters, line drivers have to be installed at IOP end and at operator position end.
- MISCELLANEOUS
Flooring false ceiling, lighting and Air conditioning are applicable as indicated in
sec. 2.3., 2.4., 2.6 and 2.8 respectively.
A typical IOP/OMC room layout.

1.1.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTRE (OMC) ROOM

- EQUIPMENT
The OMC room incorporates the following equipments
Equipment Qty.
Alarm Display Panel (ADP) 1
OMA 1
Indicator Panel for Fire-detection system 1
Printers- one for each IOP 2
Terminals

VDU Terminals required for different configurations

S.No. Configuration Terminals
(Console + OMC + MDF)
1. <10 K 7 Nos.
2. >10K 10 Nos.

- POWER
-48 DC Supply to ADP and OMA is required

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 Inverter supply to printers and VDUs.

- MISCELLANEOUS
Flooring, False ceiling, Lightning and air conditioning are similar to switch room.
Refer section 2.3, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 for details.

1.1.5 POWER PLANT AND BATTERY ROOM

- POWER ROOM
Presently is SBM exchanges conventional power plant & batteries are being
despatched where as in MAX-L/MAX-XL exchanges only SMPS power plant and VRLS
batteries being despatched.

- CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT

The following equipment are housed in this room
Ploat Rectifier
Switching cubicle
IDP
Battery charger
Dimensions of this room are same as for any Electronic exchanges.
- CONVENTIONAL BATTERY
The battery room accommodates 2 x 24 cell batteries. It is compulsory that the
battery room is located next to power room.
Dimensions of battery room are similar to one applicable as for any electronic
exchange. Power ratings of conventional power plant & batteries are given.

Conventional Power Plant & Battery Specifications for SBM RAX and MAX-L
Configuration DC power Battery Inverter

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 Float Battery DC Switching A.C. Engine
Cubicle (DC 3ph.
Rectifier Charger Alternator
SW.CU) 50Hz
FR) (BC)
SBM RAX upto 1 x 200A 1x 75 A 1000 A 2x 600 2x 75 KVA 50 KVA
1400 lines AH 1KVA
MAX upto 2.5 2 x 400A 1x 600 A 2000 A 2x 1500 3x 200 KVA 150 KVA
K lines AH 1KVA
MAX upto 10 K 2 x 400A 1x 600 A 2000 A 2x 1500 3x 400 KVA 250 KVA
lines AH 1KVA

- SMPS POWER PLANT & VRLA BATTERIES

Power Plan/Battery Room
The following equipments are housed in this room
SMPS based power plant
VRLA Batteries
Give the power rating of SMPS power plant & VRLA battery for MAX-L exchanges.
rating for MAX-XL exchanges and rating for RSU exchanges.
SMPS Power Plant & VRLA Battery Specifications for MAX-L
Configuration Required SMPS VRLA Set Inverter
Module 100 AMP
2K 5+1 2 X 1500 AH 1 KVA X 3
2.5 to 1K 6+1 2 X 1500 AH 1 KVA X 3
5K 7+1 2 X 1500 AH 1 KVA X 3
10 K 10 + 2 2 X 1500 AH 1 KVA X 3
For SBM of 2K, SMPS power plant and VRLA battery requirement is same as in RSU.

SMPS Power Plant and VRLA Battery Specifications for MAX-XL Exchange
S.No. Exchange Max. Power Battery Max Power Qty. of Qty. of
Capacity (K Requirement Size Req. with SMPS SMPS
Lines) of Switch in (VRLA) Battery in 100A 200A
(Amp) No. of sets (Amp) Module Module
X AH
1. >5K to < 10K 425 2 x 2000 825 9+1 5+1
2. >10K to < 12K 475 2 x 3000 1075 12 + 2 6+1
3. >12K to < 14K 540 2 x 3000 1140 13 + 2 7+1
4. >14K to < 16K 600 2 x 3000 1200 14 + 2 7+1
5. >16K to < 20K 725 2 x 3000 1325 15 + 2 8+1

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 Note :
1. Redundancy for SMPS module has been taken as N + 1 for N<10 & N+2 for N>
10 where N is the actual SMPS module requirment.
2. 90% Efficiency of SMPS plant has been taken.
3. Battery capacity has been calculated for 6 hour back up at 80% efficiency.
For 10K MAX-XL Power requirement can be worked out as under
Qty. Power/Unit Amp. Total Power in Amp
Lines BMs 5 20 100
LMs 10 12 120
TRK BMs 4 20 80
IOPs 2 6 12
ADP 1 1 1
OMA 1 1 1
Inverter 3 20 60
CM-XL 1 55 55
Total 429
= 425

Power Plant and Battery Specification for RSUs

S.No. Capacity of Max. Power Battery Size Max. Power Qty. of 50 A Qty. of 100
Exchange Req. of VRLA AH Req with Module A Module
Swtich Only Battery
Amps Amps
1. upto 2K 45 2 x 600 165 4+1 2+1
2. >2K to < 4K 90 2 x 600 210 5+1 3+1
3. >4K to < 6K 135 2 x 600 255 6+1 3+1

1.1.6 MDF ROOM

The MDF room/cable chamber are located as in any other auto-exchange
building. MDF would provide easy access to connector blocks used for terminating
external cables on line side and equipment cables on exchange side. Facilities for
disconnection, interception and testing on either side of the connector block will be
available for day to day maintenance. Complete flexibility will be available through
jumper pair for interconnecting any line side cable pair to any equipment number on the
exchange side of the MDF.
IDC type connector blocks are employed for easy, quick and effective
connections. 10 pair modules with 100 pair connector blocks on the line side and 8 pair

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modules with 64 pair connector blocks on the exchanges side are used with protection
modules on the line side.
MDF is provided in a form of verticals of height 3.5 mtr. On the exchange side of
MDF each vertical is fixed with 10 nos. of 64 pair connector block consisting of 2/8 LSA
module and on line side of MDF is fixed with 10 nos of 100 pair connector block
consisting of 2 x 10 LSA modules. IPMs are provided on Line side for all terminations.
- DIMENSIONS
MDF room/Cable chamber room dimensions are same as for any electronics
exchanges.
5 VErticals MDF is MAX-L/MAX-XL exchanges. MDF for SBM & RSU.

1.1.7 TRANSMISSION ROOM

- GENERAL
Office repeaters and DDF (for digital links) are placed in this room.
-DIMENSIONS
Transmission room dimensions are same as for any electronic exchange.
-DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME (DDF)
DDF is to be installed in transmission room for termination of digital trunks from
trunk BMs and PCM links from RSUs. For each digital trunk BM, 4 Nos. of 2/8 modules
are required on DDF for terminating 15 digital trunks. For each RBM 4 Nos. of 2/8
modules are required on DDF for terminating 16 PCM.

1.1.8 FIRE AND SMOKE DETECTION SYSTE

- GENERAL
All the rooms of an electronic exchange should be equipped with a common fire
detection cum alarm system. The system consists of detectors connected to a general
indicator panel generating both audio and visual alarms and indicating the zones affected.
The response from the detectors is spread over entire technical and non technical
areas.
For mixed monitoring both ionization type and optical type detectors should be
used in 1:1 ratio wired with cross principle.

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- INSTALLATION OF DETECTORS
The detectors should be installed in the Switch Room, IOP Room, MDF Room,
OMC room power Plant and Battery Room.
In addition to this, the detector should be installed where return air ducts (used for
air conditioning) are passing. However, the distance of detectors should be 120mm away
from the air path.
These detectors are to be fixed to the ceiling (or to the false ceiling if provided).
Density of Detectors
The density of detectors should be as follows :

(a) Switch Room and IOP Room 1- detector per 10 sq. mts. (the detectors
should preferably be located above the
suites in the switch room)
(b) OMC Room -1 detector per 20 sq. mtrs.
(c) MDF Room -1 detector per 10sq. mtrs. (Ionization type)
(d) Power Plant/Battery Room -1 detector per, 10 sq. mtrs. (Ionization
Heat detectors)

- CONTROL PANEL
The main control panel should have sufficient zones so that each room can have at
least two zones. The control panel shall have the facility for cutting off power supply to
AHV motors automatically.
- RESPONSE INDICATORS
The response indicators shall be installed at important points where maintenance
staff is available for 24 hours. The face of response indicators shall be towards entrance
of the room.

1.2. BASIC GROWTH/BUILDING MODULES

C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges can be configured using four basic modules
Base Module
Central Module
Administrative Module

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 Input Output Module
i) BASE MODULE
The Base Module (BM) is the basic growth unit of the system. It interfaces the external
world to the switch. The interfaces may be subscriber lines, Analog and digital trunks,
CCM and PBX lines. Each Base Module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The
number of Base Modules directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority
of call processing functions and, in a small-exchange application, it also carries out
operation and maintenance. Functions with the help of the Input Output Module. In
Single Base Module (SBM) exchange configuration, the Base Module acts as an
independent switching system and provides connections to 1500 lines and128 trunks. In
such a configuration, the Base Module directly interfaces with the Input Output Module
for bulk data storage, operations and maintenance functions. Clock and synchronization
is provided by a source within the Base Module. It is a very useful application for small
urban and rural Environments. With minimum modifications in hardware through only
one type of card, a Base Module can be remotely located as a Remote Switch Unit
(RSU), Parented to the main exchange using PCM links.

ii) CENTRAL MODULE

Central Module (CM) consists of a message switch and a space switch to provide inter-
module communication and perform voice and data switching between Base Modules. It
provides control message communication between any two Base Modules, and between
Base Modules and Administrative Module for operation and maintenance functions. It
also provides clock and synchronization on a centralized basis.

iii) ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE

Administrative Module (AM) performs system-level resource allocation and processing
function on a centralized basis. It performs all the memory and time intensive call
processing support functions and also administration and maintenance functions. It
communicates with the Base Module via the Central Module. It supports the Input Output

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Module for providing man-machine interface. It also supports the Alarm Display Panel
for the audio-visual indication of faults in the system.

iv) INPUT OUTPUT MODULE (I0M)

Input, Output Module (IOM) consists of duplicated Input Output Processor (IOP). The
Input Output Processor (IOP) is a general-purpose computer with UNIX Operating
System. It is used as the front-end processor in C-DOT DSS. It handles all the input and
output functions in C-DOT DSS. The IOP is connected to AP/BP via HDLC links. During
normal operation, two IOPs interconnected by a HDLC link, operate in a duplex
configuration. Working as front-end processor, it provides initial code down load to the
subsystems, man machine interface and data storage for billing and other administrative
information.IOP interfaces various secondary storage devices like' disk drives, cartridge
tape drive and floppy drive. All the bulk data processing and storage is done in
thismodule.Thus, a C-DOT DSS exchange, depending upon its size and application,
consists of Base Modules (maximum 32), Central Module, Administrative Module,
Input/Output Module and Alarm Display Panel. The Base Modules can be remotely
located or co-located depending on the requirement.

1.2.1. REMOTE SWITCH UNIT

Remote Switch Unit (RSU) is an integral part of C-DOT DSS architecture. In order to
realize a RSU, the normal BM can be modified for remoting with the host exchange via 2
Mbps digital links. A maximum 16 PCMs can be provided between a RSU & Main
exchange. Analog and Digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in RSU to support
direct parenting of small exchanges from RSU itself instead of parenting it to the main
exchange which will ultimately save the media required from main exchange. As far as
call processing is concerned, RSU is an autonomous exchange capable of local-call
completion. In the event of failure of PCM links, RSU goes into standal one mode of
operation. In case it is not possible to process a call request due to unavailability of links
to the host, the subscriber is connected to appropriate tone or announcement. During
standalone mode of operation, the local and incoming terminating calls in RSU are

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switched and the metering information of all the RSU subscribers is stored in the RSU. It
is sent to the host whenever the PCM links are available again. A maximum 16 RSUs are
possible in C-DOT DSS MAX-XL and 8 RSUs in MAX-L.

1.3. SYSTEM FEATURES

1.3.1 GENERAL FEATURES

This section includes system features related to the CDOT DSS MAX. Theyre:
TYPES OF SERVICES
The CDOT DSS of different capacities can be put to use at various switching nodes in the
telecommunication network.
MAX
Main Automatic Exchange MAX is expandable to large capacities of order of 2000 lines
or beyond. The MAX may have Remote Modules (RM) and Remote Line Concentrators
(RLC) connected to it.

RAX Rural Automatic Exchange (RAX) is a small exchange and is expandable up to

2000 lines capacity. Single Base Module configuration (i.e. CDOT SBM RAX) with or
without concentration) comes under the RAX category.
TYPES OF APPLICATION
The system can be put to the following applications:
Replacements
The exchange can serve as replacement of an existing switching system due to be phased
out from the network.
New Exchanges
Wherever new exchanges are opened, the CDOT DSS MAX can provide the switching
network within the existing telecom network.
Extensions
The capacity of an existing CDOT switching system can be increased. For example if the
capacity of an existing CDOT exchange is 512 points, it can be increased, to say, 4000
lines.

20
TYPE OF SYSTEM
The system is Stored Programmed Controlled (SPC) which makes it possible to work in
attended/non-attended type of working environment.
TYPE OF NETWORK
The switching network within the system is 4-wire digital.
TYPE OF COMPONENTS
The different type of components used include integrated circuits, miniature
relays, PCB, etc. The connecting scheme between various modules emphasis
Connectorised hardware.

1.3.2 NUMBERING PLAN FEATURES

This section includes features related the directory numbering plan.
LEVEL 0 FOR TAX STD
Digit 0 is used for getting access to the trunk automatic exchange to route STD
(Subscriber Trunk Dialing) traffic to subscribers connected to the national TAX network.
LEVEL 1 SPECIAL SERVICE
CDOT DSS provides for three digit or more than three digit access codes for level 1
special service.

LEVEL 9 POINT TO POINT STD

Digit 9 is used for getting access to the Stronger STD tandem for point-to-point
subscriber dialed calls. In CDOT DSS, 9 is used for checking STD barring etc.
PREFIX 00 FOR ISD THROUGH TAX
Code 00 is used as access code for ISD calls through TAX. In early phases of ISD
working in India, a second dial tone after dialing 00 was fed and was to be followed by
further digits. The scheme has changed now. CDOT DSS provides for both the schemes
of working, with second dial tone and without second dial tone. The digits 00 are used
when checking for ISD barring; similarly, for near ISD barring checks, digits 09 are used.

2.1 CDOT SYSTEM CAPACITY

21
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION

The capacity of C-DOT DSS is defined in terms of the following parameters:

.The termination capacity expressed as the number of lines and trunks
The amount of traffic (in Erlangs) that can be switched
The number of Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA) that can be processed with a given
call-mix while meeting the overall service quality requirements .This section indicates the
maximum capacity of different system elements as well as that of complete exchange,
equipped to its ultimate termination capacity.

2.1.2. TERMINATION CAPACITY

A Terminal Card is the basic system element. It interfaces/ terminates the lines
and trunks. The next higher element is a Terminal Unit. The types of terminal cards and
terminal units used in C-DOT DSS along with its functions are explained in H/W
description. Termination capacity of a BM is 488 analog terminals and that of LM is 768
analog terminals. A BM can be concentrated with 2 LMs to provide maximum
termination capacity of 2024 analog lines. In case of a BM, a maximum of 256 B-
channels can be provided for ISDN terminations at the cost of 128 analog lines. In its
maximum configuration ozone BM and 2 LMs with termination capacity of 2024 analog
lines, 256 B-channels are provided at the cost of 512 analog lines. One to one
replacement of B-channels is planned in immediate future. Base Module and Line
Module are the highest level of system elements. Each Base Module has four Terminal
Units whereas a Line Module has six TerminalUnits.A maximum of 16 BMs can be
connected in MAX-L and 32 BMs can be connected in MAX-XL configurations.Table2.1
summarizes the termination capacities of the various system elements of CDOT DSS
MAX.

2.1.3 EXCHANGE CONFIGURATIONS

C-DOT DSS MAX can be configured to support any combination of lines and
trunks. For different applications in the network as Local Exchange, Local cum Tandem
Exchange. Trunk Automatic Exchange (TAX) or Integrated Local cum Transit (ILT)

22
 Exchange. In its maximum configuration, up to 40,000 lines and 5.500 trunks are
supported when configured as Local/Local cum Tandem. When configured as TAX,
14,500 trunks are supported.
Table 2.1
Termination Capacity of System Elements

S1 System Element Termination capacity

1. Termination Cards (TC)

A. Analog line card LCC-8 analog subscribers

CCM-8 CCB subscribers with last two ports
supporting 16 kHz metering

B. Analog trunk card TWT/EMF-8 Trunks

C. A set of DTS/DTC cards One 2 Mbps E-1 link as CAS/CCS trunks

D. #7 PHC card (SHM) 8 protocol handlers/Signaling links

E. ISDN-BRI Card 8 BRI (2B+D) Interface i.e. 16B

F. ISDN-PRI Card 8 PRI (30B+D) Interface i.e. 30B

2. Terminal unit (TU)

A. Analog TU (ATU) 16 Analog terminal card(LCC/CCM/TWT/EMF)

to support any combination of lines & trunks
B. Digital TU (DTU) Four 2 Mbps. E-1 links as CCS7/CAS .

C. #7 Signaling Unit module 64 nos.,#7 Protocol

D. ISDN Terminal Unit (ISTU) 256 Bearer channels to be configured as

BRI,PRI or any combination.

3. Base Module (BM)

A. Base Module (line) 480 Analog Subscribers. A maximum of 256 B

channels for ISDN interface.

B. Line module (LM) 786 Analog subscriber lines. A maximum of two

LMs connected with BM supports 2024 lines

23
C. BM Analog trunks (Analog Trunks) 488 Analog trunks

D. BM (Digital trunks) Fifteen 2 Mbps. E-1 links as CAS/CCS7.

E. BM (Analog+ Digital) Three possible configurations as 360AT + 4

PCMs/232AT+8PCMs/104AT

Table 2.2
Terminal capacity of exchange configurations

S1 Exchange configuration Termination Capacity

1. Single Base Module(SBM) 1500 lines &128 Trunks. The trunk can be
analog or Digital

Multi Base Module(MBM) (DSS MAX)

1.MAX-XL Ideal configuration to support 40,000 lines and

5,500 trunks with 20 line BMs and 6 trunk
BMs.The trunk capacity can be increased by
450 at the cost of 2000 subscribers and vice
versa.
2.MAX-L Ideal configuration to support 20,000 lines and
2,700 trunks with 10 line BMs and 6 trunk
BMs. The trunk capacity can be increased to
450 at the cost of 2000 subscribers and vice
versa.
3 Remote switching unit 2000 subscriber lines .Trunk interface at the
(RSU) cost of subscriber lines.
4. Multi Base module TAX 14,500 Trunks

Note: out of total equipped capacity, a maximum of 30,000 lines may be remote

subscribers through RSUs in MAX-XL whereas 14000 lines may be remote subscribers

through RSUS in MAX-L.

2.1.4. TRAFFIC CARRYING CAPACITY

24
 The traffic carrying capacity of C-DOT DSS MAX is ideally 8000 Erlangs in case
of MAX-XL and 4000 Erlangs in case of MAX-L exchanges. This figure is based on the
ideal traffic of one Erlang per switched circuit. But the actual traffic carrying capacity of
one switched path is always less than one in practical application. Accordingly capacities
are reduced to not less than 7,500Erlangs incase of MAX-XL and to 3800 in case of
MAX-L exchanges.

2.1.5. BHCA HANDLING CAPABILITY

The basic processing elements of the exchange are the Base Processor (in the
Base Module). Base processor has the capability of handling 12,500 Busy Hour. Call
Attempts which can be increased to 30,000 using upgraded processor card. The C-DOT
DSS MAX (MAX-XL) exchange with 32 Base Modules can handle up to 3,00,000
BHCA. By upgrading the processor card in BM/CM/AM/SUM and message switch in all
the BMs, it is increased to 8,00,000 BHCA.In case of MAX-L exchanges with 16 BMs
connectivity, the BHCA handling capability is 1,50,000. Various exchange configurations
and their traffic capacities are summarized in Table2.3.

Table 2.3
Traffic Capacity of Exchange Configurations
.
SNo. Exchange Traffic capacity Description
configuration
1. SBM-RAX 250 Erlangs.The BHCA capacity depends on
the processor used and it may be 12,500 or
30,000.
2. Remote switching 250 Erlangs.The BHCA capacity depends on
Unit the type of processor used and it may be
(RSU) 12,600 or 30,000.

25
 3. DSS-MAX/TAX Not less than 7,500 Erlangs.The BHCA
a) MAX-XL capacity is more than 3, 00,000 and
upgradeable to 80,000 by upgrading only
processor cards.
b)MAX-L Not less than 3,800 Erlangs.The BHCA
capacity is 1, 50,000.

Note: For some of the sites already commissioned with one of the first three

configurations, BHCA handling capacity may be lower due to use of old processor cards.

2.1.6 SYSTEM RELIABILITY

The C-DOT DSS MAX is designed to meet the reliability standards as defined in
the specifications. The system uses fully digital techniques for switching including the
subscriber stage. The system is built using a minimal number of standard units/modules
which allow flexible growth of the exchange and easy up gradation in technology and
new features. A very important feature of C-DOT DSS MAX architecture is the extensive
duplication of units. All controller units are duplicated or have n+1 redundancy. Software
design matches the high degree of redundancy provided by hardware to minimize the
system down time.
To minimize failures caused by human and/or software errors the C-DOT DSS
MAX has extensive software maintenance functions. The design of software is such that
propagation of software faults is contained and it provides sufficient checks to monitor
the correct functioning of the system. Whenever a faulty condition occurs the software
provides for the isolation of the faulty subsystem and automatically initiates diagnostic
programs for diagnostic purposes.. Provision is also made for safety of charge-records.
The charging information is dumped at regular intervals to non-volatile duplicated back-
up memories automatically. The software maintenance functions include data audits as
well; as system integrity monitors andcontrols.Alarm Display Panel is provided for a
continuous indication of the system status.
2.2 SUBSCRIBER FEATURES

26
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

The C-DOT Digital Switching Systems offer a wide range of telephony features
and supplementary services. Due to mandatory requirement of exchange of messages
between the switching systems and user's equipment, some of the services are exclusively
offered to ISDN-subscribers and also to PSTN subscribers.
2.2.2 PSTN (ANALOG) AND ISDN SUBSCRIBER SERVICES

The subscriber services provided by C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges for PSTN

(Analog) as well as ISDN subscribers are-explained as per their logical grouping:

Number Identification Services

i) Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP)

When this service is subscribed by a user as terminating facility, all the incoming
calls are offered to the user along with the details of calling party's Identity. In
exceptional cases due to interworking constraints in the network, it will not be possible to
provide caller's identity.

ii) Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR)

This service is offered to the calling party to restrict presentation of it's number to
the called party. When CLIR is subscribed, the originating exchange notifies the
destination exchange that the calling party's number is not allowed to be presented to the
called party. The terminating local exchange may indicate to the called user that the
calling user identity is unavailable due to restriction.

iii) Calling Line Identification Restriction Override (CLIRO)

Subscriber with CLIRO as terminating facility instead of CLIP, receives the call
with the calling line identification even if the calling party has requested that his (the
calling party's) identification should not be presented to the called user. The CLIRO
facility is offered at the discretion of the administration to special category subscribers
like the police, hospitals, operator positions and other emergency centers.

27
iv) Malicious Call Identification (MCID)
This facility is used for ascertaining the origin of malicious calls. During
conversation the subscriber has to use suitable procedure to notify the exchange about the
malicious call. The detail of the call is recorded in the exchange which can be retrieved
later on. If the caller is from an exchange which does not support identification of calling
line, "junction identity" is found and an "identification request" may be sent to the
originating exchange by tee exchange personnel.

Call Offering Supplementary Services Call offering services permit the served user to
request the network to divert the incoming calls to a specific number. In call forwarding,
the network forwards the call to a pre-registered number which can be specified by the
user or exchange administrator.
i) Call forwarding unconditional (CFU)
This service permits the served user to request the exchange to forward all
incoming calls to other Number. The served user's originating service remains unaffected.
The other number could be a fixed pre-determined number or a number specified by the
subscriber in the activation request.

ii) Call Forwarding Busy (CFB)

This service permits the served user to request the exchange to forward all
incoming calls to other number if the served users number is not free. The served user's
originating service remains unaffected.

iii) Call forwarding no reply (CFNR)

This service permits the served user to request the exchange to forward all
incoming calls which are not replied with in ring timeout period. The served user's
originating service remains unaffected.
Call Completion Services

28
2.2.3. ISDN-SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES
In addition to the services available for PSTN/Analog as well as ISDN
subscribers, a number of supplementary services are offered only to ISDN-subscribers.

Charging Related Supplementary Services

The Advice of Charge service provides charging information to the user paying for a call.
The option of providing the information at a predefined stage of the call is based on the
type of AOC facility subscribed.

i) AOC-E, Charging information at the end of the call

The charging information is provided by the serving local exchange at the end of a call. It
is sent in the charge advice information element of the call clearing message.

ii) AOC-D, Charging information during a call

In this case the charging information is provided by the serving local exchange every
time a quantum of charge has been added. The charging information is sent in an
appropriate message. When the call is cleared, the remaining number of charge units
(incremental case) or the total charge units (cumulative case) is transferred to the user in
the call clearing message.
Miscellaneous Services:

i) Terminal Portability (TP)

Terminal Portability (TP) is a supplementary service that allows the user to move
a terminal from one socket to another within the same basic access during the active
phase of the call. It also allows the user to move a call from one terminal to another with
the same basic access in the active phase of the call. It allows a user with an established
call to suspend communication by an appropriate signaling procedure and rsum
communication at a later time.

This service permits the user:

a)To move the terminal from one socket to another within the same basic access.

29
b) To suspend the will and subsequently resume it at the same terminal & socket.
c) To replace one terminal by another compatible terminal at the same socket.
d) To move the call from one terminal ,to another compatible at the same basic access.

This service is used only in the active phase of a call and not in the call

establishment and clearing phases. In addition the service shall independently apply to

the calling and called user.

Hardware Architecture

3.1 GENERAL
The hardware architecture of C-DOT DSS MAX is mapped closely on the System
Overview described in the previous chapter. In the following sections, the hardware
architecture of each constituent module is described.

3.2 BASE MODULE (BM)

Base Module (BM) is the basic building block of C-DOT DSS MAX. It interfaces
the subscribers, trunks and special circuits. The subscribers may be individual or grouped
PBX lines, analog or digital lines. The trunks may be Two Wire Physical, E&M Four
Wire, E&M Two Wire, Digital CAS or CCS.The basic functions of a Base Module:

a). Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks

b).Interface to digital trunks and digital subscribers

c). Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module

d). Communication with the Administrative Module via the Central Module for

administrative and maintenance functions and also for majority of inter-BM switching

(i.e. call processing) functions

30
e.) Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. digital tones,

announcements, MF/DTMF senders/receivers

f) Provision for local switching and metering in stand alone mode of Remote Switch Unit

as well as in case of Single Base Module Exchange (SBM-RAX)

For these functions, the Base Module hardware is spread over different types of Units.

a. Analog Terminal Unit - To interface analog lines/trunks, and providing special circuits
as conference, announcements and terminal tester.

b. Digital Terminal Unit - For interfacing digital trunks i.e. 2Mbps E-1/PCM Links

c. #7 Signaling Unit Module To support SS7 protocol handlers and some call
processing functions for CCS7 calls.

d. ISDN Terminal Unit - to support termination of BRI/PRI interfaces and

implementation of lower layers of DSS1 signaling protocol.

e. Time Switch Unit - For voice and message switching andprovision of service circuits.

f. Base Processor Unit - for control message communication and call processing
functions.
3.2.6. Base Processor Unit (BPU)
Base Processor Unit (BPU) is the master controller in the Base Module. It is
implemented as a duplicated controller with memory units. These duplicated sub-units
are realized in the form of the following cards:
a. Base Processor Controller (BPC) Card
b. Base Memory Extender (BME) Card
BPC controls time switching within the Base Module via the Base Message
Switch and the Time Switch Controller. It communicates with the Administrative
Processor via Base Message Switch for operations and maintenance functions. In a SBM

31
configuration, BPC directly interfaces with the Alarm Display Panel and the Input Output
Module. To support 8,00,000 BHCA, the BPC card is replaced by High performance
Processor Card (HPC). It is pin to pin compatible for hardware and also for software so
that they are interchangeable at any site to meet specific traffic requirement.

3.3. CENTRAL MODULE (CM)

Central Module (CM) is responsible for space switching of inter-Base Module
calls, communication between Base Modules and the Administrative Module, clock
distribution and network synchronization. For these functions, Central Module has a
Space Switch, Space Switch Controller and a Central Message Switch.

3.4. ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE (AM)

Administrative Module (AM) consists of a duplicated 16/32-bit controller called
the Administrative Processor (APC). It communicates with Base Processors via the
Central Message Switch for control messages and with the duplicated Input Output
Processors in the Input Output Module for interfacing peripheral devices Administrative
processor is responsible for global routing, translation, and resource allocation and all
other functions
that is provided centrally in C-DOT DSS MAX.. The implementation of AM is
similar to Base processor complex of BM,using the same processor
configuration.HPC instead of BPC is used to support 8,00,000 BHCA.

TERMINAL UNIT-1 1
(TU-1)

TERMINAL UNIT -2 2
(TU-2)
TERMINAL UNIT-3 3
(TU-3)
TERMINAL UNIT -4 4
(TU-4)

32
 BASE PROCESSOR UNIT 5
(BPU)

TIME SWITCH UNIT 6

(TSU)

Note: TU can be ATU, DTU, ISTU OR #7SU with only exception that TU-4 should be
ATU in case of line BM and Analog trunk

33
 FIG 1: BASE MODULE (BM) CONFIGURATION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

S S
P T P T T T P P
S T T T T T T T T I C U U I C T T T T T T T T S
U C C C C C C C C C / I I C / C C C C C C C C U
I I I I
S S
P P

NOTE: 1) TC may be LCC, CCM, TWT or EMF

2) In case of TU4 as ATU in BM, SLOT 24 will be TTC

FIG 2: ANALOG TERMINAL UNIT (ATU) CONFIGURATION

34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2

P D D D D D D D D P
S T T T T T T T T T T T T S
U S C S C U U U U S C S C U
I 0 0 1 1 C I I C 2 2 3 3 1

FIG 3: DIGITAL TERMINAL UNIT (DTU) CONFIGURATION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

P P I I I I I I
S S L L L L L L L L T C I I C T L L L L L L
U U C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 10 11 12 13 14

NOTE: LC may be BRL or PRL cards

FIG 4: ISTU CONFIGURATION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

H H
P B P P B P
S M C C M S
U E / / E U
I B B II
I P P
C C

NOTE: HPC used to support 800k BHCA

FIG 4: BASE PROCESSOR UNIT (BPU) CONFIGURATION

35
36
 OCB 283 DIGITAL ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM
1.1 Introduction :

OCB-283 is digital switching system which supports a variety of communication

needs like basic telephony, ISDN, internet to mobile communication, data
communication etc. This system has been developed by ALCATEL of Finance
and therefore has many similarities to its predecessor E-10 B (also shown as
OCB 181 in France).

The first OCB-283 exchanges of R 11 version were commissioned in Brest

(Frame and Beijing (china) in 1991. The first OCB-283 exchange came to India
in 1993. Subsequently, the system has been upgraded and current version R-20
was fully validated in January 1994. The exchanges which are being supplied to
India belong to R-20 version. AT present, R21 and R22 versions are also being
supplied. The basic architecture remaining same, more facilities both to
subscribers and administration are supported by later versions.

1.2 Salient Features of the system.

(i) It is a digital switching system with single T stage Switch. A
maximum of 2048 PCMs can be connected.
(ii) It supports both analogue and digital subscribers.
(iii) The system supports all the existing singalling systems, like decadic,
MF (R2), CAS and also CCITT#7 signalling system.
(iv) It provides telephony, ISDN, Data communication, cellular radio and
other value added services.
(v) The system has automatic recovery feature. When a serious fault
occurs in a control unit, it gives a message to SMM (O & M Unit).
The SMM puts this unit out of service, loads the software of this unit

37
 in a back up unit and brings it into service. Diagnostic programmes
are run on the faulty unit and the diagnostics is printed on a terminal.
(vi) OCB-283 has a double remoting facility. Subscribers access unit
CSND can be placed at a remote place and connected to the main
exchange through PCM links. Further, line concentrators can also be
placed at a remote location and connected to the CSNL or CSND
through PCMs. This special feature can meet entire range of
necessities viz. urban, semi-urban and rural.
(vii) Various units of OCB-283 system are connected over token rings (IEE
802.5 standard). This enables fast exchange of information and avoids
complicated links and wiring between various units.
(viii) The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc,
once in a day. This avoids loss of revenue in case of total power
supply/battery failure.
(ix) The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge. It can handle
8,00,000 BHCA and 25,000 erlangs of traffic. Depending on the
traffic, a maximum of 2,00,000 subscriber or 60,000 circuits (or trade
off between these two) can be connected.
(x) The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through
64 Kb/S link.
(xi) All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware.
This is called a station. Depending on the requirement of processing
capacity, software of either one or several control units can be located
on the same station. For all these control units, only one backup
station is provided, enabling automatic recovery in case of fault.
(xii) The OCB-283 system is made up of only 35 types of cards. This
excludes the cards required for CSN . Because of this, the number of
spare cards to be kept for maintenance, are drastically reduced.
(xiii) The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily
carried out by adding necessary hardware and software.

38
 (xiv) The SMMs (O&M Units) are duplicated with one active and other hot
standby. In case of faults, switch over takes place automatically.
Moreover, as discs are connected to both SMMS. there is no necessity
of changing cables from one system to another.
(xv) The hard disc is very small in size, compact and maintenance free. It
has a very huge memory capacity of 1.3 Giga bytes. The detail billing
data are regularly saved in the disc itself, from were they can be
transferred to mag tape for processing
(xvi) The space requirement is very small. No separate room is required for
OMC.
(xvii) There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system. It
provided great flexibility and adjustment in the available space.
(xviii) The environment requirements of the system are very flexible. False
floor and ceiling are not essential. Air conditioning requirements are
also not stringent. The system can work at temperatures 5 to 45 o C,

though the optimum temperature is 22 o C.

SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES PROVIDED BY OCB 283

OCB 283 provides a large number of subscriber facilities. Some facilities are
available to only digital subscribers and as such they can not be availed by
analogue subscribers. To avail these facilities subscriber number are given special
categories by man machine commands.

Facilities to analogue subscribers:

(i) A line can be made only out going or incoming.
(ii) Immediate hot line facility The subscriber is connected to another
predetermined subscriber on lifting the handset without dialing any
number.
(iii) Delayed hot line facility When subscriber lifts the handset. Dial Tone is
provided he can dial any number. If he does not dial a number, within a
predetermined time, he is connected to predetermined number.

39
(iv) Aviated dialing The subscriber can record a short code and its
correspondence full number in the memory. Later to dial this number, he
has to only dial short code.
(v) Call forwarding When activating
to the number mentioned by the incoming calls to the subscriber gets
transferred especially very useful for the people who are activating the
facility. The facility is
(vi) Conference between 4 subscribers The subscriber
conversation, can include two more more subscribers by pressing B while
in dialing their number
(vii) Call waiting indication When a subscriber is engaged in conversation
and an incoming call, an indication is given in the form of a tone. Hearing
this, the subscriber has option, either to hold the subscriber in
conversation and attend the waiting call or to disconnect this subscriber
and attend to the waiting call. In the former case, he can revert back to
the earlier subscriber.
(viii) Automatic call back on busy If this facility is activated and if the called
subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the
receiver. The system keeps watch on the called subscriber and when it
becomes free, a ring is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can
talk to each other.
(ix) Priority line Calls from this line are processed and put through even
when the number of free channels are within a threshould or when the
system is operating in a catastrophic mode.
(x) Malicious call identification When this category is given to a subscriber,
the number of calling subscriber (to this number) is printed on the
terminal.
(xi) 12 to 16 kHz meter pulses The system can send 12 or 16 kHz meter
pulses on the subscriber line for the operation of the home meter.
(xii) Battery reversal The system extends battery reversal when called
subscriber answers. This is useful in case of CCBs.

40
 (xiii) Detailed billing The system provides detailed bills giving details of date,
time metered units etc.
(xiv) Absent subscriber service When activated, the incoming calls are
diverted to absent subscriber service for suitable instructions or
information.

FACILITIES TO DIGITAL SUBSCRIBERS

Digital subscriber are provided all the facilities available to analogue subscribers.
In addition, they are provided following facilities which are called ISDN services. An
ISDN subscriber can use many electronic devices on its telephone line and can utilise
them for 2 or more simultaneous calls of either.
VOICE
DATA
VIDEO
The ISDN or Digital Subscriber of OCB-283 can be provided the following types of
connections.
2 B + D Line :- 2 Voice Channels of 64 kbps & 1 Data channel for 16 kbps
30 B + D Line :- 30 voice channels of 64 kbps & 1 Data channel of 64 kbps
The following is the list of some of the service to Digital subscribers
(a) It provides 64 Kb/s digital connectivity between two
subscribers for data communication.
(b) The system can provide Group 2, 3 or 4 Facsimile (FAX)
services.
(c) It provides videotext services.
(d) The system provides display of calling subscriber number on
called subscribers telephone.
(e) The system also provides the facility for restriction of the
display of calling subscriber number on called subscribers
terminal. To avail this facility, the subscriber has to be given
a category.

41
 (f) The system provides the facility of displaying connected
number on the calling subscribers terminal. This is
especially useful when called subscriber has activated call
transfer facility. The calling subscriber can choose to speak
on forwarded number or disconnect the call.
(g) The above facility can be restricted byu giving special
category to the subscriber.
(h) Charging advice The system is capable of providing
charging advice either in real time or at the end of the call.
(i) User to user signalling The system permits transfer to mini
messages between calling and called subscribers during call
set up and ringing phase.
(j) Terminal portability during the call A subscriber (calling
subscriber as well as called subscriber) can unplug terminal,
carry it to some other place or room and resume the call
within 3 minutes.
(k) Listing unanswered calls - The number of calling
subscribers, who calls during the absence of called
subscriber, are recorded in called subscribers terminal. The
called subscriber can then check up these numbers and call
them back if, he so wish.
GENERAL P ERFORMANCE DATA OF OCB-283
PROCESSING CAPACITY 220 CA/S OR 800, 000 BHCA
ERLANGE TRAFFIC 25, 000
MAX. SUBSCRIBER 200,000
MAX. CIRCUITS 60, 000
MAX. LR (PCMS) 2048

42
OCB-283 OR ALCATEL 1000 E-10 CAN WORK WITH ALL TYPE OF
NETWORK

PACKET
SWIT
CH
VALUEADVDED Intelligent
NETWORKS Netw
ork

OCB
MOBILE
TMN
TELECOMM TELEPHONE

MANAGEMENT
Broadband
ISDN

43
 The E-10 (OCB-283) consists mainly of:
control stations.
software machines,
a communication local area network

This architecture also has other units including the STS (synchronization and time base
station) which provides the timing signals for processing digital data.

Figure 5. shows the architecture of the E-10 (OCB-283) and the systems interfaces.

Local
network

Telephonic
network

STS
Intelligent
Subscriber RCX network
SMT
access
SMT SMX Signalling
network

SMA Data
network

SMM SMC SMC SMC

RCX : switching matrix

TMN TMN : telecommunication management network
SMA : auxiliary equipment control station
SMC : main control station
SMM : maintenance station
SMT : trunk control station
OCB/283/SYS/0005 AA SMX : matrix control station
STS : synchronization and time base station

Fig. 5 Architecture of the E-10 (OCB-283)

The Alcatel 1000 E-10 (OCB-283) in the telecommunication Network
The E-10 B (OCB-283) can be used for all switching applications:
local exchange.
regional or national transit exchange.

44
 international transit exchange.
intelligent network service switching point.
mobile service switching point.

The E-10 (OCB-283) can also provide the STP (signallinmg transfer point) function of
the N0 7 signalling network.

SMP
SCP
Service OCB-283
switching
point
International (SSP)
transit exchange Intelligent network

(iii)
OCB-283

OCB-283
(ii) OCB-283

Signalling
Transit transfer
exchange point
(STP)

(ii) OCB-283

OCB-283

Mobile
Local (iv) services
exchange switching
centre
(MSC)
Access
Netweok
CSN
BSC
CN CN

BSN

BSN Mobile
Network

BSC : Base Station Controller

BTS : Base Transceiver Station
CN : digital concentrator
CSN : subscriber digital access units
SCP : Service Control point
SMP : Service Management Point

Fig. 1 E-1o (OCB-283) in the telecommunications Network

45
 OCB EXCHANGE
INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

The installation procedures of the OCB-283 system are easier in comparison to its
predecessor E-10 B system. Therefore, the installation time required is also less. The
installation of the exchange equipments can be done.

With false floor or

Without false floor

depending on the specific site requirement. (This should be planned in advance and order
should be palced accordingly as some additional installation material are essential for
installation without false floor) The different racks are supplied with the cards plugged
inside and inter rack cables are provided readymade except few cables. Therefore one
should be careful while opening the racks packing and also their shifting to the site.

Prerequisites :- Following points should be checked before starting the actual physical
installation.
1. Preparation & readyness of room & site.
(a) Civil works completed a per plan
(b) False flooring provided. In case of without false floor whether
antisatic flooring is provided, if so its proper terminations to earth.
(c) Air-conditioning is available
2. All the tools are available.
3. All the material as per equipment list are received.
4. Availability of power plant and earth should also be ensured.
5. All cable trays for subscriber, PCM & Power cables & alarm cables are fitted.

DIMENSIONS FOR OCB 283 EXCHANGE

46
 Rack Size in : 2200 Hz 950 Wx 690
D
(mm)
No of Rows (Suits) in a Switch Room : Not Fixed
No of Racks per suite : Not Fixed
but for practical convenience may be limited upto : 16
Inter suite Gap : Min. 800 mm to 1000
mm : Max :- Variable
Clearance from Sidewalls : 1500 mm
Height of Ceiling Minimum : 3000 mm
Approximate floor area for a 6k exchange : 44 sq m
Sequence of lay out of racks in suites : No special sequence
or restriction (other than specific to site) except for

CA & DBM racks to be installed together preferably in middle of Suites of

exchange. XA Racks to be installed in continuity & in Identical location s in
two suites for the branches A & B.

OCB283 RACKS - Front Vi ew

CA DBM UA
CB CC XA

SMC SMC SMC SMC

STS SMC SMC SMX1 SMT-A
2200 MM
SMMA SMC SMC SMX2 SMT-B

AL ANN PER SMA SMC SMX E SMT-A

SMMS SMA SMC SMX E SMT-B

1 SMC + STS+SMMA/B
MTU 3 SMC + 2 SMA 5 SMCs Only SMXs 1 SMC + 2 SMTs
CSN-EXTN.

UB UC UD CSN-BASIC CNL4

SMC SMC SMC UCN CNL5

SMT-A SMA SMT-A CNL0 CNL6

SMT-B SMA SMT-B CNL1 CNL7

SMA SMA SMT-A CNL2 CNL8

SMA SMA SMT-B CNL3

1 SMC + 2 SMT+2 SMA 1 SMC + 4 SMA 1 SMC + 2 SMTs UCN+4 CNL (ICNE) 5CNL (ICNE)
47
 LAYOUT OF ROOM :- Layout of the exchange is one of the foremost
documents to refer. It gives the positions of various racks & equipments
& devices.

LAY OUT OF AN OCB-283

SWITCHING ROOM
EXAMPLE :- BOMBAY SION TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

SWITCH ROOM ALL DIMENSIONS IN MM

1500

TR07 UEI CSN CSN

021 020
800

TR06 I
DBM CA UC1 SDE1 CB1 XAIA XAZA R
P

TR05 CSN CSN UD1 UC2 XAIB XAZB

900011 010

TR04 CSN CSN CSN CSN CSN CSN CSN CSN

061 060 051 050 041 040 031 030

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1

I
VDU VDU VDU VDU
R
OPERATION ROOM P
ACDB

48
Installation

CONFORMITY OF HARDWARE
T1

SWITCH ON POWER START UP OF CSNL

T2 T5

START UP OF PCWAM TI/PGS START OF STS, MPN

T3 T4

STARTUP OF STATIONS
T6

APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC
LOAD
T7

LOOPED BACK SMTs TEST

T8
BBUNIT APPLICATION COMPLETED

RUN CSNL TASK T5

- Carry out sheets T1-1 to 3 in parallel to CONFORMATY

- Carry out sheets T2-1 in parallel to switch on power

- Carry out sheets T3-2 to 3 in parallel to the START UP

STATIONS

(B) TEST PHASE WITH DEFINITIVE OFFICE LIBRARY :

BBUMES

49
 FINAL CONFIGURATION LOADING STARTUP CSNL CSND T10
BBUMES T9 GUIMES APPLICATION
CSN-EXPORT AAC012005000RJ

ALARMS TEST
T11

APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC LOAD

T12

SYSTEM STABILIZATION
T13

SITE DATA CHECK

T14

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

TESTS DEFENCE TRAFFIC
OBSERVATION
T15

SUBSCRIBER AND SWITCHING

FACILITIES
T16

INTERWORKING SIGNALLING TEST

T17

PREPARATION FPR ACCE[TANCE

T18

HANDOVER PREPARATION
T19

COMMISSIONING
T20

E-10B EXCHANGE
AN INTRODUCTION:
The policies persuade by telecom administration all over the world at present is to
introduce digital switching in their networks in view of significant Techno-economic
advantages of Digital Network. Introduction of E-10B exchange is one of new

SUBSCRIBER AND SWITCHING

50
FACILITIES
T16
development in Telecommunications development .This system provides a great facility
to extend telecommunication facilities to subscribers switched at remote place, like a
town or outskirts of a metropolitan center. These units are called Remote Line Units
(RLUs).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:-
Based on function carried by different parts, an E-10B exchange can be divided in

four blocks.

Connection Units:-

The connection units comprise basically of equipment directly connected to internal

interface of the system, subscriber lines, circuits and equipments, which sends and
receives audio frequency signaling & samples. These units are of following types-
1. Local subscriber connection unit (URAD or CSED)
2. Remote Subscriber unit (URAD or CSED)
3. Multiplex connection unit (URM)
4. Frequency sender/receiver unit (ETA)
5. Auxiliary equipment rack (BDA)

Local Subscriber connection unit (URAD or CSED):- This unit provides for
the connection of up to 1024 subscribers lines, and is located in the same premises as
the exchange. Ax. 1023 lines can be connected in the unit.
o It is linked to switch in the network through links.
o It provides electronic space concentration of 1024 lines to 60, 90 or 120
digital junctions carried by 2, 3 or 4 PCM links of 2.048Mbit/sec.
o It enables connection to dial telephones and push button telephones.

Remote subscriber connection unit (URAD or CSED):- It is of identical

construction and comprise of same equipment as URAL except for a few PCBs.It
is connected to the exchange by 2, 3 or 4 PCM links each with 30 channels. It

51
 provides local security communication. The main function of subscriber
connection units are:-
o Power feed on subscriber lines and sending ringing current.
o Transmission of subscriber loop status change indication and dialed
digits to control units and transmission of battery reversal or remote
metering purpose to appropriate units.
o Cycling scanning of equipments to identify loop status change of
subscriber.
o Analog to Digital conversion
o Traffic observation counter

Multiplex Connection Unit (URM):- Each URM has a total capacity of 32 PCM
systems and is housed in one standard rack. There are 8 modules in each URM and
each modules caters for 4 Pams .The main function of URM units are :-
o Transmission and reception of PCM links.
o Conversion of HDB3 code/binary code.
o Extraction and insertion of signaling bites and conversion into
internal codes understood by the control unit.
o The URM can process simultaneously 16 different signaling codes.

Frequency Sender/Receiver unit: - The frequency sender/receiver unit is a special

type of connection unit. It has got the following functions:-

o Reception of multifrequency signaling, push button dialing signals

and circuit test frequencies in the frequency receiver (RF).
o Generation of usual exchange tones, MF signaling and circuit test
frequencies from the tone generator.
o Setting of conference call connection using conference circuit (CCF)

52
 Auxiliary Equipment Rack (BDA):- This rack is regarded as the connection unit
and is always given UR NO.1.It has following functions:-
o Marshalling of alarms
o Management of general visual display (PGV)

Switching Network (CX):-

The time division switching network is a three stage system .It provides a 4 wire
switching between the time slots allocated to the calling party.

Principle of connection (4 wire) in the switching network:-

o Speech samples (a) the time slot i of the incoming network line LRE
associated with the calling subscriber with the calling subscriber are switched to
the time slot j of the outgoing network line LRS associated with the called
subscriber.
o Speech samples (b) from the time slot j of the incoming network line LRE
associated with the called subscriber are switched to the time slot i of the
outgoing network line LRS associated with the calling subscriber.
o Each time switch handles 60 PCM links (LRE+LRS) and four times switches
catering 4*16=64 PCMs are contained in one switching network rack. A
complete switching network comprises of 6 identical racks for connecting 384
PCMs.
Control Unit:-
The control units are partly based on dedicated mini-computers and are used to
carry out all the switching operations required to set up and release connections between
subscribers and/or circuits. These units are classified are as follows:-
1. Marker (MQ)
2. Switching network control unit (UGCX)
3. Multi registers (MR)
4. Translators (TR)
5. Charging Unit (TX)

53
 To ensure uninterrupted telephone service, these units are duplicated and operated
on load sharing basis.
Operation and maintenance center (OMC):-
E-10B system is characterized by the basic principle of the separation of switching
and management function, these are carried out independently. The switching functions
are carried out by E-10B exchange while OMC handles management function of the E-
10B exchange.OMC and E-10B exchange to manage data between OMC and exchange
whereas the dialogue terminal are directly connected to OMC .
Functions of OMC:-
o Call charging management
o Subscriber line testing
o Trunk testing
o Traffic and load measurement
o Alarm message processing

BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ARCHITECTURE OF E-10B SYSTEM:-

BASIC FEATURES:-

The system is based on the following features:-

1. Stored program control (SPC)
2. TDM digital switching
3. PCM principles and techniques
4. Segregation of switching and management functions
5. Distributed control using dedicated microprocessors
6. Centralized management for a group of E-10B system
Stored program control:-
The control functions relating to call processing are carried out by execution of
program instruction stored in the memories of computers.

TDM digital switching:-

54
 The system switches signal in digital form. Analog signals are converted into TDM
signals prior to switching.
PCM principles:-
The system has been developed for 30 channels PCM corresponding to relevant
CCITT recommendations.
Segregation between switch and management:-
Switching functions like reception of dialed digits, their storage, analysis, routing of call
etc. is performed by the control units in the exchange, which have a decentralized
architecture employing dedicated processors.

Functions like subscriber lines and circuit group management, faults and alarm
management ,testing and diagnostics etc. are performed by a separate mini computer
located located at centralized operation and maintenance (OMC) which is common for a
number of E-10B exchanges as shown in above fig..

Distributed control:-
The various call handling and call processing functions like scanning of subscriber
lines, detection of loop status, reception and storage of digits, analysis and routine,
metering etc. are distributed over various functional units
Centralized management for a group of E-10B exchange:-
The O&M functions for a group of E-10B exchanges are carried out by a single OMC,
which is connected to various exchanges by PCM links as shown in below fig.

55
 E-10B
XGE 1

E-10B E-10B
XGE 2 XGE 2

E-10B
XGE 3

MDF AND DDF IN E-10B EXCHANGES:-

In any type of exchange there is a unit called main distribution frame (MDF) and is
used for interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipment to external
physical line coming to the exchange. The distribution frame provides easy and flexible
interconnection, isolation point for testing, protective device used for safety of exchange
equipment etc.The E-10B system also uses distribution frames for interconnection of
trunks and subscriber lines to the exchange termination units.

E-10B switching system is a digital switching system and accepts both analog and digital
signals. The signals from subscriber are analog whereas trunk signals are digital. The
analog signals are received by CSE and digital signal by URM in E-10B system. For
these purpose we use two types of frames called Main distribution frame (MDF) and
Digital distribution frame (DDF).

Main Distribution Frame

Function of MDF in E-10B system is similar to that of other type of exchanges. Here all
type coming from subscribers, on exchange lines, telex lines and analog junction are
terminated. These are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag blocks in which gas
discharge tube type protective device are provided to tackle voltage and current surges.
These tag blocks are located on one side of the MDF called line side. On the other side of

56
the MDF called exchange side tag blocks are provided for terminating cables from CSF
for subscriber lines and from transmission room for analog junction lines. These tag
blocks are of 128 pair size and facility for wedging is also available for isolating the
lines. These tag blocks are also of krone type. The interconnection between line side and
exchange side is done through 4mm. jumper wires.

Digital Distribution frame:

Digital distribution frame is used for interconnection of lines carry digital signals. This
frame also uses two types of tag blocks used only for digital signals and has the capacity
of 32 pairs. The digital signal fed to E-10B is 30 channels and goes to URM. Each PCM
system requires two pairs, one for transmit direction and other for receive direction. Also
one URM has max. of 32 PCMs connected to it. Therefore for one URM we require two
32 pair tag block. One tag block connected to transmitter pair while other tag block
connected to receiver pair. The other side of tag block is connected to transmission
terminal equipment tag block.
The other tag block are used for interconnecting trunk lines to transmission
equipment , which convert analog signals to digital signals and multiplexes this channel
to form 30 channels PCM system acceptable to E-10B.In DDF the protective devices are
not provided.

Application of E-10B system:-

E-10B system has following applications:
a) Local exchanges for local subscriber lines.
b) Local transit or tandem exchanges for transit traffic.
c) TAX: For termination of long distance circuits.
d) Local-cum transit or TAX: combination of local and transit or TAX.

Subscriber facilities:-
The E-10B system offers a number of facilities to its subscribers. These are:
Follow me service ( call forwarding)
Short code dialing (Abbreviated dialing)
Identification of Malicious call

57
 Conference calls
Call waiting indication (camp on busy)
Detailed Billing
Automatic Alarm cell (wake me service)
Hotline facility
Free phone line
Ring back facility
E-10B system offers a great facility to extend telecommunication facilities to the
subscribers switched at remote place, like a town or outskirts of a metropolitan center.
These line units are called Remote line units or RLUs.The subscriber connected to the
RLUs get all the facilities available to main exchange by number of PCM systems.

58
 BROADBAND SERVICES
Broadband in telecommunications is a term which refers to a signaling method which
includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies which may be divided into
channels or frequency bins. The wider the bandwidth, greater is the information carrying
capacity. In radio, for example, a very narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a
broader band will carry speech; a still broader band is required to carry music without
losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. A television
antenna described as "normal" may be capable of receiving a certain range of channels;
one described as "broadband" will receive more channels. In data communications a
modem will transmit a bandwidth of 64 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone
line; over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second can be
handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband Broadband in data communications
may have the same meaning as above, so that data transmission over a fiber optic cable
would be referred to as broadband as compared to a telephone speed operating at 600 bits
per second.

However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a more technical

sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously
to increase the effective rate of transmission, regardless of actual data rate. In network
engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signals share a medium.

Various forms of Digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that
digital information is sent over one channel and voice over another channel sharing a
single pair of wires. Analog modems operating at speeds greater than 600 bit/s are
technically broadband. They obtain higher effective transmission rates by using multiple
channels with the rate on each channel limited to 600 baud. For example, a 2400 bit/s
modem uses four 600 baud channels .This is in contrast to a base band transmission
where one type of signal uses a medium's full bandwidth such as 100BASE-T Ethernet.
Ethernet, however, is the common user interface even to DSL data links. Ethernet
provisioned over cable modem often is a competitive alternative to DSL, especially in the
small office/home market.

59
Users who need more than DSL or cable modem speeds will often use metro Ethernet,
when available, rather than older and often more expensive (per megabit) than T-carrier
(or E-carrier in appropriate parts of the world, or Asynchronous transfer mode). Metro
Ethernet is usually implemented over a metropolitan all-optical network.

Broadband Application:-

(1) Personal services

High Speed internet access

Multimedia

(2) Government Public Services

E-governance
E-education
Tele-medicine

(3) Commercial services

E-commerce
Corporate internet
Videoconferencing

(4) Video and entertainment services

TV Broadcast
Video on demand
Interactive Gamming
Music on demand
Online radio

60
CONCLUSION:-
Thus we can conclude that CDOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch which
can be configured for different applications as local & transit switch.Design of CDOT has
the provision of both local & centralised operation and maintainence.All services of
CDOT has been provided by simple man- machine interface.The facilities of CDOT are
inbuilt to ensure software recovery on detection of software faults.The CDOT switching
system also offers a wide range of telephony features and supplementary
services.Through CDOT contribution in creating an enviroment if excellence CDOT has
been establishedas a model for management of people for higher productivity ,effiiciency
& better quality of life in Indian environment.
E-10B system provides a great facility to extend tele communication facilities to
subscribers switched at remote place like town or outskirts of a metroplotian center.It has
the capability to interwork with remotely located line equipment with PCM channels.This
system offer to telephone line subscribers located in remote areas a facility through which
they can be connected to host exchange located at an urban area.This system is also
characterized by basic priciple of seperation of switching & management functions,these
are carried out independently.
Broadband also offers a new facilty of vert fast accessing of Internet.It uses a wide
bandwidth through which a data transmission rate is effectively increased in comparison
to that of Dial up connection.Data rate upto 100Mbps are offered which is quite
beneficial for various services.

61
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

o www.google.com
o www.wikipedia.org
o www.BSNL.net.in
o A Report by BSNL PARASIA CDOT EXCHANGE

62
 INDEX
1) INTRODUCTION 1-2
2) TOPOLOGY 25
3) WIRELESS PAN 5-6
4) CDOT SBM/MBM 6 - 35

CDOT DSS FAMILY

o General
o Basic growth/building Modules
o System features
CDOT SYSTEM CAPACITY
o Introduction
o Termination Capacity
o Exchange Configurations
o Traffic Carrying Capacity
o BHCA Handling Capacity
o System Reliability
SUBSCRIBER FEATURES
o Introduction
o PSTN & ISDN subscriber services
o ISDN supplementary services
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
o General
o Base Module (BM)
o Central Module
o Administrative Module (AM)
o Configurations
5) OCB-283 36 - 49
6) E-10B EXCHANGE 50 - 57
o Introduction
o General Description
o Principle & Architecture of E-10B Exchange
o Applications
o Subscriber Facilities
6)BROADBAND SERVICES 58 - 59
o Applications

63
7)CONCLUSION 60 - 60
8)BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 - 61

64