. .

1996
2

514.7
. . :
/ -
. , 1996. 211 . ISBN 5-7477-0129-0

, -
.
.

-
.
-
AMS-TEX
.
Lh, -
CyrTUG TEX.

: ;
. .-. ., . . .
( ).

.
: .
: . 5, 450003, .
.: 7-(917)-75-55-786.
E-mail: R Sharipov@ic.bashedu.ru,
r-sharipov@mail.ru,
ra sharipov@lycos.com.
URL: http://www.geocities.com/r-sharipov.

ISBN 5-7477-0129-0 c .., 1996

 .

. ................................................................. 3.
. .............................................................. 5.
I.
. ................................ 7.
1. . .
. ................................................ 7.
2.
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3. . .
. ....................... 17.
4. .
. ................................................. 20.
5.
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II.
. ................................... 26.
1. . ........... 26.
2. . ............................. 30.
3. . .......................................... 36.
4. . ........................ 40.
5. . ...................... 44.
4 .

6. . .............. 49.
7. . ........................................... 54.
8. . .......................................... 55.
9. . ................................. 58.
10. , .
. ................................. 60.
11. . ............ 66.

III. . ......... 71.

1.
. ................................................................. 71.
2.
. ................................................................. 76.
3. . ............................. 82.
4.
. .............................................................. 87.
5. -
. .............................................. 90.
6.
. ....................................... 98.
7. .
. .................... 100.
8. .
. ............................... 103.
9. , -
. ....................... 111.

IV. . .............. 118.

1. . -
. .................... 118.
2. -
. ...................................................................... 124.
3. . ................... 128.
 . 5

4. .
. ............................................ 131.
5.
. ..................................................................... 135.
6.
. ............................. 140.
7.
. ...................................................... 150.
8. . ..................................................... 155.
9. -. .................. 164.

V. . ................ 169.
1.
. ....................................................... 169.
2. . ......... 171.
3. . ......... 176.
4.
. ...................................................... 182.
5. .
. ..................................................................... 191.
6. -. .............................................. 198.

. ............................................. 210.


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, 1996 . . . .
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[1]. ,
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C E
-
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E -
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- :
1
x (t)
r = r(t) =
2
x3 (t) . (1.1)

x (t)

t,

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
8 I. . . .

, , -
[0, 1] . -
- r = r(t), x1 (t),
x2 (t) x3 (t) t.
(1.1)
x1 (t), x2 (t) x3 (t). , -
, -
, ,

. (. [2])
: -
,
. ,
xi (t) -
( C 1 ) , ,
.
.
E
x1 , x2 x3 . , -
, -

F (x1 , x2 , x3) = 0, (1.2)

F
.
:
,
(1.2). (1.2)
.
. ,

F (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 0,

(1.3)
G(x1, x2 , x3 ) = 0
 1. . . . . 9

E.
,
. (1.3)
A x1 + B x2 + C x3 + D = 0.
(1.3).
x1 , x2 x3 .
x1 = t. , (1.3)

F (t, x2 , x3) = 0,


G(t, x2, x3 ) = 0

x2 x3 ,
x2 (t) x3 (t). , ,
(1.3), -
:

t
r = r(t) =
2
x3 (t) .

x (t)

, , -
(1.1). x1 (t),
x2 (t) x3 (t) (1.1), -
:

x1 x1 (t) = 0, x1 x1 (t) = 0,
 
(1.4)
x2 x2 (t) = 0, x3 x3 (t) = 0.

t (1.4)
: x1 x2 ,
x1 c x3 :

F (x1 , x2 ) = 0,


G(x1 , x3) = 0.
10 I. . . .

(1.3). , -
- -
(1.3).

. -
, .
. ,

- .
-
C 1 . , -
x1 (t), x2 (t)
x3 (t) -
. -
: t
t = t + 4t, 4t
. A B -
-
. -

. a

AB. :

AB r(t + 4t) r(t)
a= = . (1.5)
4t 4t

4t . B
A, AB
A.
(1.5) A:

dr(t)
(t) = lim a = = r(t). (1.6)
4t dt
 1. . . . . 11

(1.6) -
- r(t) t.
r(t) -

t. , r(t) , -
. ,
.
:
2 4
t t
r(t) = 3 ,
r(t) =
t3 .
(1.7)
t

t = 0 (1.7)

. ,
.

,
.

(t) = r(t) = 0 (1.8)

,
r(t)
12 I. . . .

(t) = r(t) 6= 0 (1.9)

r(t).
, (1.9),
().
-
, (1.3). -
A = (a1 , a2 , a3) -
(1.3). F (x1 , x2 , x3) G(x1 , x2 , x3) -
. ,
F G A:

F F F

1
x x2 x3

J = , (1.10)
G G G

x1 x2 x3

-
(1.3).
 
 F F 

 2
 x x3 

M1 = det   6= 0
 G G 
 
 x2 x3 

, (1.3)
x2 x3 A.
x1 = t, x2 = x2 (t) x3 = x3 (t), -
-
, A.
(. [2]). , -
 1. . . . . 13

1
2
=
x3 6= 0

x

, . -
M1 6= 0 (1.3)
A. (1.10) :
   
 F F   F F 
 
 3
x1 
 1
 x  x x2 
 
M2 = det  , M3 = det  ,
 G G   G G 
   
 x3 x1   x1 x2 

. -
.
1.1. , (1.3), -
, (1.10) 2.
, x3 = 0,
F (x1 , x2) = 0.
x3 = 0. G(x1 , x2, x3 ) = x3 .
(1.3) :
F F

0

1 2
J = x x .
(1.11)
0 0 1
rank J = 2 , , ,
(1.11)
. F :
 
F F
grad F = , .
x1 x2
14 I. . . .

1.2. ,
F (x1 , x2 ) = 0, , grad F 6= 0.
1.2 1.1 -
(1.11). , 1.1 1.2
. -
, .

2.
.
r = r(t) C 1 ,
t [a, b].
(t)
[a, b], (a) = a (b) = b.
(t) [a, b]
. t = (t) r(t)
- r(t ) = r((t)),
, - r(t).
r(t) r(t ) .

, :

(t ) = 0 (t ) ((t)). (2.1)

0 (t ) (t) t.
(2.1) -
.
-

(t). (a) = b (b) = a,
. -
.
(2.1) , (t ) -
-

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 2. . . . 15

((t)) 0 (t).
, , . , -

, -
, (t) -
, 0 (t) > 0 0 (t ) < 0.
(2.1) ,
,
. , -
,
. :
?
.
C 1
t, [a, b].

a = t0 < t1 < . . . < tn = b. (2.2)

n . r(t0 ), . . . , r(tn )

n- .
4tk = tk tk1 :

= max 4tk .
k=1, ... , n

-
(2.2). k-
AB -
Lk = |r(tk )r(tk1 )|. -
-
- r(t),

r(t) tk1 Lk =
16 I. . . .

| (tk1 )| 4tk + o(). -

(2.2) ,
(t) :
n
X Zb
L = lim Lk = | (t)| dt. (2.3)
0
k=1 a

L (2.3) AB.
,
(2.1) . -
L .
, , -
.
(2.3) -
.
s(t) (t) = | (t)|:
Zt
s(t) = | (t)| dt. (2.4)
t0

2.1. s,
(2.4), -
.
, r(t0 ) -
() -
s . s
s .
(2.4) -
t. :
ds
= | (t)|. (2.5)
dt
-
 3. . . . . 17

, (2.5):
dr dr dt
= = . (2.6)
ds dt ds | |
(2.6) , -
-
. .

3. . .
.
r(s) -
. - r(s)
C . -
s.
(s) r(s):
dr
(s) = . (3.1)
ds
(s)
s .
3.1.
, .
-. -
:

| (s)|2 = ( (s) | (s)) = ( 1 )2 + ( 2 )2 + ( 3 )2 = const .

s,
:
d d
| (s)|2 = ( 1 )2 + ( 2 )2 + ( 3 )2 =



ds ds
= 2 1 ( 1 )0 + 2 2 ( 2 )0 + 2 3 ( 3 )0 = 0.
18 I. . . .

( (s) | 0(s)) = 0.
. 
0 (s) -
(s). 0 (s)
,

0 (s) = k(s) n(s). (3.2)

k(s) = | 0 (s)| (3.2) ,

n(s)
r(s).
(s) n(s) .
b(s), , , n
b :

b(s) = [ (s), n(s)]. (3.3)

b(s) (3.3) . -
(s), n(s) b(s) ,
r(s).
, , -
. . -

( ) . ,
.
.
, ,
, .
, -
: (-
, ) -
.
(s), n(s), b(s). . -
 3. . . . . 19

,
.
n0 (s). , -
r(s),
. 3.1 n0 (s) -
n(s).

n0 (s) = (s) + b(s). (3.4)

(3.4) .
, :

(s) = ( (s) | n0(s)) = ( (s) | n(s))0

(3.5)
( 0 (s) | n(s)) = (k(s) n(s) | n(s)) = k(s).

= (s) .
, -
r(s). n0 (s)

n0 (s) = k(s) (s) + (s) b(s). (3.6)

b0 (s),
b(s).
: b0 (s) = n(s) + (s). -

, (3.5):

(s) = (n(s) | b0(s)) = (n(s) | b(s))0 (n0 (s) | b(s)) =

= (k(s) (s) + (s) b(s) | b(s)) = (s).

(s) = ( (s) | b0(s)) = ( (s) | b(s))0 ( 0 (s) | b(s)) =

= (k(s) n(s) | b(s)) = 0.

b0 (s)
20 I. . . .

b0 (s) = (s) n(s). (3.7)

(3.2), (3.6) (3.7) :

(s) = k(s) n(s),

0

n0 (s) = k(s) (s) + (s) b(s), (3.8)
b (s) = (s) n(s).

0

(3.8) (s), n(s) b(s)

s. , -
,
. (3.8) (3.1),
r(s) (
).

4.
. .
(s) n(s)
, .
(3.3)
. b0 (s) .
(3.7)
(s) 0. (3.8)

0 (s) = k(s) n(s),


(4.1)
n0 (s) = k(s) (s).

R -
, x3 = 0.
 4. . . . 21

R cos(s/R)
r(s) =
, (4.2)
R sin(s/R)

s . (4.2) (3.1)
(3.2),
(s) n(s):

sin(s/R) cos(s/R)
(s) =
, n(s) =
. (4.3)
cos(s/R) sin(s/R)

, (4.3) (4.1), -
k(s) = 1/R = const. k ,
1/k .
r(s) 1/k
n(s). ,
. -
.
r(s) -
-

n(s)
(s) = r(s) + . (4.4)
k(s)

, , k(s) 6= 0.
-
: R(s) = 1/k(s) ,
- (4.4)
r(s).
-
. s
, , -
. (4.4)

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
22 I. . . .

- . ,
s
.
r(t). -
r(s), (s) r(t), -
r(t).
(4.4). -

.
.
- r(s)
r(s) -
-
. s s
s = (s). = 1
s = (s). (4.4)
n(s)
r((s)) = r(s) + . (4.5)
k(s)
(4.5) s
(3.1) (4.1):
1
 
d
0
(s) ((s)) = n(s).
ds k(s)
((s)) n(s) ,
. :

1
 
d
n(s) = ((s)), 0 (s) = . (4.6)
ds k(s)
(4.6) :
1
= ((s) C). (4.7)
k(s)
 5. . . . 23

C . (4.7) -
(4.6) (4.5):

r(s) = r((s)) + (C (s)) ((s)).

s = (s) -
(s) = r((s)),

(s) = r(s) + (C s) (s). (4.8)

(4.8)
r(s).
(4.8) , .
. -

, , , (4.8)
.

5.
.

. -
,
-
. -

r , -
r(t). r(t)
.
,
t, -
s. .
24 I. . . .

, -
t, :

v 1 (t)
dr
v(t) = = r(t) =
2
v 3 (t) . (5.1)

dt v (t)

-
:
1
a (t)
dv
a(t) = = v(t) =
2
a (t) . (5.2)

dt a3 (t)

-
:

m a = F(r, v). (5.3)

m . , -
, -
. F .
-
( )
.
,
.
(5.3) , -
,
.
s = s(t) , -
. (2.5) :

s(t) = |v(t)| = v(t). (5.4)

 5. . . . 25

v(t) (5.4)
.
-
r(s). (5.1)
(5.2) :

v(t) = s(t) (s(t)),

a(t) = s(t) (s(t)) + (s(t))2 0 (s(t)).

(5.4) , -
:

v(t) = v(t) (s(t)),

(5.5)
a(t) = v(t) (s(t)) + k(s(t)) v(t)2 n(s(t)).

(5.5) -
.
,
.
.
. -
,
( ).
 II

1. .
E -
. , E ,
E , -
. (-
) E. -
x1 , x2 x3 ,
e1 , e2 e3 -
, . F

1
F (x)
F=
2
F 3 (x) , (1.1)

F (x)

x = (x1 , x2, x3 ) -
E. f (x) -
f (x1 , x2, x3 ) .
F -
. (1.1)

O, e1 , e2 , e3 O0 , e1 , e2 , e3 -
.
 1. . . . 27

F
:
3
X
F i (x) = Sji F j (x),
j=1
3
(1.2)
X
i
x = Sji j i
x + a .
j=1

Sji e1 , e2 , e3
e1 , e2 , e3 , a1 , a2 , a3
0
OO e1 , e2 , e3 .
(1.2)
-
-
(. [1]).
[1] F i F i . ,
,
.
E
. ,
,
. E
, .
, . , -
, ( )
, ( ) .
O, e1 , e2 , e3
e1 , e2 , e3 , -
:
, ,
. -
F
28 II. .

F1 (x), F2 (x), F3 (x),

:

3
X
Fi (x) = Tij Fj (x),
j=1
3
(1.3)
X
xi = Sji xj + ai .
j=1

F -
:

3 X
X 3
Fji (x) = Spi Tjq Fqp (x),
p=1 q=1
3
(1.4)
X
i
x = Spi xp +a . i

p=1

( ) F

:

3 X
X 3
Fij (x) = Tip Tjq Fpq (x),
p=1 q=1
3
(1.5)
X
i
x = Spi p
x + a . i

p=1

(1.2), (1.3), (1.4) (1.5)

. -
,
x = (x1 , x2 , x3) x = (x1 , x2 , x3).

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 1. . . . 29

. .
(1.2), (1.3), (1.4) (1.5)
.
. -

F. -

F,
S,
T .
F
. ,

:
X
Fji11...j
...ir
s
= Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Fqp11...q
...pr
s
(1.6)
p1 ...pr
q1 ...qs

(1.6) (r + s)- ,
p1 , . . . , pr q1 , . . . , qs
1 3.
1.1. (r, s) -
F,
(r + s)
(1.6).
-
, -
. ,

(r, s).
(r, s). ,
30 II. .

,
, -
. (1, 0),
(0, 1), (1, 1) , , -
( ) (0, 2).
, , -
. , ,
.
-
(1.6).
(1.2), (1.3), (1.4) (1.5) :
X
Fji11...
... ir
js (x) = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Fqp11...
... pr
qs (x),
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
3 (1.7)
X
i
x = Sji j
x + a .i

j=1

(1.7)
(r, s) -
.

(0, 0), . -
,
E.

2. .
a b.
-
ai (x) bj (x). ,
.
:
cij (x) = ai (x) bj (x). (2.1)
 2. . 31

(1.3), (2.1)
a b :
3
! 3 ! 3 X 3
X p
X q X
cij (x) = Ti ap Tj bq = Tip Tjq (ap bq ).
p=1 q=1 p=1 q=1

cpq (x) -
ai (x) bj (x) ,
cij (x) cpq (x) (1.5). ,

-
.
a b. c -
c = a b.

. A -
(r, s), B (m, n).
i ... i i ... i i1 ... ir i ... i
Cj11... jsrjs+1 ... js+n (x) = Aj1 ... js (x) Bjs+1 ... js+n (x). (2.2)
r+1 r+m r+1 r+m

2.1. C (r + m, s + n),
(2.2), -
C = A B A B.
-
. ,

C (1.7).
(1.7) A B:
X
Aij11... ir
... js = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
qs ,
p..q
ir+1 ... ir+m q q
X
Bjs+1 ... js+n = Spir+1
r+1
. . . Spir+m
r+m
Tjs+1
s+1
. . . Tjs+n
s+n
Bqps+1
r+1 ... pr+m
... qs+n .
p..q
32 II. .

,

.
(1.7) C.
2.1. ,
(A B) C) = A (B C).
-. A (r, s), B
(m, n) C (p, q).
:
 
i ... i i ... i
Aij11... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+n
r+1 r+m
Cjs+n+1
r+m+1
... js+n+q =
r+m+p

  (2.3)
ir+1 ... ir+m ir+m+1 ... ir+m+p
= Aij11... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+n C js+n+1 ... js+n+q .

(2.3),
. 
. -
, .
a b -
a = (1, 0, 0) b = (0, 1, 0). c = a b d = b a.
c12 d12 (2.2) : c12 = 1 d12 = 0.
, a b 6= b a.
F. Fji (x)
F(x) e1 , e2 , e3.
, Fji (x) -
F(x) (. [1]).

3
X
f (x) = tr F(x) = Fii (x) (2.4)
i=1
 2. . 33

f (x) E. ,
(2.4),
F, , ,
:
3
i ... i i ... i k i ... i
X
Hj11... jr1
s1
(x) = Fj11... jn1
m1
k jn ... js1 (x).
m r1
(2.5)
k=1

(2.5) k m- -
n- .
F :

2.2. H, -
(2.5) F,
F m- n- .
2.1
. , -
H (1.7).
(1.7) F
(2.5):
i ... im1 k im ... ir1
X
Fj11... jn1 k jn ... js1 = Spi11 . . . Spim1
m1
Sk Spim
m
. . . Spir1
r1

p1 ...pr1
q1 ...qs1
q q p ... p p ... p
Tjq11 . . . Tjn1
n1
Tk Tjqnn . . . Tjs1
s1
Fq11... qn1
m1
qn ... qs1 .
m r1

(1.7)
k m- n- ,
34 II. .

. -

.
,
.

k. -
, (T = S 1 ):
3
X
Sk Tk = . (2.6)
k=1

(2.6), k,
. ,
3
X
Fqp11...
... pm1 pm ... pr1
qn1 qn ... qs1 = Hqp11...
... pr1
qs1 .
=1

i ... i qs1
X
Hj11... jr1
s1
= Spi11 . . . Spir1
r1
Tjq11 . . . Tjs1 Hqp11...
... pr1
qs1 ,
p1 ...pr1
q1 ...qs1

-
(1.7),
H. 2.2 .
, 2.2,
, -
. ,
.
C, (2.5) :

H = Cm,n (F) = C(F).

 2. . 35

m n ,
.
(1, 1)
. F (2, 2)
. ,
, (1, 1).
(1, 1)
.
F, . (2, 2)
.
F (n, n) n!, ,
.
-
. ,
E v w. ,
.

, f = hw | vi.
:
3
X
f= wi v i . (2.7)
k=1
(2.7) , f = C(w v). -
f = hw | vi
w v. ,
F v, F v
u = F v,
3
X
ui = Fji v j .
j=1

: u = C(F v); ,
. v
F.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
36 II. .

3. .
v w .
E v(x) w(x),
.
u = v + w.
. A B
(r, s).
:

Cji11...
... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir
js = Aj1 ... js + Bj1 ... js . (3.1)

3.1. C (r, s), -

(3.1),
A B (r, s).
(1.7) C -
. (1.7)
A B . -
3.1 .
.

:

Aij11... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir

... js + Bj1 ... js = Bj1 ... js + Aj1 ... js ,

Aij11... ir
+ Bji11 ... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir
... js + Cj1 ... js = Aj1 ... js + Bj1 ... js + Cj1 ... js .



... js

T(r,s)
(r, s). , 2.1,
:

T(r,s) T(m,n) T(r+m,s+n) . (3.2)

-
 3. . 37

(3.2) :

(A + B) C = A C + B C,
(3.3)
C (A + B) = C A + C B.

(3.3)
.
:

ir+1 ... ir+m

Aij11... ir i1 ... ir
... js + Bj1 ... js Cjs+1 ... js+n =

i ... i i ... i
= Aij11... ir r+1 r+m i1 ... ir
... js Cjs+1 ... js+n + Bj1 ... js Cjs+1 ... js+n ,
r+1 r+m

 
ir+1 ... ir+m ir+1 ... ir+m
Cji11...
... ir
js A js+1 ... js+n + B js+1 ... js+n =
i ... i i ... i
= Cji11...
... ir r+1 r+m i1 ... ir
js Ajs+1 ... js+n + Cj1 ... js Bjs+1 ... js+n .
r+1 r+m

(3.2) K = T(0,0) (
)
,
. K -
(. [3]) , 1
,
E.
m = n = 0 (3.2).
T(r,s)
K. A
K : A = A. -

: A = A. -

38 II. .

T(r,s) :
(1) A + B = B + A;
(2) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C);
(3) 0 T(r,s) , , A + 0 = A
A T(r,s) ;
(4) A T(r,s) -
A0 , , A + A0 = 0;
(5) (A + B) = A + B
K A, B T(r,s) ;
(6) ( + ) A = A + A
A T(r,s) , K;
(7) ( ) A = ( A) A T(r,s)
, K;
(8) 1 A = A A T(r,s) .
(3) , -
. A0 (4)
, -
A .
(1)-(8) -
(. [1]).
, K
, . ,
(1)-(8) K, -
K K-. ,
T(r,s)
K = T(0,0) .
K = T(0,0) -
,
R.
T(r,s) E -
R.
r 1 s 1, T(r,s) -
.
 3. . 39

, :

C(A + B) = C(A) + C(B),

(3.4)
C( A) = C(A).

(3.4) -
. C = A + B (2.5) :
3
i ... i i ... i k i ... i
X
Hj11... js1
r1
= Cj11... jn1
m1
k jn ... js1 =
m r1

k=1
3 3
i ... i k im ... ir1 i ... i k i ... i
X X
= Aj11 ... jm1
n1 k jn ... js1
+ Bj11 ... jm1 m r1
n1 k jn ... js1
,
k=1 k=1

(3.4).
C = A. (3.4)
:
3
i ... i i ... i k i ... i
X
Hj11... js1
r1
= Cj11... jn1
m1
k jn ... js1 =
m r1

k=1
3 3
i ... i k i ... i i ... i k i ... i
X X
= Aj11 ... jm1 m r1
n1 k jn ... js1
= Aj11 ... jm1 m r1
n1 k jn ... js1
.
k=1 k=1

T(r,s)
T(r,s) r = s = 0 (.
(3.2)). -
K- T(r,s) . ,
:
M
M
T = T(r,s) . (3.5)
r=0 s=0

(3.5)
40 II. .

A(1) +. . .+A(k) , -
K- T(r,s) . -
K- T :

q
k X
X
(A (1)
+...+ A (k)
) (A (1)
+...+ A (q)
)= A(i) A(j) .
i=1 j=1

T :
(9) (A + B) C = A C + B C;
(10) ( A) C = (A C);
(11) C (A + B) = C A + C B;
(12) C ( B) = (C B).
T -
(3.3). , K-, -
-
K K-.
T .
T K-
T(r,s) (3.5).
,
(3.2). -
,
.

4. .
A (r, s) r 2.
A . -
-
.

Bji11 ... im ... in ... ir

... js = Aji11... in ... im ... ir
... js . (4.1)
 4. . 41

Bji11 ... ir
... js (4.1)
A im in .
4.1. Bji11 ... ir
... js , -
A
, B ,
A.
-. -
(1.7)
(4.1):
X
Bji11 ... ir
... js = Spi11 . . . Spinm . . . Spim
n
. . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
qs .
p1 ...pr
q1 ...qs

pm pn
: pm pn , pn , -
, pm .
S -
, pm pn
A. -
:
X
Bji11 ...
... ir
js = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pn ... pm ... pr
qs .
p1 ...pr
q1 ...qs

Bqp11... qs = Aq1 ... qs

... pr p1 ... pn ... pm ... pr
-
(1.7) -
B. . 
-
. A (r, s)
s 2.

Bji11 ...
... ir i1 ... ir
jm ... jn ... js = Aj1 ... jn ... jm ... js . (4.2)
42 II. .

4.2. Bji11 ... ir

... js , -
A
, B ,
A.

4.2 -
4.1. . ,
.

(1.7).
(4.1)
(4.2) -
Sr -
Ss .
(. [3]). , 4.1
4.2 Sr Ss K- T(r,s) , -
(r, s).
,

(A + B) = (A) + (B),
(4.3)
( A) = ( (A)),

Sr Ss .
B = (A) :

i ... i
Bji11 ... ir
... js = Aj (1) ... j (s) ,
(1) (r)
(4.4)

(1), . . . , (r) (1), . . . , (s) -

1, . . . , r 1, . . . , s.

4.1. , A
(r, s) m- n-
( ) ,

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 4. . 43

(A) = A, ,
(4.1) (4.2).
4.2. , A
(r, s) m- n-
( ) , -
(A) = A, ,
(4.1) (4.2).

( -
). =
(4.3). -

: Sr Ss (. [3]).
4.3. , A
(r, s) -
Sr Ss , :
(A) = A (A) = (1) A.
A 1
2 , -
1 1
1 2 .

G Sr Ss . -
.
G Sr Ss -
A -
T(r,s) . A B

1 X
B= (A) (4.5)
|G|
G

A G. -
44 II. .

, A B

1 X
B= (1) (A) (4.6)
|G|
G

A -
G. -
, (4.3).
B, G, -

. G = Sr Ss (4.5) -
, (4.6)
.

5. .
A E -
.
5.1. A m--

C m ,
m- -
.
C 1 -
, C -
. ,
(1.7) -
A 5.1.
C m
C m .
5.1.
(r, s)
 5. . 45

:
Aij11... ir
... js
Bji11 ...
... ir
js js+1 = . (5.1)
xjs+1
(5.1)
.
(r, s + 1). .
5.1. -
A (r, s),
(5.1), -
B (r, s + 1).
-. -
(1.7) Bji11 ... ir
... js js+1 (5.1).
O, e1 , e2, e3 O , e1 , e2 , e3 -
0

. S T
. (1.7) A
xjs+1 :
Aji11... ir
... js (x)
X
i1 ir q1 qs Aq1 ... qs (x)
p1 ... pr
= S p . . . S p T j1 . . . T js
xjs+1 p1 ...pr
1 r
xjs+1
q1 ...qs

:
3
Apq11... qs (x)
... pr X xqs+1 Apq11... qs (x)
... pr

j
= j q
. (5.2)
x s+1
q =1
x s+1 x s+1
s+1

x = (x1 , x2, x3 ) x = (x1 , x2 , x3 )

:
3
X 3
X
xi = Sji xj + ai , xi = Tji xj + ai ,
j=1 j=1
46 II. .

(1.7),
. S T
,

xqs+1 qs+1
= Tjs+1 . (5.3)
xjs+1

(5.3) (5.2), -
Aji11... ir
... js /x
js+1
.
:

q
X
Bji11 ... ir
... js js+1 = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjs+1
s+1
Bqp11...
... pr
js+1 ,
p1 ...pr
q1 ...qs+1

(1.7)
B (5.1). . 
A B (5.1)
js+1 . , B
A. -
: B = A.
, -
. B
:

Bji11 ... ir i1 ... ir

... js k = k Aj1 ... js . (5.4)

(5.1) k (5.4)
: k = /xk . , k -
,
-
. ( III) ,
,
.
 5. . 47

A
(r, s) X
. A X.
(r + 1, s + 1). -
,
X -
. X A = C(A X)
A X .
B = X A (r, s), A.

B = X A :
3
X
Bji11 ... ir
... js = X q q Aij11... ir
... js . (5.5)
q=1

B = X A (5.5)
A X.
5.2. -
:
(1) X (A + B) = X A + X B;
(2) X+Y A = X A + Y A;
(3) X A = X A;
(4) X (A B) = X A B + A X B;
(5) X (A) = (XA);
A B -
, X Y
.
-. -
.
C = A + B. (1)
3 3 3
X Cji11...
... ir
js
X Aij11... ir
... js
X Bji11 ... ir
... js
Xq = X q
+ X q
.
q=1
xq q=1
xq q=1
xq
48 II. .

Z = X + Y (2)

3
X 3
X 3
X
Z q q Aij11... ir
... js = X q q Aij11... ir
... js + Y q q Aij11... ir
... js .
q=1 q=1 q=1

(3) Z = X.

3
X 3
X
Z q q Aij11... ir
... js = X q q Aij11... ir
... js .
q=1 q=1

(3) .

:

3 3
i1 ... ir
!
X 
ir+1 ... ir+m
 A j1 ... js
X
X q /xq Aij11... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+n = Xq q

q=1 q=1
x
3 ir+1 ... ir+m !
ir+1 ... ir+m i1 ... ir
X B j s+1 ... js+n
Bjs+1 ... js+n + Aj1 ... js Xq .
q=1
xq

, ,

3 3
!
X X i ... i k im ... ir1
Xq Aj11 ... jm1
n1 k jn ... js1
=
q=1
xq
k=1
3 X
3 i ... i k i ... i
X
q
Aj11 ... jm1 m r1
n1 k jn ... js1
= X
xq
k=1 q=1

, -
. 
 6. . 49

6. .
O, e1, e2 , e3 -
E. E
. e1 , e2, e3
:

gij = (ei | ej ). (6.1)

g :

det g > 0. (6.2)

(6.2) -
(. [1]).
(6.1)
(0, 2).
g,
, -
:

gij (x) = gij = const .

g -
.
, . -
E.
g
g = g1 . g ij ,
i j .
3
X
g ij gjk = ji . (6.3)
j=1

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
50 II. .

6.1. g
-
(2, 0).
-. (1.7) -
g:
3 X
X 3
gij = Tip Tjq gpq .
p=1 q=1

g = T tr g T. (6.4)

g, g
T , :

g1 = (T tr g T )1 = S g1 S tr . (6.5)

,
3 X
X 3
g ij = Spi Sqj g pq . (6.6)
p=1 q=1

(6.6)
(1.7) (2, 0). ,
. 
g = g1 g ij -

.
E,
.
 6. . 51

g g . gij
i j (6.1)
. , ,
,
g ij i j.
g g
.

g = 0, g = 0, (6.7)
(5.1) -
.
(., , [4]) -
ijk ,
-. -
(ijk):

0 i = j, i = k j = k,

ijk
ijk = = 1 sign(ijk) = 1, (6.8)

1 sign(ijk) = 1.

, - (6.8)

-
e1 , e2, e3 :
3 3 X3
!
X X
[X, Y] = ei ijk X j Y k ,
i=1 j=1 k=1
3 X
3 X
3
(6.9)
X
(X, Y, Z) = i j
ijk X Y Z . k

i=1 j=1 k=1

- (6.8) (6.9) -
, . ,
52 II. .

- ,
.
, :

3 X
X 3 X
3
pql Mip Mjq Mkl = det M ijk (6.10)
p=1 q=1 l=1

( . [4]). M -
3 3. M
(2, 0), (1, 1)
(0, 2), . (6.10)
.
-
g
:
p
ijk = det g ijk . (6.11)

ijk -
O, e1, e2 , e3 O0 , e1 , e2 , e3.
(6.10), :

3 X
X 3 X
3
Tip Tjq Tkl pql =
p
det g det T ijk . (6.12)
p=1 q=1 l=1

(6.12) -
(6.4),
det g = (det T )2 det g. :

3 X
X 3 X
3
Tip Tjq Tkl pql = sign(det T )
p
det g ijk . (6.13)
p=1 q=1 l=1
 6. . 53

, (6.13)
ijk (6.11) -
: sign(det T ) = sign(det S) = 1.
(6.13) :

3 X
X 3 X
3
ijk = sign(det S) Tip Tjq Tkl pql . (6.14)
p=1 q=1 l=1

(6.14)
(1.6) (0, 3),
sign(det S). (6.14)
(1.6):
X
Fji11...
... ir
js = (1)S Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Fqp11...
... pr
qs , (6.15)
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs

(1)S = sign(det S) = 1.
.
6.1. (r, s)
F, -
(r + s)
(6.15).
(r, s)
E (r, s). -
6.1 (6.14)
ijk (6.11) (0, 3).
. -
g g, -
E,
.
E.
54 II. .

7. .

.

.

.
.
A B (r, s).
(3.1) C = A + B,
(r, s).
, A
B (3.1)
. A + B
(3.5).
(2.2)
. A
(r, s) B (m, n).
, .
:
(1) -
;
(2)
;
(3)
.

P(r,s)
(r, s). (1)-(3) -
(3.3),
, P(r,s) -
K = T(0,0) . (1)-(3)
 8. . 55

T(r,s) T(m,n) T(r+m,s+n) ,

P(r,s) P(m,n) T(r+m,s+n) ,
(7.1)
T(r,s) P(m,n) P(r+m,s+n) ,
P(r,s) T(m,n) P(r+m,s+n) ,

(3.2) 3.
(2.5) F (r, s),
r 1 s 1. (2.5)
, .
(1) ,
(2)
.

(3.4).

(5.1).
A A
, -
A . -
-
X X, X
, .
5.2
X .

8. .
-
.
E,
,
56 II. .

. . -
-
(P ), P E.
P ,
, ,
S -
. -
:
(P ) (P ). -
. = c = const,
= c = const. c
. -
-
= 1
, = 1.

. -
-
E.

E,
(. -
[1]) . ,
E ( ) -
.
. -
:
,

, -
. -
50 50.
,
.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 8. . 57

, E -
E ,
:
1 ,

E =
1 .
E A -
E A = E A.
E E A A. -
E, E
, -
.
:
p
ijk = E det g ijk . (8.1)
X Y .
Z :
X 3 X
3 X 3
Zq = g ki ijk X j Y k . (8.2)
i=1 j=1 k=1

(8.2) , Z
gab. -
(8.2)
Z = [X, Y]
(. [4] (6.9) ). -
, ijk (6.11),
.
X, Y Z -
u :
3 X
X 3 X
3
u= ijk X i Y j Z k . (8.3)
i=1 j=1 k=1
58 II. .

(8.3) ,
, (8.3)
(X, Y Z) (. [4] (6.9) -
).
, -
(6.11),
.

9. .
A (r, s)
E r 1. -
A g A g
B (r 1, s + 1) C(A g):
3
i ... i i ... i k i ... i
X
Bj11 ... jr1
s+1
= Aj11 ... jm1 m r1
n1 jn+1 ... js+1
gkjn . (9.1)
k=1

A B (9.1)
m- n- .

(9.1). B -
(r, s) s 1.
A = C(B g) (r + 1, s 1) :
3
i ... i i ... i i ... i
X
Aj11 ... jr+1
s1
= Bj11 ... jm1 m+1 r+1
n1 q jn ... js1
g qim . (9.2)
q=1

B A (9.2)
n- m- .
-
. :
3 X
3
i ... i ki ... ir
X
ij11... ir
... js = Aj11 ... jm1 m+1
n1 jn ... js
gkq g qim =
q=1 k=1
 9. . 59

3
i ... i ki ... ir
X
= Aj11 ... jm1 m+1
n1 jn ... js
kim = Aji11... ir
... js .
k=1

,

A B C C = A.

, :
3 X
3
i ... i i ... i
X
ij11... ir
... js = Aj11 ... jm1 m r
n1 q jn+1 ... js
g qk gkjn =
k=1 q=1
3
i ... i i ... i
X
= Aj11 ... jm1 m r
n1 q jn+1 ... js
iqn = Aij11... ir
... js .
q=1

E, -
, ,
g g. ( -
) (r, s)

(0, r + s) .
.
A (0, 4). -

Ai1 i2 i3 i4 . A
(1, 3).
:

A i1 i2 i3 i4 , A i1 i2 i3 i4 , A i1 i2 i3 i4 , A i1 i2 i3 i4 . (9.3)

(9.3) -
,

60 II. .

.
.
,
:

Aijkq , Aij kq , Aij kq , Aijkq . (9.4)

(9.3)
(9.4), . ,
. , -
(1.6), (2.2), (2.5)
.
,
-

.

10. , .
.
f , -
, f . -
, 5,
f . f -
( (0, 1)).
(9.2) f ,
F
3
i
X f
F = g ik . (10.1)
xk
k=1

10.1. F E,
(10.1), -
f . F = grad f .
 10. , . 61

X E.
X grad f .
(10.1)
X
f :
3
X f
(X | grad f ) = Xk = hf | Xi. (10.2)
xk
k=1

(10.2) .
, X
f . (10.2)

X, (5.5):
(X | grad f ) = X f. (10.3)
(10.3),
F -
F.
F . -
F ( (1, 1)).
F:
3
X F k
= C(F) = . (10.4)
xk
k=1

10.2. E,
(10.4), -
F. = div F.
div F, F -
.
3 X
X 3 X
3 X
3
m = g mi ijk g jq q F k , (10.5)
i=1 j=1 k=1 q=1
62 II. .

ijk ,
(8.1).
10.3. E,
(10.5), -
F. = rot F.
(10.5) F -
g g F
: rot F = C(g g F).
. ijk (10.5)
(6.11),
.
-
O, e1 , e2, e3 E.
e1 , e2, e3 .
,
1 i = j,

ij i
gij = g = j =
0 i 6= j.
E -
,
: E 1.
(10.1) (10.5) grad f
rot F:
f
(grad f )i = , (10.6)
xi
3 X 3
X F k
(rot F)i = ijk . (10.7)
j=1 k=1
xj

(10.4) :
3
X F k
div F = . (10.8)
xk
k=1
 10. , . 63

(10.7)
3 3:

 e1 e2 e3
 

 

rot F =  1

. (10.9)
 x x2 x3 

 1
F F2 F3


(8.2) -
-
(6.9),
:

 e1 e2 e3 
 
 
[X, Y] =  X 1 X 2 X 3  . (10.10)
 
 
Y1 Y2 Y3

(10.9) (10.10)
-
= (/x1 , /x2, /x3),
:

div F = ( | F), rot F = [, F].

10.1.
C 2 rot grad = 0.
-. -
(10.6)
(10.7). F = rot grad . :

3 X
3
X 2
Fi = ijk . (10.11)
xj xk
j=1 k=1

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
64 II. .

(10.11) .
j k, k, , j.

(10.11).
3 X
3 3 3
X 2 XX 2
Fi = ikj = ijk = F i .
xk xj xj xk
j=1 k=1 j=1 k=1

-
j k
:
2 2
= . (10.12)
xj xk xk xj
-
C 2 -
. F i = F i
F i = 0. . 
10.2. F
C 2 div rot F = 0.
-. , 10.1, -
-
, (10.7) (10.8).
= div rot F :
3 X
3 X
3
X 2F k
= ijk . (10.13)
i=1 j=1 k=1
xj xi

(10.12)
F
2F k 2F k
=
xj xi xi xj
 10. , . 65

ijk i j,
(10.13) = . = 0. 
C 2 .
div grad .
: 4 = div grad . 4 -
,
div grad . -
.

 2  2  2

4= + + . (10.14)
x1 x2 x3
(10.6) (10.8) -
:
3 X
3
X 2
4= g ij . (10.15)
xi xj
i=1 j=1

i = /xi,
(10.15) :
3 X
X 3
4= g ij i j . (10.16)
i=1 j=1

(10.16) (10.15)
. -
, 4 = div grad , -
.
(10.16)
F
(r, s). 4F
g F :
4F = C(g F). 4F
66 II. .

(r, s), F.
(10.16) -.

11. .

11.1. F
E , rot F = 0.

11.2. F
E , div F = 0.

10.1 , -
10.2 .
grad , rot F
. 10.1 10.2
.

11.1. F
E
, F = grad .

-.
O, e1 , e2 , e3
e1 , e2 , e3 . -
rot F = 0 F
:

F 1 (x1 , x2, x3 ) F 2 (x1 , x2 , x3)

= , (11.1)
x2 x1
F 2 (x1 , x2, x3 ) F 3 (x1 , x2 , x3)
= , (11.2)
x3 x2
F 3 (x1 , x2, x3 ) F 1 (x1 , x2 , x3)
= . (11.3)
x1 x3
 11. . 67

(11.1), (11.2) (11.3)

(10.7) (10.9). (x1 , x2 , x3)
F:
Zx1
1 2 3
(x , x , x ) = c + F 1 (x1 , 0, 0) dx1+
0
(11.4)
Zx2 Zx3
+ F 2 (x1 , x2 , 0) dx2 + F 3 (x1 , x2, x3 ) dx3.
0 0
c . -
, (11.4) ,
F = grad .
x3 . c
(11.4) x3 .
Zx3

= F 3 (x1 , x2 , x3) dx3 = F 3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ). (11.5)
x3 x3
0
(11.5)
-
(. [2]).
x2 . c
(11.4) x2 . -
:
Zx3
2 1 2
= F (x , x , 0) + F 3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) dx3.
x2 x2
0

x2 x3
(. [2]).
Zx3 3 1 2 3
F (x , x , x ) 3
2
= F 2 (x1 , x2 , 0) + dx . (11.6)
x x2
0
68 II. .

(11.6) -
(11.2). :
Zx3
F 2 (x1 , x2 , x3) 3
= F 2 (x1 , x2 , 0) + dx =
x2 x3
0 (11.7)
x=x3
= F 2 (x1 , x2 , 0) + F 2 (x1 , x2, x) = F 2 (x1 , x2, x3 ).
x=0

/x1 ,
/x3 /x2:
Zx1 Zx2
1 1 1
= F (x , 0, 0) dx + F 2 (x1 , x2 , 0) dx2+
x1 x1 x1
0 0
Zx3

+ F 3 (x1 , x2, x3 ) dx3 = F 1 (x1 , 0, 0)+
x1
0
Zx2 Zx3
F 2 (x1 , x2 , 0) 2 F 3 (x1 , x2, x3 ) 3
+ dx + dx .
x1 x1
0 0

-
(11.1) (11.3). :
x=x2
= F 1 (x1 , 0, 0) + F 1 (x1 , x, 0) +
x1 x=0
(11.8)
x=x3
1 1 2 1 1 2 3
+ F (x , x , x) = F (x , x , x ).
x=0

(11.5), (11.7) (11.8)

grad = F
(x1 , x2 , x3 ), (11.4).
. 
 11. . 69

11.2. F -
E
A, F = rot A.
-.
-
e1 , e2 , e3. , F
,
:

F 1 (x) F 2 (x) F 3 (x)

+ + = 0. (11.9)
x1 x2 x3
A, -
:
Zx3 Zx2
1 2 1 2 3 3
A = F (x , x , x ) dx F 3 (x1 , x2 , 0) dx2,
0 0
Zx3
A2 = F 1 (x1 , x2 , x3) dx3 , (11.10)
0

A3 = 0.

, A (11.10) ,
rot A = F.
.
:
Zx3
A3 A2
= F 1 (x1 , x2 , x3) dx3 = F 1 (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
x2 x3 x3
0

-
70 II. .

.
, -
(11.10) A1 x3 :

Zx3
A1 A3
= F 2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) dx3 = F 2 (x1 , x2, x3 ).
x3 x1 x3
0

, , A :

Zx3
A2 A1 F 1 (x1 , x2 , x3) F 2 (x1 , x2 , x3 )

= + dx3 +
x1 x2 x1 x2
0
Zx2 Zx3
3 1 2 2 F 3 (x1 , x2 , x3) 3
+ F (x , x , 0) dx = dx +
x2 x3
0 0
x=x3
+ F 3 (x1 , x2, 0) = F 3 (x1 , x2, x) + F 3 (x1 , x2 , 0) =
x=0
3 1 2 3
= F (x , x , x ).

(11.9)
F 1 /x1 + F 2 /x2
F 3 /x3. ,
, , rot A = F. ,
A (11.10). 

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 III

1.
.

: -
E
(x1 , x2 , x3). -
.
.
. ,
O OX, -
. A 6= O

-

: - = |OA|
72 III. .

OX - A. , -
(
). (, )
A.
-
1.2.
O,
OX,
90.
A
 1
x = cos(),
(1.1)
x2 = sin().

p
= (x1 )2 + (x2 )2 ,

(1.2)
= arctg(x2 /x1 ).

(, ) -
R2 . -
R2 -
-
. -
(, )
-
,
.
-
.
0
.
2 = 360.
,
 1. . . . 73

. , (, ) (x1 , x2 ),
(1.1), .
U ,
1.3 ( U ).
V U (1.1).
, V (x1 , x2 )
OX. (1.1) U ,
m : U V .
, (1.2) -
m1 : V U .
, tg() (x1 , x2 )
(x1 , x2 ) . m
:
!
x2
= 2 arctg p .
x1 + (x1 )2 + (x2 )2

,
(1.2) .
R2
, . (1.1)

74 III. .

(x1 , x2). 1.4,

1.5 -
.
-
.
. -
: u2 = const,
u1 = const.
-
, .
(x1 , x2 ) ,
O. -
. O
.
-

h.

, -
-
-
(. 1.6).
1
x = cos(),

x2 = sin(), (1.3)

3
x = h.

p
= (x ) + (x ) ,
1 2 2 2

= arctg(x2 /x1 ), (1.4)

3
h=x .

 1. . . . 75

-
. ,
Ox3 ,
Ox3
, Ox3 . -
Ox3 .
( )
.
-

. h

, -
-
A (. 1.7).

1
x = sin() cos(),

x2 = sin() sin(), (1.5)

3
x = cos().

A

: , , .
A :
p

= (x1 )2 + (x2 )2 + (x3 )2 ,
 
(1.6)
p
= arccos x3 / (x1 )2 + (x2 )2 + (x3 )2 ,


= arctg(x2 /x1 ).

. , O;
O,
76 III. .

,
Ox3 ; , ,
Ox3 . -
Ox3 .

.
= const E -
.
,
, -
.

2.
.
D E. -
. -
D , A D
D
O(A) . ,
D ,
D. .
[2]. u1 (x), u2 (x) u3 (x)
D. , -
,
D. -
u1 , u2, u3 ,
R3 .
u1 , u2, u3 u : D R3 .

2.1.
u1 , u2 , u3 A E,
grad u1 , grad u2 grad u3 -
A.
 2. . . . 77

E,
u1 , u2, u3
: ui = ui (x1 , x2, x3 ).
u1 , u2 , u3 -
,
u1 , u2 , u3 x1 , x2 , x3:

ui ui ui
 
i
grad u = , , . (2.1)
x1 x2 x3

(2.1)
1
u1 u1

u

x1 x2 x3

2
u u2 u2

J = . (2.2)

x1 x2 x3

u3 u3 u3

1
x x2 x3

J (2.2) -
u : D R3 ,
u1 , u2 , u3 D. ,
u1 , u2 , u3
: det J 6= 0.
2.1. -
u1 , u2 , u3 D
A,
O(A) A O(u(A)) u(A)
R3 , , :
(1) u : O(A) O(u(A)) ;
(2) u1 : O(u(A)) O(A)
.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
78 III. .

2.1
(. [2]).
.
2.2. , -
u1 , u2 , u3
D E
D, D
u
D U R3 .
-
u1 = (x), u2 = (x) u3 = h(x) (1.4),
(1.6). , -
(1.4) (1.6) 2.2
.
D (1.4) (1.6) -
u1 (1.3) (1.5).
D E
u1 , u2 , u3 .
E. u1 , u2 , u3 ,
u D U R3 :
1 1 1 2 3
u = u (x , x , x ),

u2 = u2 (x1 , x2 , x3), (2.3)

3 3 1 2 3
u = u (x , x , x ).
D , -
U R3 , u1 : U D
. -
:
1 1 1 2 3
x = x (u , u , u ),

x2 = x2 (u1 , u2 , u3), (2.4)

3 3 1 2 3
x = x (u , u , u ).
 2. . . . 79

r - r -
x1 , x2 x3 .
(2.4) , -
:
3
X
1 2 3
r(u , u , u ) = xq (u1 , u2 , u3 ) eq . (2.5)
q=1

u1 , u2 , u3
.
U R3 :

1 1 1 1 1

u = t,
u = c , u =c ,

u2 = c 2 , u2 = t, u2 = c 2 , (2.6)

3 3

3 3

3
u =c , u =c , u = t,
c1 , c2 c3 . (2.6)
U .

(2.6). (2.6) (2.5)
U
D E.
.
-
D .
u : D U D -

. -
:
t = u1 , t = u2 , ,
t = u3 .
D
. E1 , E2
E3 . E1 , E2 , E3
 80 III. .

- r(u1, u2 , u3 ) u1 , u2 u3 -
.
:

r(u1 , u2, u3 )
Ej (u1 , u2, u3 ) = . (2.7)
uj
(2.7) - (2.5) -
e1 , e2 , e3 .
e1 , e2 , e3 u1 , u2, u3 , :
3
X xq (u1 , u2 , u3 )
Ej (u1 , u2 , u3) = eq . (2.8)
q=1
uj

(2.8) E1 , E2 , E3
e1 , e2, e3 . - E1 ,
E2 E3 :
1
x1 x1

x

u1 u2 u3

2
x x2 x2

I= . (2.9)
u1 u2 u3

x3 x3 x3

1
u u2 u3

(2.9) (2.2) , (2.9)

u1 : U D, -
(2.4). (2.4) (2.3):

ui (x1 (u1 , u2 , u3), x2 (u1 , u2, u3 ), x3(u1 , u2, u3 )) = ui . (2.10)

, (2.3) (2.4) -
u u1 . -
 2. . . . 81

(2.10) uj :
3
X ui (x1 , x2, x3 ) xq (u1 , u2 , u3 )
q j
= ji . (2.11)
q=1
x u

. ,
(2.2) (2.9) . ,
:

I(u1 , u2 , u3 ) = J(x1 , x2, x3 )1 , (2.12)

x1 , x2, x3 u1 , u2, u3 (2.4),

, , u1 , u2 , u3 x1 , x2, x3 -
(2.3). , (2.12)

I J. ,

(2.3) (2.4).
(2.3), -
D, -
(2.2). (2.12)
(2.9) . -
E1 , E2 , E3 (2.8) -
D.
E1 , E2 , E3 -
, -
.
(2.8)

, E1 , E2 , E3 :
3
X
Ej = Sjq (u1 , u2 , u3) eq . (2.13)
q=1
82 III. .

S
(2.9), u1 , u2 , u3 .
, S.
E1 , E2 , E3
T = S 1 .
(2.12)
(2.2).
T x1 , x2 x3 :
3
X
eq = Tqi (x1 , x2 , x3) Ei . (2.14)
i=1

E1 , E2 , E3
D E. -
u1 , u2 u3 ,
-
Ei (u1 , u2 , u3).

3. .
D1
u , u2 , u3, D2 u1 , u2, u3 .
1

, D = D1 D2
.

U U D U1
 3. . 83

U2 , : U = u(D1 D2 ) U = u(D1 D2 ).
D
U
U . u1 u1
:
1 1 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 3
x = x (u , u , u ),
x = x (u , u , u ),

x2 = x2 (u1 , u2 , u3 ), x2 = x2 (u1 , u2 , u3 ), (3.1)

3
x = x3 (u1 , u2 , u3 ),
3
x = x3 (u1 , u2 , u3 ).

u u, ,
:

1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3
u = u (x , x , x ),
u = u (x , x , x ),

u2 = u2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ), u2 = u2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ), (3.2)

3
u = u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ),
3
u = u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ).

(3.1) -
(3.2). -
(3.1)
(3.2).
1 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
u (x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u )),

u2 (x1 (u1 , u2 , u3 ), x2(u1 , u2 , u3 ), x3(u1 , u2 , u3)), (3.3)

3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
u (x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u )),

1 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
u (x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u )),

u2 (x1 (u1 , u2 , u3 ), x2(u1 , u2 , u3 ), x3(u1 , u2 , u3)), (3.4)

3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
u (x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u ), x (u , u , u )),

u u1
84 III. .

u u1 . :
1 1 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 3
u = u (u , u , u ),
u = u (u , u , u ),

u2 = u2 (u1 , u2 , u3), u2 = u2 (u1 , u2 , u3), (3.5)

3 3 1 2 3

3 3 1 2 3
u = u (u , u , u ), u = u (u , u , u ).
(3.5) D

.

.

D = D1 D2 -
. S T
, :
3
X 3
X
Ej = Sji Ei , Ei = Tik Ek . (3.6)
i=1 k=1

3.1. S T -

(3.6) (3.5):

ui uk
Sji (u1 , u2 , u3 ) = , Tik (u1 , u2 , u3 ) = . (3.7)
uj ui

-. (3.7). -
-
.
(2.8)
:
3
X xq (u1 , u2 , u3 )
Ej (u1 , u2 , u3) = eq . (3.8)
q=1
uj

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c .., 1996.
 3. . 85

e1 , e2, e3 E1 , E2 , E3 ,
(2.14). , T (2.14)
J(x1 , x2 , x3 ) (2.2).
3
X ui (x1 , x2 , x3 )
eq = Ei . (3.9)
i=1
xq

(3.9) (3.8).
:
3 3
!
X X ui (x1 , x2, x3 ) xq (u1 , u2 , u3 )
Ej = q j
Ei . (3.10)
q=1
x u
i=1

(3.10) (3.6)
S :
3
X ui (x1 , x2, x3 ) xq (u1 , u2 , u3)
Sji = . (3.11)
q=1
xq uj

x1 , x2, x3
u1 , u2, u3 -
(3.1).
(3.11)
ui ((x1 (u1 , u2 , u3), x2 (u1 , u2, u3 ), x3(u1 , u2, u3 )) (3.4):

ui
Sji = .
uj
, (3.4), (3.5),
u1 , u2, u3
u1 , u2 , u3 ,
(3.7). . 
86 III. .

. 2.2 -
(2.3).
2.1 (2.4), -
, . -
S (2.13),
(2.9),
U .
S: det S(u1, u2 , u3 )
U , .
U ,
, ,
det S > 0, det S < 0. , -

. E
, -

.

. 2.2 -

. , (2.3)
C m . -

C m . (2.2)
C m1 . -
(2.12) (2.9)
C m1 , (2.4), ,
C m .

C m ,
(3.5) C m , -
S T , (3.7),
C m1 .
 4. . 87

4.
.
u1 , u2 , u3 -
D E F -
, D. -
u1 , u2 , u3 -
F(u1 , u2 , u3 ) E1 (u1 , u2, u3 ),
E2 (u1 , u2 , u3) E3 (u1 , u2, u3 ). -
:
3
X
F(u1 , u2 , u3 ) = F i (u1 , u2 , u3) Ei (u1 , u2, u3 ). (4.1)
i=1

F i (u1 , u2, u3 ) -
F -
. D -
u1 , u2, u3 ,
(4.1):
3
X
F(u1 , u2 , u3 ) = F i (u1 , u2 , u3) Ei (u1 , u2, u3 ). (4.2)
i=1

(3.6),
F (4.1) (4.2):
3
X
F i (u) = Sji (u) F j (u),
j=1 (4.3)
ui = ui (u1 , u2 , u3 ).

(4.3) -
(1.2) -
.
88 III. .

, -
.
ui = ui (u1 , u2, u3 )
, S, -
3.1, .
F , -
. -
F
,
. -
u1 , u2 , u3, , -
. F,
, F
. -

(1.3), (1.4) (1.5)
.
F -
:
3
X
Fi (u) = Tij (u) Fj (u),
j=1 (4.4)
ui = ui (u1 , u2, u3 ).

F
:
3 X
X 3
Fji (x) = Spi (u) Tjq (u) Fqp (x),
p=1 q=1 (4.5)
ui = ui (u1 , u2 , u3 ).

()
 4. . 89

(1.5) :
3 X
X 3
Fij (u) = Tip (u) Tjq (u) Fpq (u),
p=1 q=1 (4.6)
ui = ui (u1 , u2 , u3).

F (r, s). -
,
-
. ,
.
, 1.1
, -
.
F(u1 , u2, u3 ) F -
u1 , u2 , u3 . ,
E1 (u1 , u2 , u3), E2 (u1 , u2 , u3) E3 (u1 , u2 , u3 ) -
F .
-
(1.6) .
(r, s) :
X
Fji11...
... ir
js (u) = Spi11 (u) . . . Spirr (u)
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
Tjq11 (u) . . . Tjqss (u) Fqp11...
... pr
qs (u),
(4.7)

ui = ui (u1 , u2 , u3 ).

(4.7)
(1.7) .
:
(1) ui (u1 , u2 , u3 )
;
90 III. .

(2) S(u) T (u) -

.
,
-
. , , ,
,

, . (1)
(2)
.
-
g. ,
-
:

gij = (Ei (u) | Ej (u)). (4.8)

g
g.
gij g ij .
, g -
.
(6.11)
. -
E
. (8.1)
.

5.
.
A (r, s).
5
. A A
 5. . . . 91

(r, s + 1). -
A
A
x1 , x2 x3 .
. -
, A
A .
u1 , u2 , u3 -
D E.
-
.
A. , -
Ai (u1 , u2, u3 ).
B = A -
x1 , x2, x3 .
: A
,
B = A (5.1) ,
A -
.
x1 , x2 , x3
u1 , u2 , u3 :
1 1 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 3
x = x (u , u , u ),
u = u (x , x , x ),

x2 = x2 (u1 , u2, u3 ), u2 = u2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ), (5.1)

3
x = x3 (u1 , u2, u3 ), u3 = u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ),

-
(3.7). (5.1) :

ui xk
Sji (x) = , Tik (u) = . (5.2)
xj ui
Ak (x1 , x2 , x3)

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c .., 1996.
92 III. .

A .
3
X
Ak = Tpk (u) Ap(u).
p=1

B = A
(5.1) :
3
Ak X
Bqk = = Tpk (u) Ap(u) . (5.3)


x q x q
p=1

B
:
3 X
X 3
j Ai = Bji (u) = Ski (x) Tjq (u) Bqk . (5.4)
k=1 q=1

(5.3) -
.
(5.3). (5.4) :
3 X 3 3
!
X X Ap (u)
i
j A = Sk (x) Tp (u) Tjq (u)
i k
q
+
q=1 p=1
x
k=1
3 3 3
!
X XX
i q Tpk (u)
+ Sk (x) Tj (u) q
Ap (u).
p=1 q=1 p=1
x

, S T
. k p -
. , Tjq (u) xq /uj
(5.2), :
3 3
X xq
X
Tjq (u) q
= j q
= .
q=1
x q=1
u x uj
 5. . . . 93

j Ai :
3 3
!
i Ai (u) X X i Tpk (u)
j A (u) = + Sk (x) Ap (u).
uj p=1
u j
k=1

. -
ijp :
3
X Tpk (u)
ijp (u) = Ski (x) . (5.5)
uj
k=1

(5.5) -
-
:
3
i Ai X i p
j A = + jp A . (5.6)
uj
p=1

ijp , (5.5),
-
. -
,
.
5.1. ijp -
u1 , u2 , u3, (5.5),
-
x1 , x2, x3 .
-. (5.5)
Ei i:
3 3 X
3
X X Tpk (u)
ijp (u) Ei(u) = Ski (x) Ei (u). (5.7)
uj
i=1 i=1 k=1
94 III. .

i
:
3
X 3
X
ek = Ski Ei , Ep = Tpk ek , (5.8)
i=1 k=1

E1 , E2 , E3 -
e1 , e2, e3 .
(5.7) :
3 3 3
X X Tpk (u) X
ijp Ei = ek = k
(u) e


T p k .
i=1
uj uj
k=1 k=1

ek u , u2 , u3,
1

uj . k -

(5.8). (5.7)
3
Ep X i
= jp Ei . (5.9)
uj
i=1

(5.9) -
ijp .
,
x1 , x2, x3 . Ep (u1 , u2 , u3)
u1 , u2, u3
D.
uj -
E1 , E2 , E3 .

ijp . , ,
. 
-
A (r, s)
 5. . . . 95

.
, (5.5).
(5.5) :

3 3
X
X Ski (x)
ijp (u) = S i
k (x) T k
p (u) T k
p (u) .
uj uj
k=1 k=1

S T .
k
. :

3
X Ski (x)
ijp (u) = Tpk (u) . (5.10)
uj
k=1

Aij11... ir
... js A (r, s) -
. B = A
, .
A -
:
X
Apq11...
... pr
qs = Tvp11 . . . Tvprr Sqw11 . . . Sqwss Avw11... vr
... ws .
v1 ... vr
w1 ... ws

B -
:

X Tvp1 . . . Tvpr Sqw1 . . . Sqws Avw1 ... vr

1 ... ws
Bqp11...
... pr
qs+1 = 1 r 1 s
.
v1 ... vr xqs+1
w1 ... ws

-
96 III. .

q
X
Bji11 ... ir
... js+1 = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjs+1
s+1
Bqp11...
... pr
qs+1 =
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs+1
q
X X
= Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjs+1
s+1

p1 ... pr v1 ... vr
q1 ... qs+1 w1 ... ws
(5.11)
Tvp11 . . . Tvprr Sqw11 . . . Sqwss Avw11... vr


... ws
.
xqs+1

(5.11) -
-
. -
T , -
S , ,
-
Avw11...
... ws .
vr

Tvm Sqwnn ,
pm

, :

3
X 3
X
Spim
m
Tvpmm = vim
m
, Tjqnn Sqwnn = jwnn .
pm =1 qn =1

(5.11). :

3 3
X xqs+1
X qs+1
Tjs+1 = = .
qs+1 =1
xqs+1 q =1
u js+1 xqs+1 u js+1
s+1

-
 5. . . . 97

(5.11) :
3 3
r
!
X X X Tvpmm
js+1 Aij11... ir
... js = Spim Aij11... vm ... ir
... js +
m=1 vm =1 pm =1
m
ujs+1
3 3
s
!
X X X Sqwnn Aij11... ir
... js
+ Tjqnn Aij11... ir
... wn ... js + .
n=1 wn =1 qn =1
ujs+1 ujs+1

(5.5) (5.10) -
. (5.11)
:

Aij11... ir
... js
js+1 Aij11... ir
... js = +
ujs+1
r
X 3
X
+ ijm
s+1 vm
Aij11... vm ... ir
... js (5.12)
m=1 vm =1
s
X 3
X
w i1 ... ir
js+1 jn Aj1 ... wn ... js .
n

n=1 wn =1

(5.12)
(r, s) -
.
: js+1
ujs+1 r + s -
A. ,
, ,
, , -
. im
jn -
, vm
wn . js+1 , -
,
98 III. .

. -
vm wn
A, , -
.
(5.12), ,

.

6.
.
-
,

. kij
,
. , -
(1, 2). kij
(
(5.12) (5.1) -
). ,
, -
. -
kij ,
.
6.1. u1 , u2, u3 u1 , u2, u3 -
D E.
:
3 X
3 X
3 3
X X Tim
kij = k
Sm Tip Tjq m
pq +
k
Sm , (6.1)
m=1 p=1 q=1 m=1
uj

S T (3.7).

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 6. . . . 99

. -
T (6.1) (3.7),
T -
(3.5), , -

C 2 . (5.5) ijp .
-. 6.1 -
(5.9). E1 , E2 , E3 ,
(3.6) Ej E1 , E2 E3 :
3 3
X Ej X
kij Ek = = m
E (6.2)


T j m .
ui m=1
ui
k=1

(6.2) :
3 3 3
X X Tjm X Eq
kij Ek = i
Em + Tjq . (6.3)
m=1
u q=1
ui
k=1

(6.3) Em -
E1 , E2 E3 ,
ui
u1 , u2 , u3 :
3 3 X
3 3 X 3
X X Tjm X q u Eq
p
kij Ek = k
Sm E k + T j .
ui ui up
k=1 k=1 m=1 q=1 p=1

up /ui Tip (3.7)

(5.9) :
3
Eq X
= pq Em .
m
up m=1
100 III. .

:
3 3 X
3 3 X 3 X 3
X X Tjm X
kij Ek = k
Sm E k + Tip Tjq m
pq Em .
ui
k=1 k=1 m=1 q=1 p=1 m=1

Em
E1 , E2 , E3 :
3 3 X 3 X 3 3
!
m
X X X T j
kij k
Sm Tip Tjq m
pq
k
Sm Ek = 0.
m=1 q=1 p=1 m=1
ui
k=1

E1 , E2 , E3 -
. -
(6.1), . 

7. .
.
g. -
g g (. (6.7)
). ,
x1 , x2 , x3 E gij
x1 , x2 , x3 .
gij (u1 , u2 , u3 ) -
. g
:
k gij = 0. (7.1)
(7.1) -
. (5.12)
:
3 3
gij X
r
X
ki g rj rkj gir = 0. (7.2)
uk r=1 r=1
 7. . 101

(7.2) kij
gij . -
kij

(5.5).
7.1. , (5.5), -
, kij = kji .
-. (5.2) (5.5).
kij :
3 3
X Tjq (u) X 2 q
k x
kij (u) = Sqk = S q . (7.3)
q=1
ui q=1
uj ui

C 2 -
:
2 xq 2 xq
= .
uj ui ui uj
, -
(7.3). . 
, (7.2),
kij gij , :
3
X
ijk = rij gkr . (7.4)
r=1

ijk (7.4) kij -

, .
, kij ijk :
3
X
kij = g kr ijr . (7.5)
r=1
102 III. .

kij ijk
(7.4) i j, ijk = jik . -
(7.4)
(7.2) :
gij
kij kji = 0. (7.6)
uk
(7.6) ,
(7.6) -
i j k i .
gij
kij kji = 0.
uk
gjk
ijk ikj = 0. (7.7)
ui
gki
jki jik = 0.
uj
(7.7)
(7.7). ijk -

gjk gki gij
i
+ 2 ijk = 0.
u uj uk
ijk -

(7.5), :
3
1 X kr
 
grj gir gij
kij = g + . (7.8)
2 r=1 ui uj ur

(7.8) -
kij , -
. -
 8. . 103

(7.8) (5.5) ,
-
. (5.9)
- Ei (u1 , u2 , u3).
(7.8)
, -
.

8. .
.
a ,
A E. -
-
,
B.
, -
a.
-
-
: a
A a
B -
.

A B
. , a

a = a1 (A) E1 (A) + a2 (A) E2 (A) + a3 (A) E3 (A),

(8.1)
a = a1 (B) E1 (B) + a2 (B) E2 (B) + a3 (B) E3 (B)

. A B ,
E1 (A), E2 (A), E3 (A) E1 (B), E2(B), E3(B)
104 III. .

. -
a (8.1)
. , -

: B A,
,
a (8.1). -
, A B
: r = r(t), t ,
[0, 1] . -

u1 (t), u2 (t) u3 (t),
t [0, 1] u1 , u2, u3 -
.
8.1. , -
u1 (t), u2 (t) u3 (t)
, (t)

u1 (t), u2 (t) u3 (t).
-. u1 , u2 , u3 -
-
r = r(u1 , u2 , u3), r -
(.
(2.4) (2.5)). -
:

r = r(u1 (t), u2 (t), u3(t)). (8.2)

r(t) (8.2) -
:
3
dr X r
(t) = = uj (t). (8.3)
dt uj
j=1
 8. . 105

(2.7) (8.3) -
.
(8.3)

3
X
(t) = uj (t) Ej (u1 (t), u2 (t), u3(t)). (8.4)
j=1

. -
(t) (8.4) -
u1 (t), u2 (t) u3 (t). . 
a
, A B (. 8.1).

3
X
a= ai (t) Ei (u1 (t), u2 (t), u3(t)), (8.5)
i=1

(8.4). -
(8.5) , a = const:

3 3 3
da X i X X Ei
0= = a Ei + ai uj .
dt uj
i=1 i=1 j=1

(5.9) -
.
:

3 3 X
3
!
X X
i
a + ijk j
u a k
Ei = 0.
i=1 j=1 k=1

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
106 III. .

E1 , E2 , E3 :
3 X
X 3
ai + ijk uj ak = 0. (8.6)
j=1 k=1

(8.6)
. -
a
-
. ,
a A B
,
(8.6),
a A t = 0.

, E
. -
, n b, (.
). , -
(r, s),
.
E, -

, . -
, (r, s) ,
(r, s) .
A -
E1 , E2 , E3
,
.

Aij11... ir i1 ... ir
... js = Aj1 ... js (t). (8.7)

-
 8. . 107

(8.7)
X
Aij11... ir
... js (t) = Spi11 (t) . . . Spirr (t)
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs (8.8)
q1 qs p1 ... pr
Tj1 (t) . . . Tjs (t) Aq1 ... qs (t),

S(t) T (t) :

S(t) = S(u1 (t), u2(t), u3 (t)),

(8.9)
T (t) = T (u1 (t), u2(t), u3 (t)).

A
(5.12), -
, (8.7),
t. (5.12) :

dAij11... ir
... js
t Aij11...
= ir
... js +
dt
3 X
r X
X 3
+ iqmvm uq Aij11... vm ... ir
... js (8.10)
m=1 q=1 vm =1
3 X
s X
X 3
w q i1 ... ir
q jn u Aj1 ... wn ... js .
n

n=1 q=1 wn =1

(8.10) -
A t -
u1 , u2 , u3.
t
(5.12). ,
.
8.2. -
u1 , u2 , u3 u1 , u2 , u3 Bji11 ... ir i1 ... ir
... js = t Aj1 ... js , -
(8.10), (8.8)
108 III. .

B = t A (r, s), -
A t .
-. -
.
(8.10). Aij11... ir
... js -
A (8.8).
dAij11... ir
... js /dt -
t (8.8):

dAij11... ir
... js
X dApq11...
... pr
qs
= Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss +
dt p1 ... pr dt
q1 ... qs
r
X X
+ Spi11 . . . Spim
m
. . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
qs + (8.11)
m=1 p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
Xs X
+ Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqnn . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
qs .
n=1 p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs

Spim
m
Tjqnn (8.11)
, S T :
3 X
3 3 X 3
d Skim Tvkm


X X
Spim = Skim Tvkm Spvm
= m
Spvm
m

m
dt
k=1 vm =1 vm =1 k=1
3 X
3 3 3
!
k k
X dTvm vm X X
im dTvm
Skim Spm = Sk Spvm
m
,
vm =1 k=1
dt v =1
dt
m k=1

3 X
3 3 3
!
X X X dTjk
Tjqnn = Tjkn Skwn Twqnn = n
Skwn Twqnn .
dt
k=1 wn =1 wn =1 k=1

 8. . 109

Spim
m
Tjqnn (8.9):

3 3 X
3
!
X X Tvkm q
Spim = Skim u Spvmm
, (8.12)
m
vm =1
uq
k=1 q=1
3 3 X
3
!
X X Tjkn q
Tjqnn = Skwn u Twqnn . (8.13)
wn =1
uq
k=1 q=1

(8.12) (8.13) (8.11). -

(8.8) p1 , . . . , pr
q1 , . . . , qs (8.11),
(8.11) :

dAij11... ir
... js
X dApq11...
... pr
qs
= Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss
dt p1 ... pr dt
q1 ... qs
3 3 3
r
!
k
X X X X T v
Skim m
uq Aij11... vm ... ir
... js + (8.14)
m=1 q=1 vm =1
uq
k=1
3 X
3 3
s X
!
X X
wn
Tjkn
+ Sk q
uq Aij11... ir
... wn ... js .
n=1 q=1 wn =1
u
k=1

(8.10) (8.14)
. -
(8.14) (8.10). -
-
:

3 3
X Tvkm X Tjkn
iqmvm Skim , w
q jn
n
Skwn .
uq uq
k=1 k=1
110 III. .

(6.1):
3 3 3 3
X Tvkm XXX
iqmvm Skim = Srim rpk Tqp Tvkm ,
uq
k=1 r=1 p=1 k=1
(8.15)
3 3 X
3 X
3
X Tjkn X
w n
q jn Skwn = Srwn rpk Tqp Tjkn .
uq r=1 p=1 k=1
k=1

(8.15) (8.14) (8.10).

(8.10) :
X dApq11...
... pr
qs
t Aji11... ir
... js = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss +
p1 ... pr dt
q1 ... qs
3 X
r X
X 3 3 X
X 3 X
3
+ Spim
m
ppkm Tqp Tvkm uq Aij11... vm ... ir
... js
m=1 q=1 vm =1 pm =1 p=1 k=1
3 X
s X
X 3 3 X
X 3 X
3
Skwn kp qn Tqp Tjqnn uq Aij11... ir
... wn ... js .
n=1 q=1 wn =1 qn =1 p=1 k=1

-
Aij11... vm ... ir
... js Aij11... ir
... wn ... js A -

(8.8). , , Tqp uq q
u p . :
X
t Aij11... ir
... js = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
r X 3 X 3
dApq11...
... pr
ppmvm u p Aqp11...
qs
X
... vm ... pr
+ qs (8.16)
dt m=1 p=1 vm =1
s X 3 X 3
!
wn p p1 ... pr
X
p q u Aq ... w ... q .
n 1 n s
n=1 p=1 wn =1
 9. . . . 111

, (8.16), -
t Apq11... qs . t A ,
... pr

(8.10), -
(8.8). 8.2 . 
(8.6).
(8.10)
t a. -
: t a = 0.
-
A:
t A = 0. (8.17)
(8.17)
,
, 8.1.
, -
u1 (t), u2 (t) u3 (t)
. t = s -
. (t)
.
ui
. ai = ui (8.6),
3 X
X 3
ui + ijk uj uk = 0. (8.18)
j=1 k=1

(8.18)
( ).

9. ,
.
, -
(1.1). (1.1),
112 III. .

cos() sin()

E1 =
, E2 =
. (9.1)
sin() cos()

- (9.1) E1
E2 .

g g:

1 0 1 0

ij
gij =
, g =
. (9.2)
0 2 0 2

g g
. (7.8):

111 = 0, 112 = 121 = 0, 122 = ,

(9.3)
211 = 0, 212 = 221 = 1 , 222 = 0.

(9.3) -
4 .
: = (, ). :
2 X2 2
!
2
X X
4 = g ij kij k . (9.4)
ui uj u
i=1 j=1 k=1

(9.4) (10.16)
, .
(9.3) (9.4) :

2 1 1 2
4 = + + . (9.5)
2 2 2

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 9. . . . 113

. :

1 0 0 1 0 0


gij = 0 2 0 , g ij = 0 2 0 . (9.6)


0 0 1 0 0 1

(9.6) (7.8)
. :

111 = 0, 112 = 0, 121 = 0,

113 = 0, 131 = 0, 122 = , (9.7)
123 = 0, 132 = 0, 133 = 0,

211 = 0, 212 = 1 , 221 = 1 ,

213 = 0, 231 = 0, 222 = 0, (9.8)
223 = 0, 232 = 0, 233 = 0,

311 = 0, 312 = 0, 321 = 0,

313 = 0, 331 = 0, 322 = 0, (9.9)
323 = 0, 332 = 0, 333 = 0.

3 (9.4)
, :
3 X3 3
!
2
X X
4 = g ij kij k . (9.10)
ui uj u
i=1 j=1 k=1
114 III. .

(9.7), (9.8) (9.9) (9.10) :

2 1 1 2 2
4 = + + + . (9.11)
2 2 2 h2
-
. A -
A1 , A2 A3 . -
F = rot A
(10.5) . -
, (8.1)
. E -
.
,
. -
x1 , x2 , x3,
-
(1.3). -
, E = 1
F = rot A :
3 X
X 3 X
3 X
3
p
F m
= det g g mi ijk g jq q F k . (9.12)
i=1 j=1 k=1 q=1

(9.7), (9.8), (9.9) (9.6)

(9.12) :

1 A3 A2
F1 = ,
h
1 A1 1 A3
F2 = , (9.13)
h
A2 1 A1
F3 = + 2 A2 .

 9. . . . 115

(9.13) :

 E1 E2 E3 
 
 
1 
 

rot A =  , (9.14)
 h 
 
 A1 2 A2 A3 

E1 , E2 , E3 .

g:

1 0 0




gij =
0 2 0 .
(9.15)

0 0 2 sin2 ()

111 = 0, 112 = 0, 121 = 0,

113 = 0, 131 = 0, 122 = , (9.16)
123 = 0, 132 = 0, 133 = sin2 (),
211 = 0, 212 = 1 , 221 = 1 ,
213 = 0, 231 = 0, 222 = 0, (9.17)
sin(2)
223 = 0, 232 = 0, 233 = ,
2
311 = 0, 312 = 0, 321 = 0,
313 = 1 , 331 = 1 , 322 = 0, (9.18)
323 = ctg(), 332 = ctg(), 333 = 0.
116 III. .

(9.16), (9.17) (9.18) (9.10) :

2 2 1 2
4 = + + +
2 2 2
(9.19)
ctg() 1 2
+ + .
2 2 sin2 () 2

A A1 , A2 A3
.
F = rot A. F :

A3 1 A2
F 1 = sin() + 2 cos() A3,
sin()
1 A1 A3 2 sin() 3
F2 = sin() A , (9.20)
2 sin()
1 A2 1 A1 2
F3 = 2 + A2 .
sin() sin() sin()

, (9.13), (9.20)
:

 E1 E2 E3
 

 
2 
 

rot A =

 . (9.21)
sin()  

 
 A1 2 A2 2 sin2 ()A3 

(9.5), (9.11) (9.19) -

(9.14) (9.21)
.
-
.
 9. . . . 117

g
. -

, Hi = gii
. ,
-
. ,
(7.8) (5.9).
 IV

1. .
.

.
() -
. E
: -
. ,
, :

F (x1 , x2 , x3) = 0. (1.1)

.
-
( -
).
(. (1.2) )
.
.
,
. u1 u2 :
1 1 2
x (u , u )
1 2
r = r(u , u ) =
2 1 2
x3 (u1 , u2 ) . (1.2)

x (u , u )
 1. . 119

(1.2) -

u1 , u2 .
. , -
(u1 , u2 ) R2 , ,
(u1 , u2 ) U R2 . -
D U (1.2).
D , U ,
(1.2) U D.
D
x1 (u1 , u2 ), x2 (u1 , u2) x3 (u1 , u2 ) (1.2). -
,
, , .
:
1
x
x1
u1 u2

2 2
x x

I = . (1.3)
u1 u2

x3 x3

1
u u2

1.1. -
(1.2) (u1 , u2 ),
(1.3), , 2.
1.2. D
, -
u : D U D
U R2 :
(1) u : D U ;
(2) u1 : U D, -
(1.2),
U .

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
120 IV. .

(1.3) 2.
2 2:
 1
x1
 2
x2
 3
x3
  
 x   x   x 
     
 u1 u2   u1 u2   u1 u2 

 2
,  ,  . (1.4)
x2
 3
x3
 1
 x  x  x x1
  
  
 1
u2
 1
u2
 1
u u u u2
  

(1.2), ,
(1.4) . -
x1 , x2 , x3
, :
 1 1 

 x x
 
 u1 u2 
  6= 0 (1.5)
 2
 x x2 

 1
u2

u

x1 (u2 , u2 )
x2 (u2 , u2 ) (1.2) , :
 1
x = x1 (u1 , u2 ),
(1.6)
x2 = x2 (u1 , u2 ).

(1.5) (1.6) -
. (1.6)
-
:
 1
u = u1 (x1 , x2 ),
(1.7)
u2 = u2 (x1 , x2 ),

(1.6).
,
 1. . 121

(. [2], . 2.1
). u1 u2 (1.7)
x3 (u1 , u2 ), (1.2).
F (x1 , x2 ) = x3 (u1 (x2 , x2 ), u2(x2 , x2 )),

( )
:
x3 = F (x1 , x2 ). (1.8)
. -
1.2
.
, :
1 1 3
1 1 3
x = (u ) ,
x = (u ) ,

x2 = (u2 )3 , x2 = (u2 )3 , (1.9)

3 1 2 2 2
3 1 4 2 4
x = (u ) + (u ) , x = (u ) + (u ) .

-
u1 = u2 = 0.
(1.9) ,
.
D -
u1 : U D -

. u1 = const u2 = const

u1 , u2 . U . -
(1.2)
D ( 1.1 1.2 ). -
D:
r(u1, u2 )
Ei (u1 , u2 ) = . (1.10)
ui
122 IV. .

(1.10) E1

E2 , D.
- r(u1 , u2), (1.2), -

3
X
1 2
r(u , u ) = xq (u1 , u2 ) eq . (1.11)
q=1

(1.11) (1.10)
E1 E2 e1 , e2 , e3 -
:
3
X xq (u1 , u2 )
Ei (u1 , u2) = eq . (1.12)
q=1
ui

-, -
E1 E2 :
1
x /u1
1
x /u2


E1 = x2 /u1 , E2 = x2 /u2 . (1.13)


x3 /u1 x3 /u2
 1. . 123

, - (1.13)
(1.3). (. -
1.1)
(1.3).
.
1.1. E1 E2 -
, , -
D.
E1 E2 , ,
D
.
-
E1 E2 . ,
(. 1.1 1.2).
-
t, :
 1
u = u1 (t),
(1.14)
u2 = u2 (t).

(1.14) (1.11) (1.2), -

: r(t) = r(u1 (t), u2(t)). r(t)
t (1.14):
2
dr X r dui
(t) = = .
dt i=1
ui dt

(1.10), :
2
X
(t) = ui Ei . (1.15)
i=1
124 IV. .

(1.15)
E1 E2 . ,
,
,
(1.14) E1 E2 .

2.
.
D1 D2 -
, -
. D = D1 D2
. D u1 , u2
u1 , u2 . U U D -
(. 3.1
). (.
1.2) :

u u1 : U U , u u1 : U U. (2.1)

u u1 u u1 (2.1) ,
:

u1 = u1 (u1 , u2 ), u1 = u1 (u1 , u2 ),
 
(2.2)
u2 = u2 (u1 , u2 ). u2 = u2 (u1 , u2 ).

2.1. (2.2), -
u u1 u u1 , .
-. -
(2.2). -
. U
D. -
E ,
 2. . . . 125

(1.5)
(1.7), (1.6). -
(1.7) .

D (1.6):

x1 = x1 (u1 , u2),

(2.3)
x2 = x2 (u1 , u2).

, u1
(1.2). u1 = u1 (u1 , u2) u2 = u2 (u1 , u2 ), -
u u1 (2.2), -
(2.3) (1.7).

u1 = u1 (x1 (u1 , u2 ), x2(u1 , u2 )),


(2.4)
u2 = u2 (x1 (u1 , u2 ), x2(u1 , u2 )).

(2.4)
. -
. 
(2.2),
, -
. -
(3.5), .
. (1.2) -
C m
u1 , u2 u1 , u2, (2.2)
C m .
r(u1 , u2) r(u1 , u2 ) - (1.2)
D.
u1 u1 , U U D.
u1 = u1 (u u1 ). r(u1 , u2)
126 IV. .

(2.2)
r(u1 , u2 ):

r(u1, u2 ) = r(u1 (u1 , u2 ), u2(u1 , u2 )). (2.5)

(2.5) uj , -

(1.10) :
2
X r ui X ui 2
r
Ej = = = Ei .
uj i=1
ui uj i=1
uj

r(u1 , u2) = r(u1 (u1 , u2 ), u2(u1 , u2 )),

2
X r uk X uk 2
r
Ei = i
= k
i
= i
Ek ,
u u u i=1
u
k=1

E1 , E2 E1 , E2 . ,

.

2
X 2
X
Ej = Sji Ei , Ei = Tik Ek , (2.6)
i=1 k=1

S T :

ui uk
Sji (u1 , u2) = , Tik (u1 , u2 ) = . (2.7)
uj ui
(2.7) , S T -
, (2.2).
.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 2. . . . 127

(2.2) -
S T
, ,
.
2 3. ,
(2.2)
(2.7),
.
X
Fji11...
... ir
js = Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Fqp11...
... pr
qs . (2.8)
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs

2.1. (r, s) -
F,

(r + s)
(2.8).
(2.8)
(1.6) .
1
2. (1)S = sign(det S) = 1
(2.8), .
X
Fji11...
... ir
js = (1)S Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Fqp11...
... pr
qs , (2.9)
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs

2.2. (r, s)
F, -
-
(r+s)
(2.9).


128 IV. .

. , -
, , ,

, E (. ).
.
. -

E -
.
. , -
, .
-
.

3. .
u1 , u2
E1 , E2 .

gij = (Ei | Ej ). (3.1)

g 2 2, -
, .

det g > 0. (3.2)

(2.6) (3.1) , -
(3.1)
(0, 2). g -
(3.1) .
,
-
E. , g
 3. . 129

. g
.
(0, 2) -
. g.
. -

: g11 = E, g12 = g21 = F , g22 = G.
.

E F
gij =
(3.3)
F G
g
g = g1 .
g ij , i j :
3
X
g ij gjk = ji . (3.4)
j=1

g , -
6.1 . -
(2, 0) ,
. -
6.1 .
g (3.4) -
g.
-
.
(9.1) (9.2) :
2
i ... i i ... i k i ... i
X
Bj11 ... jr1
s+1
= Aj11 ... jm1 m r1
n1 jn+1 ... js+1
gkjn .
k=1
(3.5)
2
i ... i i ... i im+1 ... ir+1
X
qim
Aj11 ... jr+1
s1
= Bj11 ... jm1
n1 q jn ... js1
g .
k=1
130 IV. .

(3.5) ,
k 1
2. (3.4) (3.5)
.
( )
:

ij
0 1
dij = d =
. (3.6)
1 0

(3.6) -
- (. (6.8)
). (3.6)
2 X
X 2
dpq Mip Mjq = det M dij , (3.7)
p=1 q=1

M 2 2. -
(3.7) (6.10)
( . [4]).
dij
g ,
:
p
ij = det g dij . (3.8)

(3.7) ,
ij pq , (3.8)
:
3 X
X 3
ij = sign(det S) Tip Tjq pq . (3.9)
p=1 q=1

(3.9) (3.8) -
 4. . 131

(0, 2). -
. D
,
p
ij = D det g dij (3.10)

(0, 2), -
. (3.10) (3.8) -
D ,
(.
(8.1) ). , -
.
-
, .

4. .
.

E1 , E2
.
. ,
-
, .
,
.

4.1. n -
D A ,
A -
D .

4.1 n -
:
132 IV. .

, -
. n -

[E1 , E2 ]
n= . (4.1)
|[E1 , E2 ]|
n, (4.1), -
.

. , -
E1 , E2 E1 , E2 (2.6):

E1 = T11 E1 + T12 E2 , E2 = T21 E1 + T22 E2 .

[E1 , E2 ],
[E1 , E2 ] = (T11 T22 T12 T21 ) [E1 , E2 ] = det T [E1 , E2 ].

, (4.1):
n = (1)S n. (4.2)
(1)S = sign(det S) = 1
, (2.8).
,
- .
D
D . n :
[E1 , E2 ]
n = D . (4.3)
|[E1 , E2 ]|

:
n = n. (4.4)
 4. . 133

4.2. E1 , E2 -
u1 , u2 ,
n,
.

(4.1), -
E1 , E2 , n -
. , -
E1 , E2 ,
n. n
(4.3),
E1 , E2 . ,

n,
E1 , E2 .
, -
. D
.
, -
. : E
.
D C 2 .
-
- -
: E1 (u1 , u2), E2 (u1 , u2 ) n(u1 , u2 ). -
-
, . :

2
Ej X
= kij Ek + bij n. (4.5)
ui
k=1

n -

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
134 IV. .

(. 3.1 ).
2
n X
= cki Ek . (4.6)
ui
k=1

(4.5) n, -
(4.6) Ej . (Ek | n) = 0 :

(Ej /ui| n) = bij (n| n) = bij , (4.7)

2
X
(Ej | n/ui) = cki gkj . (4.8)
k=1

(4.7) (4.8).
, :

(Ej /ui| n) + (Ej | n/ui) = (Ej | n)/ui = 0.

bij ckj (4.5) (4.6):

2
X
bij = cki gkj .
k=1

g,
. :
2
X
bki = bij g jk . (4.9)
j=1

cki (4.6)
bij (4.5) :

cki = bki . (4.10)

 5. . . . 135

(4.10)
(4.5) (4.6) :
2
Ej X
= kij Ek + bij n,
ui
k=1
(4.11)
2
n X
i
= bki Ek .
u
k=1

(4.5) (4.6), (4.11), -

. -

.

5.
.
-

. u1 , u2 (4.5):
2
Ej X
= kij Ek + bij n. (5.1)
ui
k=1

u1 , u2 :
2
Eq X
= pq Em + bpq n.
m (5.2)
up m=1

Ej (5.1)
. (2.6):
2 2 2
Ej X (Tjq Eq ) X Tjq X Eq
i
= i
= i
E q + Tjq .
u q=1
u q=1
u q=1
ui
136 IV. .

-
:
2 2 X 2 
Tjm p
Eq

Ej X X q u
i
= i
Em + Tj i
.
u m=1
u q=1 p=1
u up

Eq / up -
(5.2). , (2.7) up /ui = Tip :

2 2 X2 X 2
Ej X Tjm X
= E m + (Tjq Tip m
pq ) Em +
ui m=1
u i
q=1 p=1 m=1
2 X2 2 X 2 
Tjm k
X X 
q p
+ (Tj Ti bpq ) n = S Ek +
q=1 p=1 m=1
ui m
k=1
2 X
X 2 2
X 2
X 2 X
X 2
+ (Tjq Tip m
pq
k
Sm ) Ek + (Tjq Tip bpq ) n.
q=1 p=1 m=1 k=1 q=1 p=1

n n
: n = n. , Ej /ui
(5.1) , ,
E1 , E2 , n.
2 2 X 2 X 2
X Tjm X
kij = k
Sm + k
Sm Tip Tjq m
pq , (5.3)
m=1
ui m=1 p=1 q=1
2 X
X 2
bij = Tip Tjq bpq . (5.4)
p=1 q=1

(5.3) (5.4) -
kij bij -
.
 5. . . . 137

(5.4) -
.
n (4.1), -
(4.2).
(5.4) :
2 X
X 2
bij = (1)S Tip Tjq bpq . (5.5)
p=1 q=1

bij -
(0, 2) .
n
(4.3), n -
(.
(4.4)). bij
(0, 2). (5.4) :
2 X
X 2
bij = Tip Tjq bpq . (5.6)
p=1 q=1

(0, 2) -
. (0, 2) -
. , bij
-
b .
.
5.1. kij bij
(4.11)
i j.
-. -
(1.10).
r(u1 , u2)
Ej (u1 , u2) = (5.7)
uj
138 IV. .

(5.7) (4.11):
2
2 r(u1 , u2 ) X k
= ij Ek + bij n. (5.8)
ui uj
k=1

-
, (5.8)
, i j. -
, kij bij
E1 , E2 , n i j. -
. 
-
, (3.3):

L M
bij =
. (5.9)
M N
.
g b -
. , ,
. -
.
(. [1]).
, ,
,
-
.

. :
2
X
bki = bij g jk . (5.10)
j=1

bki -
(4.11). ( -
 5. . . . 139

) (1, 1) .
(5.10) . -
-
,
.
k1 k2 .
5.1. -
k1 (u1 , u2) k2 (u1 , u2)
u1 , u2 .

. :

k1 + k 2
H= , K = k 1 k2 . (5.11)
2
-
bki .
, :

1
H= tr(bki ), K = det(bki ). (5.12)
2
H (5.11) (5.12)
, K .
, H K
(3.3) (5.9):

1 EN + GL 2 F M LN M 2
H= , K= . (5.13)
2 EG F 2 EG F 2
v(u1, u2 ) w(u1, u2 ) ,
, :
1 2
v w
v= v2 ,
w= w2 .
(5.14)
140 IV. .

.
(5.14) :

v = v 1 E1 + v 2 E2 , w = w 1 E1 + w 2 E2 . (5.15)

, -
. , -
(5.15) -
u1 , u2.
k1 6= k2 , -
. k1 = k2 ,
-
.
.
. , ,
,
, .
. -
k1 k2
. H -
.
. -
: K > 0,
, K < 0,
, , K = 0,
.

6.
.
(5.3) (6.1)
. -
, . -

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 6. . . . 141

kij , -
,
, .
kij .
kij -

. -
(5.12) :
Aij11... ir
... js
js+1 Aij11...
= ir
... js +
ujs+1
r
X X2
+ ijm
s+1 vm
Aij11... vm ... ir
... js (6.1)
m=1 vm =1
s
X 2
X
w i1 ... ir
js+1 jn Aj1 ... wn ... js .
n

n=1 wn =1

6.1. (6.1) -

, (r, s) (r, s + 1),
, kij
(5.3).
-. . -
A -
B = A (1, 1),
(6.1). (6.1) ,
B -
(2.8). (5.3)
kij (6.1).
(2.8) B = A:
2 2 X2 2
!
Ak X k j X A m X
+ ij A = k
Sm Tip + m
pq A
q
.
ui m=1 p=1
u p
q=1
j=1
142 IV. .

.
Tip up /ui -
(2.7) Am Aj
c :
2 2
X Am X up Am Am
Tip = = =
p=1
up p=1
ui up ui
2
! 2 2
(6.2)
X
m k
X Tjm j X m A
j
= T k A = A + T j .
ui ui ui
k=1 j=1 j=1

(6.2) Ak /ui
:
2 2 X
2 2 X 2 X 2
X X Tjm j X
kij Aj = k
Sm A + k
Sm Tip m q
pq A .
ui
j=1 j=1 m=1 m=1 p=1 q=1

Aq Aj -
,
Aj :
2 2 2 X 2 X 2
!
m
X X T j
X p q
kij k
Sm i
k
Sm Ti Tj m j
pq A = 0.
m=1
u m=1 p=1 q=1
j=1

A
Aj .
-
(5.3). .
.
(5.3) . A -
(r, s) , , js+1 Aij11... ir
... js -
(6.1),
 6. . . . 143

(r, s + 1). -
(6.1):
Aij11... ir
... js /u
js+1
r + s . -
0 
Aj1 ... js+1 m
i1 ... ir
Aij11... ir
... js+1 n :
 
0

js+1 Aij11... ir i1 ... ir

... js = Aj1 ... js /u
js+1
+
r
X s
X 0  (6.3)
+ Aij11... ir m
Aij11... ir
 
... js+1 0 ... js+1 n .
m=1 n=1

A
(r, s). (6.3) :

Aji11... ir
... js X
= S i1 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
=
ujs+1 ujs+1 p1 ... pr p1 qs
q1 ... qs
2
X X uqs+1 Apq11...
... pr
qs
= Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss +
p1 ... pr qs+1 =1 ujs+1 uqs+1
q1 ... qs
r
X X Spim
+ Spi11 . . . m
js+1
. . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
qs +
m=1 p1 ... pr
u
q1 ... qs
s
X X q1 Tjqnn
+ i1 ir
Sp1 . . . S pr Tj 1 . . . js+1
. . . Tjqss Apq11...
... pr
qs .
n=1 p1 ... pr
u
q1 ... qs

-
-
ujs+1
uqs+1 . -
uqs+1 /ujs+1
144 IV. .

q
Tjs+1
s+1
(2.7) , -
, S T :

2 X2
Spim X
im Tk
vm
m
= S v Sk ,
js+1 pm
ujs+1 v =1
m
u
k=1
(6.4)
m

2 2
Tjqnn X X Tkqn
= Tjwnn k
Sw .
ujs+1 wn =1 k=1
n
ujs+1

(6.4)
pm c vm qn wn .

Aij11... ir
... js
X
= Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss
ujs+1 p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
(6.5)
2 r s
!
X q Aqp11...
... pr
qs
X m  X  0
Tjs+1
s+1
V 0 + W n ,
qs+1 =1
uqs+1 m=1 n=1

2 X
2
m X Tkpm p1 ... vm ... pr
V = Svkm A ,
0
vm =1 k=1
ujs+1 q1 ... qs
(6.6)
2 X
2
 0 X Tkwn p1 ... pr
W = Sqkn A .
n
wn =1 k=1
ujs+1 q1 ... wn ... qs

Aij11... ir
m
... js+1 0 (6.3).
, , :

2
X
Aji11... ir
m
... js+1 0
= ijm
s+1 vm
Aij11... vm ... ir
... js .
vm =1
 6. . . . 145

A  -
i1 ... ir m
(r, s). Aj1 ... js+1 0 :


2
X X
Aij11... ir m
= Spi11 . . . Spvm . . . Spirr
 
m
... js+1 0
p1 ... pr vm =1
q1 ... qs (6.7)

Tjq11 . . . Tjqss ijm

s+1 vm
Apq11...
... pr
qs .

-
(5.3), :
2 2 2 2
X Tvkm XX X qs+1 q
ijm
s+1 vm
= Skim + Skim Tjs+1 Tvm kqs+1 q .
ujs+1 q=1 q =1
k=1 k=1 s+1

(6.7)
: -
r pm , pm vm vm r.
,
S T = S 1 :
X
Aji11... ir
Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss
m
... js+1 0 =
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
2
! (6.8)
qs+1
X m  m
Tjs+1 Apq11...
... pr
qs+1 0 +V 0 .
qs+1 =1
0
Aij11... ir
... js+1 n
:
X
Spi11 . . . Spirr Tjq11 . . . Tjqss
0
Aij11... ir
... js+1 n =
p1 ... pr
q1 ... qs
2
! (6.9)
qs+1
X
0
0 
Apq11...
... pr
+W
 
Tjs+1 qs+1 n n .
qs+1 =1
146 IV. .

(6.5),
m(6.8) (6.9)

0
(6.3). V 0 W n -


.

(r, s + 1), A. 6.1
. 
6.1 -
. ,
(5.3).

E, -
, E,
-
. -
,
.
.
X .
A (r, s)
B = X A (r, s),

2
X
Bji11 ...
... ir
js = X q q Aij11... ir
... js . (6.10)
q=1

6.2. -
:
(1) X (A + B) = X A + X B;
(2) X+Y A = X A + Y A;
(3) XA = X A;
(4) X (A B) = X A B + A X B;
(5) X (A) = (X A);
A B -
 6. . . . 147

, X Y ,
.
6.2 (6.10),
, 6.2 5.2
, (6.10)
(5.5) . , -

E.
-.

. C = A + B,
A B (r, s).

Cji11...
... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir
js = Aj1 ... js + Bj1 ... js .

Cji11...
... ir
js (6.1) -
:

js+1 Cji11...
... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir
js = js+1 Aj1 ... js + js+1 Bj1 ... js .

X js+1 js+1 .
(6.10),
.
, Bji11 ... ir
... js (6.10) -
X.
(2) (3) -
.
(4). C = A B.
C :
i ... i i ... i
Cj11... js+q
r+p
= Aij11... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+q .
r+1 r+p
(6.11)

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
148 IV. .

i ... i
Cj11... js+q r+p
(6.11) (6.1)
.
D = C :
i ... ir+p
ir+1 ... ir+p
Dj11... js+q+1 = Aji11...
... ir
js /u
js+q+1
Bjs+1 ... js+q +
ir+1 ... ir+p
+ Aji11...
... ir js+q+1
+


js Bjs+1 ... js+q /u
r 2
i ... i
X X
+ ijm
s+q+1 vm
Aji11... vm ... ir
... js Bjs+1
r+1
... js+q +
r+p

m=1 vm =1
r+p 2
i ... v ... ir+p
X X
+ Aji11...
... ir im
js js+q+1 vm Bjs+1 ... js+q
r+1 m

m=r+1 vm =1
s 2
i ... i
X X
w i1 ... ir
js+q+1 jn Aj1 ... wn ... js Bjs+1 ... js+q
n r+1 r+p

n=1 wn =1
s+q 2
i ... i
X X
... ir wn
Aji11... js js+q+1 jn Bjs+1 ... wn ... js+q .
r+1 r+p

n=s+1 wn =1

, -
:
ir+1 ... ir+p

js+q+1 Aji11... ir i1 ... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+q = js+q+1 Aj1 ... js

(6.12)
ir+1 ... ir+p i1 ... ir ir+1 ... ir+p

Bjs+1 ... js+q + Aj1 ... js js+q+1 Bjs+1 ... js+q .
-
(6.12) X js+q+1 -
js+q+1 .

A B, :
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
Bji11 ... ir
... js = Aj11 ... jp1 p r
q1 k jq ... js
. (6.13)
k=1
 6. . . . 149

(6.13) (6.1). js+1 Bji11 ... ir

... js :

2 i ... i k ip ... ir
X Aj11 ... jp1
q1 k jq ... js
js+1 Bji11 ...
... ir
js = +
ujs+1
k=1
2 X
r X
X 2
+ ijm
s+1 vm
Aij11... vm ... k ... ir
... jq1 k jq ... js (6.14)
m=1 k=1 vm =1
2 X
s X 2
i ... i k i ... i
X
w n 1
js+1 jn Aj1 ... wn ... k ... js .
p1 p r

n=1 k=1 wn =1

(6.14) vm
k, .
wn . , , vm wn
k. :
2 X
2
i ... i v i ... i
X
kjs+1 v Aj11 ... jp1 p r
q1 k jq ... js
, (6.15)
k=1 v=1
2 X
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
w 1
js+1 k Aj1 ... jq1 w jq ... js .
p1 p r
(6.16)
k=1 w=1

, (6.15) (6.16) -
. k v w k
(6.16). (6.15) (6.16) (6.14)
.
(6.14) :
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
js+1 Bji11 ... ir
... js = js+1 Aj11 ... jp1 p r
q1 k jq ... js
. (6.17)
k=1

(6.17) X js+1
js+1 . 
150 IV. .

6.2

(6.12). (6.12) :

k Aij11... ir v1 ... vp i1 ... ir

... js Bw1 ... wq = k Aj1 ... js

(6.18)
v1 ... vp
+ Aij11... ir v1 ... vp


Bw 1 ... wq ... js k Bw 1 ... wq
.

(6.18) (6.12)
; , .

7.
.
, -
g E
(. (6.7) ). -
.
-
kij
(. (7.8) ).

. ,
.
7.1. g ij -
kij

2 2
gij X q X q
k gij = k
ki gqj kj giq = 0, (7.1)
u q=1 q=1

.
 7. . . . 151

-. -
(4.11). ,
:
2
Ei X q
= ki Eq + bki n. (7.2)
uk q=1

(7.2) Ej
Ej n. Eq
Ej gqj :
2
X
(Ei/u | Ej ) =
k
qki gqj . (7.3)
q=1

i j (7.3) -
.
2
X
(Ei | Ej /uk ) = qkj giq . (7.4)
q=1

(7.3) (7.4)

E:

(Ei /uk | Ej ) + (Ei | Ej /uk ) = (Ei | Ej )/uk =

2
X 2
X
= gij /uk = qki gqj + qkj giq .
q=1 q=1

, , -
, (7.1). . 
7.1 5.1 -
152 IV. .

:
2
1 X kr  grj gir gij 
kij = g + . (7.5)
2 r=1 ui uj ur

, , , -
(7.8) .
q gij = 0 -
.
(3.4).

ki . :

2 2
(ki ) X i r X r i
q ki = +
qr k qk r = 0. (7.6)
uq r=1 r=1

-
(3.4) (7.6):

2 2
!
X X
ij
q g gjk = (q g ij gjk + g ij q gjk ) =
j=1 j=1
2
X
= q g ij gjk = q ki = 0. (7.7)
j=1

(7.7) (4) (5) -

6.2. j -
gjk . (7.7)
q g ij = 0.

g = 0, g = 0, (7.8)
 7. . . . 153

(6.7) -
E.
7.1 , -
,
g g,
. -
:

2 2
!
X X
q gik A... k ...
... ... = gik q A... k ...
... ... ,
k=1 k=1
(7.9)
2 2
!
X X
q g ik A... ...
... k ... = g ik q A... ...
... k ... .
k=1 k=1

(7.9) (7.8)
(4) (5) 6.2.
7.2. -
: = 0.
-
,
.

7.1. M , -
-
x, :

d(ln det M )
= tr(M 1 M 0 ), (7.10)
dx

M 0 ,
M .
154 IV. .

7.2. M
2 2
2
X
Miq dqj + Mjq diq = tr M dij , (7.11)


q=1

dij ,
(3.6).
, , -
(3.7), [4].
7.1 . -
x = uk (7.10) :
2 2
1 det g 1 X X qp gqp
= g . (7.12)
det g uk 2 q=1 p=1 uk

, (7.11) M
, -
. k,
jki . :
2
X 2
X
qki dqj + qkj diq = qkq dij . (7.13)


q=1 q=1

- 7.2. -
(3.8). -
(6.1). :
2
det g X p q q
k ij = det g + =


d ij ki d qj kj d iq
uk q=1
2
!
p 1 det g X q q
= det g ki dqj + kj diq .


dij
det g uk q=1

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 8. . 155

-
(7.12) (7.13):

2 2 2
!
p 1 X X qp gqp X q
k ij = det g g kq dij . (7.14)
2 q=1 p=1 uk q=1

qkq
(7.5). g pq :

2 2 2 2 2
X 1 X X qp  gpq gkp gkq  1 X X qp gqp
qkq = g + = g .
q=1
2 q=1 p=1 uk uq up 2 q=1 p=1 uk

(7.14)
. k ij = 0. . 
. -

D . 7.2 -
.
. ( -
) E -
: = 0.
, 7.2. E

.

8. .
E
-
.
-
?
156 IV. .

. -
X Y (1, 2)
:

Yijk = i j X k j i X k . (8.1)

Y (6.1):
2 2
(j X k ) X k X
i j X k = +
iq j X q
qij q X k ,
ui q=1 q=1
(8.2)
2 2
(i X k ) X k X
j i X k = + jq i X q
qji q X k .
uj q=1 q=1

(8.2) . -
kij :
2 2
! !
k k
X X X X
Yijk = + kjr X r + kir X r +
ui uj r=1
u j u i
r=1
2 2 2 2
! !
q q
X X X q X X X
+ kiq j
+ jr X r kjq i
+ qir X r .
q=1
u r=1 q=1
u r=1

:
2 2
!
k k
X jr X
Yijk = ir
+ kiq qjr kjq qir X r . (8.3)


i
j
r=1
u u q=1

, (8.3)
X . :
2 2
kjr kir X k q X
Rkrij = +
iq jr kjq qir . (8.4)
ui uj q=1 q=1
 8. . 157

(8.3) (8.1) :
2
X
k
(i j j i )X = Rkrij X r . (8.5)
r=1

X .
, :
2
X
(ij j i )Xk = Rrkij Xr . (8.6)
r=1

(8.5) (8.6) -
X (r, s):
r
X 2
X
(i j j i )Xji11...
... ir
js = Rivm
m ij
Xji11...
... vm ... ir
js
m=1 vm =1
(8.7)
s
X 2
X
Rw n
jn ij Xji11...
... ir
wn ... js .
n=1 wn =1

(8.5), (8.6) (8.7) , -

Rkrij (8.4).
8.1. Rkrij ,
(8.4), (1, 3),
.
8.1
(5.3). , .
8.1. R ,

Rkrij . R X:
2
X
Yijk = Rkqij X q (8.8)
q=1
158 IV. .

(1, 2), R
(1, 3).
- . u1 , u2 u1 , u2 -
.
r ( 1 2). -
X, ,
u1 , u2 r- ,
.
Yijk :

2
X
Yijk = Rkqij X q = Rkrij . (8.9)
q=1

2
X
X m = Tqm X q = Trm ,
q=1

Y
, (8.8):

2
X 2
X
n
Ypq = Rnmpq X m = Rnmpq Trm . (8.10)
m=1 m=1

Yijk (8.9)
Ypq
n
(8.10), ,
Y u1 , u2 u1 , u2:

2 X
X 2 X
2
Yijk = Snk Tip Tjq Ypq
n
. (8.11)
n=1 p=1 q=1
 8. . 159

(8.9) (8.10) (8.11) :

2 X
X 2 X
2 X
2
Rkrij = Snk Trm Tip Tjq Rnmpq .
n=1 m=1 p=1 q=1

(1, 3)
. . 

8.1 8.1.
, (8.6)
(1, 2) X,
R X.
,
(8.4), -
. -
:

2
X
Rqrij = Rkrij gkq . (8.12)
k=1

(0, 4) (8.12)
R. (8.4)
:

2
X
Rkq
ij = Rkrij g rq . (8.13)
r=1

-
. (0, 4) (2, 2)
R. .
160 IV. .

8.2. R, -
(7.5) (8.4), -
:
(1) Rkrij = Rkrji ;
(2) Rqrij = Rrqij ;
(3) Rqrij = Rijqr ;
(4) Rkrij + Rkijr + Rkjri = 0.

-.
(8.4). i j -
(8.4) .
(1)
.
-
(8.7) :
2
X
(ij j i ) gqr = Rkqij gkr + Rkrij gqk .

k=1

(8.12) :
(i j j i ) gqr = Rrqij + Rqrij . (8.14)
-
(.
(7.1)). (8.14) ,
(2) .

(8.4). -
(8.4) , -
i j r i:
2 2
kjr kir X k q X
Rkrij = +
iq jr kjq qir ,
ui uj q=1 q=1
 8. . 161

2 2
kri kji X k q X
Rkijr = +
jq ri krq qji ,
uj ur q=1 q=1
2 2
kij krj X k q
X
Rkjri = +
rq ij kiq qrj .
ui ui q=1 q=1

. -
, .
.
, -
. ,
, Rqrij . -
q r i j :

Rqrij = Rrqji , (8.15)

. -
(8.15) :
Rqrij = Rqijr Rqjri,
(8.16)
Rrqji = Rrjiq Rriqj .

Rijqr ,
, :

Rijqr = Rjirq . (8.17)

(8.17) (4) :
Rijqr = Riqrj Rirjq ,
(8.18)
Rjirq = Rjrqi Rjqir .

(8.16) -
(8.18). , (1)

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
162 IV. .

(2) -
. (8.15) (8.17) :

2 Rqrij 2 Rijqr = 0.

2 ,
. . 
R, (8.4),
. :

2
X
Rrj = Rkrkj . (8.19)
k=1

(8.19) Rrj :

2 X
X 2
Rrj = g ik Rirkj .
i=1 k=1

g ik -
8.2 Rrj :

Rrj = Rjr . (8.20)

R (0, 2) (8.19)
.
, .
:

2
X 2
X
Rkkrj = 0, Rkrik = Rri .
k=1 k=1
 8. . 163

R :
2 X
X 2
R= Rrj g rj . (8.21)
r=1 j=1

R(u1 , u2 ), (8.21), -

u1 , u2 .
R (8.13):

2 X
X 2
R= Rij
ij . (8.22)
i=1 j=1

(8.22) (8.21).
-
, (8.21).
Rkr ij
R .
. , 8.2
. -
, 8.2
ij
Rkr
. k = r i = j -
.
R12 21 12 21 12 21 21 12
12 , R12 , R21 R21 , R12 = R21 = R12 = R21 .
(8.22) :

R = R12 21 12
12 + R21 = 2 R12 .

D :

kr R k r
= i j jk ir .


Dij
2
164 IV. .

D
12
D12 = R12
12 .
D = R. :
R k r
Rkr
ij = i j jk ir . (8.23)


2
r, (8.23) :

R k
Rkrij = i grj jk gri . (8.24)


2
(8.24)
. :
R
Rij = gij . (8.25)
2
-
.
. , -
(7.5), () -
, :

k Rqrij + i Rqrjk + j Rqrki = 0. (8.26)

(8.23) .
( 2) -
8.2.
.

9. -.

(4.11). -
- E1 (u1 , u2 ),
 9. -. 165

E2 (u1 , u2 ) n(u1 , u2 ).
. , -
.
. -
, .

.

f = f (x, y) :

f f
= a(x, y), = b(x, y). (9.1)
x y

(9.1) y,
x, :

a b
= 0. (9.2)
y x

(9.2) -
(9.1).
f (x, y), (9.1).
-
(4.11).
(4.11) :

2
Ek X q
= jk Eq + bjk n. (9.3)
uj q=1

(9.3) ui
Ek /ui
166 IV. .

n/ui (4.11):

2
!
Ek bjk X q
= + jk biq n+
ui uj ui q=1
(9.4)
2
qjk 2
!
X X
+ + sjk qis bjk bqi Eq .
q=1
ui s=1

i j (9.4). -

, -
.
(9.4). :

2
qjk 2 2
!
X qik X s q X
+
jk is sik qjs Eq +
ui uj s=1 s=1
k=1

+ bik bqj bjk bqi Eq +

2 2
!
bjk X q bik X q
+ + jk b iq ik bjq n = 0.
ui q=1
uj q=1

E1 , E2 n, ,
.
:

qjk 2
qik X s q X2
+
jk is sik qjs = bjk bqi bik bqj ,
ui uj s=1 s=1

2 2
bjk X q bik X q
ik b jq = jk biq .
ui q=1
u j
q=1
 9. -. 167

,
(. (8.4)).
:

Rqkij = bjk bqi bik bqj . (9.5)

, :

i bjk = j bik . (9.6)

,
(9.6) .
(9.5) (9.6)
(4.11).
,
-.
(9.5) 16
. , (8.24)
. (9.5)
k. :
R q k
i j jq ik = bqi bkj bqj bki . (9.7)


2
(9.7)
. (9.7) -
,
(9.7) :

bqi bkj bqj bki = B iq jk jq ik . (9.8)

q = 1, k = 2, i = 1 j = 2 (9.8),
B (9.8) :

B = b11 b22 b12 b21 = det(bki ) = K,

168 IV. .

K (. (5.12)).
,
(9.5)

R = 2 K, (9.9)

. -
.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 V

1.
.
r(t) - -
,
. D -
, , ,
u1 , u2 . ,
u : D U ,
U R2 . U
, t:

u1 = u1 (t),

(1.1)
u2 = u2 (t)

(. (1.14) ).
u1 -

r = r(u1 , u2), (1.2)

- .

r(t) = r(u1 (t), u2(t)). (1.3)

170 V. .

(1.3) t :

2
X
(t) = ui Ei (u1 (t), u2 (t)). (1.4)
i=1

(. (1.15)
). (1.4) , -
.
, .
-
ui
(1, 0). () -
. (1.4)
() -
.

.
-
, . (2.3) . (1.4)
: v
Zb u
uX2 X 2
L= t gij ui uj dt. (1.5)
a i=1 j=1

(1.5)
. s = s(t)
, , dui = ui dt, :
2 X
X 2
ds2 = gij dui duj . (1.6)
i=1 j=1

(1.6)
:
 2. . . . 171

ds2
. t = s
,
2 X
X 2
gij ui uj = 1, (1.7)
i=1 j=1

-
(. 2
).

2. .
t = s -
, (1.1)
. -
(s) (1.4)
s. (1.4)
(3.8) :
2 2 X
2
X X Ei j
k n = uk Ek + ui u . (2.1)
i=1 j=1
uj
k=1

n -
, -
n. Ei /uj -
(4.11) IV. :
2 2 X
2
!
X X
k n = uk + kji ui uj Ek +
k=1 i=1 j=1
2
2 X
! (2.2)
X
+ i
bij u u j
n.
i=1 j=1
172 V. .

k n -
(2.2). :
2 X
X 2
k = bij ui uj . (2.3)
i=1 j=1

k, , -
(2.3) ,
. (2.3), -
(2.2) :
2 2 X
2
!
X X
k n k n = k
u + ji u u Ek .
k i j
(2.4)
k=1 i=1 j=1

(2.4) -
E1 E2 ,
.
. :
 2 2 X 2
! 
X X 
k =  k
u + ji u u Ek  .
k i j
(2.5)
 
 
k=1 i=1 j=1

(2.5)
. k 6= 0, (2.5)
n -
(2.4) :

k n k n = k n . (2.6)

n (2.6)
.
(2.6) n
n n, , -
. , n .
 2. . . . 173

, E1 E2 -
n
.
:

n = [ , n]. (2.7)

(2.7) -
n -
, -
.
k n
(2.6).

k n = k n + k n. (2.8)

(2.8) ,
k n .

k2 = (k )2 + (k )2 . (2.9)

(2.3)
t = s. :
2 X
X 2
bij ui uj
i=1 j=1
k = 2 X
2
. (2.10)
X
gij ui uj
i=1 j=1

(2.10) (2.3)
(1.7).
ui :
dui dui ds
= . (2.11)
dt ds dt
174 V. .

(2.10)
ui , (2.10)
.
(2.10) ,
.
-
. gij bij ,
, .
a , .
u1 , u2
a1 , a2 -
E1 E2 .
:

2 X
X 2
b(a, a) = bij ai aj . (2.12)
i=1 j=1

2.1. ,
a , -
,
(2.12) .
,
,
.
: K < 0,
: K = 0. , K > 0,
.
2.2. ,

, .
(2.12)
 2. . . . 175

:
2 X
X 2
b( , ) = bij ui uj = 0. (2.13)
i=1 j=1

(2.13) (2.10) , -
: k = 0.
K < 0

. -
, -
. -

u1 , u2,
.
.

. ,
-
(. (5.14) (5.15) 5 ).
,
.
2.3.
, -
: k = 0.
= k n (2.8)
:
d
= k n. (2.14)
ds
, -

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
176 V. .

. .
(2.5):
2 X
X 2
uk + kji ui uj = 0. (2.15)
i=1 j=1

(2.15) -
.
-
(2.11).

3. .
(2.15) -
(8.18), -
. .
: 2
3.
.
.
3.1. , -
A B ,
, .
, E -
A B ,
. 3.1 -
. ,

.
(, -
x = 0 y = x3 ).
:
: f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + O(h2 ).
 3. . . . 177

, A B
, (-
) ,
, A B. -
.
.
3.1 -
, .
. -
A B ,
, D
.
(1.1).
-
:
 1
u = u1 (t, h),
(3.1)
u2 = u2 (t, h).

h -
t , ,
. h, ,
-
. (3.1) -
, h
.
(3.1) ,
.
a t [0, a].

uk (0, h) = uk (0, 0), uk (a, h) = uk (a, 0). (3.2)

(3.2) , h
A B .
178 V. .

-
ui (t, h) t. , ,
ui = ui/t
.
h = 0
h = 0 t
. (3.1) h = 0 -
(1.7) (2.15) . h 6= 0
t
,
.

h. (1.5):
v
Za u
uX2 X
2
L(h) = t gij ui uj dt. (3.3)
0 i=1 j=1

h = 0 L(0) = a. 3.1
:
L(h) = a + O(h2 ) , :

dL(h)
= 0. (3.4)
dh h=0

- 3.1. (3.4) -
(3.3) .
(t, h)
(3.3). (3.3) :

Za
dL(h) /h
= dt. (3.5)
dh 2
0
 3. . . . 179

, (3.5):
2 X2 2 X 2 X2
!
X
i j
X gij uk i j
= gij u u = u u +
h h i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
uk h
k=1

2 X
2 X
2 2 2 2
X (ui uj ) uk X X X gij uk
+ gij = ui uj +
uk h uk h
k=1 i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 k=1

2 X
2 X
2 2 2 2
X uk X X X uk
+ gij ki uj + gij ui kj .
h h
k=1 i=1 j=1 k=1 i=1 j=1

ki kj -
k
. , gij
:
2 2 2 2 X 2
X X X gij uk i j X
i u
j
= u u + 2 g ij u .
h i=1 j=1
uk h i=1 j=1
h
k=1

(3.5) -
:
2 X 2 X 2 Z a
X gij ui uj uk
I1 = dt, (3.6)
uk 2 h
i=1 j=1 k=1 0
2 Za
2 X
X gik ui uk
I2 = dt. (3.7)
i=1 j=1 0
h

(3.7) -
(3.1):
uk 2 uk
= .
h t h
180 V. .

, -
t h (3.7),
:
Za a Za
gik ui uk gik ui uk gik ui uk
 

dt = dt.
h h t h
0 0 0

(3.2) h.
, uk /h -
t.
(3.7) :
2 X
2 Z a
gik ui uk
X  
I2 = dt. (3.8)
t h
i=1 k=1 0

I1 I2 (3.6) (3.8). -
dL/dh (3.5) :
2 2 Za 2 ! k
gij ui uj gik ui

dL(h) X X X u
= dt.
dh uk 2 t h
i=1 k=1 j=10

-
h
uk /h. h = 0

uk
uk = . (3.9)
h h=0

uk = uk (t) (3.9) -
. , -
-
(
).
 3. . . . 181

h = 0 -
dL/dh. -
(t, 0) = 1.
(1.7) , t
.
2 X 2 Za 2
!
dL(h) X X gij ui uj d(gik ui )
= uk dt.
dh h=0 uk 2 dt
i=1 k=1 0 j=1

h
, t d/dt.

, t .
i k
uk , Uk :
2 2
!
X X gij ui uj d(gik ui )
Uk = =
i=1 j=1
uk 2 dt
2 X 2  2
(3.10)
1 gij

X gik i j
X
i
= u u gik u .
i=1 j=1
2 uk uj i=1

ui uj
(3.10) . :
2 X
2 2
1 gij
 
X gik gjk i j
X
Uk = u u gik ui .
2 uk u j ui
i=1 j=1 i=1

k Uk , -
U q , :
2
X
Uq = g qk Uk .
k=1
182 V. .

:
2 X 2 X2
g qk gkj
 
q q
X gik gij
U = u + + ui uj .
i=1 j=1
2 u i u j u k
k=1

(7.5) ,
. :
2 X
X 2
q
U = u + q
qij ui uj . (3.11)
i=1 j=1

(3.11) -
(2.15), U q = 0. Uk
U q
2
X
Uk = gkq U q .
q=1

Uk . -
(3.4), , ,
-
. . 

4.
.
-
E (8.18)
-
.
(8.6) :
2 X
X 2
ai + ijk uj ak = 0. (4.1)
j=1 k=1

(4.1) -
.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 4. . . . 183

u1 , u2
(1.1). a
t = 0. -
a : a1 , a2
. (4.1),
t = 0:

a1 (t) = a1 , a2 (t) = a2 . (4.2)

t=0 t=0

(4.2) a1 (t) a2 (t),

a(t) . -
-
a .

a () -
E, .
-
:
2
X
a= ai E i . (4.3)
i=1

(4.3) t, , a1 a2
t (4.1):
2 2 2
da X i XX Ei j
= a Ei + ai u . (4.4)
dt uj
i=1 i=1 j=1

Ei /uj
(. (4.11) ).
2 2 2 2 X2
! !
da X i X X i j k X
= a + jk u a Ei + bjk u a n.
j k
dt i=1 j=1 j=1
k=1 k=1
184 V. .

, ai (t)
(4.1), Ei :
2 X2
!
da X
= bjk u a n.
j k
(4.5)
dt
j=1 k=1

n (4.5) -
. -

a :
da
= b( , a) n. (4.6)
dt
(4.6)
.

(r, s).
-
t
(. (8.10) ).
:
dAij11... ir
... js
t Aij11... ir
... js = +
dt
2 X
r X
X 2
+ iqmvm uq Aij11... vm ... ir
... js (4.7)
m=1 q=1 vm =1
2 X
s X
X 2
w q i1 ... ir
q jn u Aj1 ... wn ... js .
n

n=1 q=1 wn =1

(4.7) -
A :
t A = 0. (4.8)
 4. . . . 185

-
(4.8) -
8.2 .
4.1.
A(t) (r, s), -
, Bji11 ... ir
... js =
t Aij11... ir
... js , (4.7), -
B(t) = t A (r, s),
A(t).
-
8.2 .
.
t , -
(4.7), , -

X (. (6.10) 6.2 ).
4.2. -
t
:
(1) t (A + B) = t A + tB;
(2) t (A B) = t A B + A t B,
(3) t (A) = (t A);

-.

. C = A + B.
C(t) :

Cji11...
... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir
js = Aj1 ... js + Bj1 ... js .

Cji11...
... ir
js (4.7) -
186 V. .

t Cji11...
... ir i1 ... ir i1 ... ir
js = t Aj1 ... js + t Bj1 ... js .

.
(2). C = A B.
C :

i ... i i ... i
Cj11... js+q
r+p
= Aij11... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+q .
r+1 r+p
(4.9)

i ... i
Cj11... js+q
r+p
(4.9) (4.8)
.
t C :

i ... ir+p
ir+1 ... ir+p

tCj11... js+q = dAji11...
... ir
js /dt Bjs+1 ... js+q +

ir+1 ... ir+p

+ Aji11...
... ir
js dBjs+1 ... js+q /dt +

2 X
r X 2
i ... i
X
+ ivmm uq Aji11... vm ... ir
... js Bjs+1
r+1
... js+q +
r+p

m=1 q=1 vm =1
r+p 2 X
2
i ... v ... ir+p
X X
+ Aji11...
... ir im q
js vm u Bjs+1 ... js+q
r+1 m

m=r+1 q=1 vm =1
2 X
s X 2
i ... i
X
wjnn uq Aij11... ir
... wn ... js Bjs+1 ... js+q
r+1 r+p

n=1 q=1 wn =1
s+q 2 X
2
i ... i
X X
... ir wn q
Aji11... js jn u Bjs+1 ... wn ... js+q .
r+1 r+p

n=s+1 q=1 wn =1

, -
 4. . . . 187

:
ir+1 ... ir+p

t Aij11... ir i1 ... ir
... js Bjs+1 ... js+q = t Aj1 ... js

(4.10)
ir+1 ... ir+p i1 ... ir ir+1 ... ir+p

Bjs+1 ... js+q + Aj1 ... js t Bjs+1 ... js+q .
, (4.10) -
.
A(t) B(t), -
:
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
Bji11 ...
... ir
js = Aj11 ... jp1 p r
q1 k jq ... js
. (4.11)
k=1

(4.11) (4.7). t Bji11 ... ir

... js :

2 i ... i k ip ... ir
X dAj11 ... jp1
q1 k jq ... js
t Bji11 ... ir
... js = +
dt
k=1
2 X
r X
X 2 X
2
+ iqmvm uq Aji11... vm ... k ... ir
... jq1 k jq ... js (4.12)
m=1 k=1 q=1 vm =1
2 X
s X 2 X
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
w q 1
q jn u Aj1 ... wn ... k ... js .
n p1 p r

n=1 k=1 q=1 wn =1

(4.12) vm
k, . wn .
, , vm wn
k. (4.7) :
2 X
2 X
2
i ... i v i ... i
X
kq v uq Aj11 ... jp1 p r
q1 k jq ... js
, (4.13)
k=1 q=1 v=1
2 X
2 X
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
w q 1
q k u Aj1 ... jq1 w jq ... js .
p1 p r
(4.14)
k=1 q=1 w=1
188 V. .

, (4.13) (4.14) -
. k v w k
(4.14). (4.13) (4.14) (4.12)
. (4.12) :
2
i ... i k i ... i
X
js+1 Bji11 ... ir
... js = js+1 Aj11 ... jp1 p r
q1 k jq ... js
. (4.15)
k=1

(4.15) , -
. 
t -
t
( . 2 ). -
t t

dt(t)
t A = t A (4.16)
dt
A . -
(4.7)
. -
(3) X 6.2
.
A (r, s) -
. ,
(r, s).
, ,
A
A(t) . :

Aji11... ir i1 ... ir 1 2
... js (t) = Aj1 ... js (u (t), u (t)). (4.17)

A(t) -
A .
 4. . . . 189

, (4.17),
:
2
dAij11... ir
... js
X Aij11... ir
... js q
= u . (4.18)
dt q=1
uq

(4.18) (4.7)
uq q.
:
2
X
t Aij11... ir
... js = uq q Aij11... ir
... js . (4.19)
q=1

(4.19) ,
A t
A
.
A = 0. (4.19) A
, -
(4.8).
A
,
.
4.1. A -
, -
: A = 0.

:
g, g
() .
-
.

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
190 V. .

a b , -
. -

:
2 X
X 2
(a | b) = gij ai bj .
i=1 j=1

a b -
, (4.8) -
a b .
a(t) b(t) .
(t), :
2 X
X 2
(t) = (a(t) | b(t)) = gij (t) ai (t) bj (t). (4.20)
i=1 j=1

(4.7) t -
c .
2 2
d XX
= t = t gij ai bj + gij t ai bj + gij ai t bj .


dt i=1 j=1

(2) (3) 4.2.

tai = 0 t bj = 0 , - a(t)
b(t)
a b. , t gij = 0
. (t) (4.20)
d/dt = 0 (t) = (a | b) = const.
.
4.3. -
-
.
 5. . 191

,

.
g g -
, (7.9) :

2 2
!
X X
t gik A... k ...
... ... = gik t A... k ...
... ... ,
k=1 k=1
(4.21)
2 2
!
X X
t g ik A... ...
... k ... = g ik tA... ...
... k ... .
k=1 k=1

(4.21), , .
4.4. -
.

5. .
.
R2 . -
u1 , u2. -
u1 , u2
, -
. -
(-
) ,
-
.

.


: P (u1 , u2 ) Q(u1 , u2 ). , -
192 V. .

:
ZZ  
Q P
I
1 2
P du + Q du = du1 du2 . (5.1)



u1 u2

(5.1) (. [2]). -
(5.1) .
.
u1 , u2 -
. -

.
,

,
.
(5.1).
. -
P v1 , Q v2 .
(5.1) :
2
I X
I= vi (u1 , u2 ) dui. (5.2)
i=1

(5.2)
, -
(1.1).
:

Zb 2
X
!
I= vi ui dt. (5.3)
a i=1
 5. . 193

, -
[a, b] ,
(5.2).
,
5.1. a < b t a b -
,
,
. t = (t) (5.3)
, -
,
.
-
. ui (5.3)
:
2 2
dui X ui duj
Sji u j .
X
ui = = j
= (5.4)
dt u dt
j=1 j=1

(5.4) (5.3)
I:

Zb 2 2
! !
j
X X
I= Sji vi u dt. (5.5)
a j=1 i=1

(5.3) u1 , u2 .
(5.3) ui ui vi vi :

Zb 2
!
i
X
I = vi u dt. (5.6)
a i=1

(5.5) (5.6) , -
. ,
194 V. .

( -
),
vi vi
:
2
X 2
X
vj = Sji vi , vi = Tij vj .
i=1 i=1

.
, -
(5.2)
.
-
(5.1). -
,
ZZ
I= F du1 du2 . (5.7)

-
(5.7). -
, -
(. [2])
ZZ ZZ
1 2
F du du = F | det J| du1 du2 , (5.8)

J , :
1
u1

u

u1 u2
J = . (5.9)
2 2
u u
1
u2

u
(5.9) S (.
 5. . 195

(2.7) ). -
F -
:

F = | det S| F. (5.10)

F . ,
(5.10) , -
. ,
(5.7)
ZZ p
I= det g f du1 du2 , (5.11)

det g -
. (5.11) f
. det g = (det T )2 det g
-
.
(5.1), -
(5.11).
P = v1 Q = v2 , , v1 v2
.

Q P v2 v1
1
2
= 1
. (5.12)
u u u u2

(5.12)
-
dij (. (3.6) ):

2 2 2 2
!
v2 v1 XX vj X X
1
2
= dij i
= dij vj . (5.13)
u u u ui
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
196 V. .

, dij
(. (3.7)
).
:
2 X
X 2 2 X
X 2
p
ij
= ip
g g jq
pq = D det g g ip g jq dpq .
p=1 q=1 p=1 q=1

(3.7)
ij :
p
ij = D det g1 dij . (5.14)

(5.14) , dij -
(5.13) :
2 2
!
v2 v1 X X p
= D det g ij vj .
u1 u2 i=1
u i
j=1

:
2
X
i
y = ij vj . (5.15)
j=1

(5.13) -
:
2
det g y i


v2 v1 X
1
2
= D =
u u ui
i=1
(5.16)
2
!
p X y 1 ln det g i
i
= D det g + y .
ui 2 ui
i=1

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
 5. . 197

-
7.1 -
. ,
, , . -
(7.12) 7.2 .
:

2 X 2 2
ln det g


pq gpq
X X
i
= g i
= 2 qiq . (5.17)
u p=1 q=1
u q=1

(5.17) (5.16) :

2 2
!
v2 v1 p X y i X q i
= D det g + y .
u1 u2 i=1
ui q=1 qi

y:

2
v2 v1 p X
= D det g i y i . (5.18)
u1 u2
i=1

(5.18),
(5.15) -
q ij = 0 :

2
I X 2 X
ZZ X 2
p
vi dui = D ij i vj det g du1 du2 . (5.19)
i=1 i=1 j=1

D -
(5.19). ,
,
198 V. .

u1 , u2 u1 , u2.
, u1 = u1 u2 = u2 ,
-
, 5.1.
-
, ,
. D (5.19) .


: ,
n
.
n
D .

6. -.
-
.
(4.6) , () -

:

, . , ,
,
,
(. 4.3).
, -
-

.
?
.
. ,
 6. -. 199

D , -
(. (3.10) ).
, D -
n (.
(4.3) ).
6.1. (1, 1)
:
2
X
ji = jk g ki, (6.1)
k=1

, -
/2 = 90 -
n.
-. a -
n -
a. ,
b = (a), a -
/2 = 90 n,
:

b = (a) = [n, a]. (6.2)

(6.2)
n, (4.3) .
a E1 , E2 :

a = a 1 E1 + a2 E2 . (6.3)

b (6.2) :
2
X [[E1 , E2 ], Ej ] j
b= D a . (6.4)
|[E1 , E2 ]|
j=1
200 V. .

(6.4) -
(. [4]):
 (E1 | E1 ) (E1 | E2 ) 
 
2
|[E1 , E2 ]| = det   = det g.
(E2 | E1 ) (E2 | E2 ) 

(6.4)
:

[[E1 , E2 ], Ej ] = E2 (E1 | Ej ) E1 (Ej | E2 ).

(6.4) :
2
X g1j E2 g2j E1 j
b= D a . (6.5)
j=1
det g

(5.14)
(6.5) :
2 2 X 2
!
X X
b= ki gkj aj Ei .
i=1 j=1 k=1

(6.1)
, b
a. . 
-
g.
, = 0.
:

a -
. a(t) -
, :
 6. -. 201

t a = 0 (. (4.8)). b(t)
:

b(t) = (a(t)). (6.6)

t (b) = t (a) + (t a) = 0. (6.6)

.
(2) (3)
4.2. , - a(t) b(t) -

. :

(a) = b, (b) = a. (6.7)

a(t) b(t) -
a(0) b(0) .

x . x(u1 , u2)
,
, x x/|x|. x
|x| = 1.
a b

x = cos() a + sin() b. (6.8)

(t) a
x, a x -
.
-
.
(6.8) -
t, , a b
:

t x = ( sin() a + cos() b) . (6.9)

202 V. .

, t
t. , t = .
(6.8) -
(6.7):
(x) = cos() b sin() a. (6.10)
(x) (6.10) t x
(6.9). a b
. :
((x) | tx) = (cos2 () + sin2 ()) = . (6.11)
(6.11) x.
- x(t) -
x , t x
x
(. (4.19)).
2 X
X 2 X
2
= xi ij q xj uq . (6.12)


q=1 i=1 j=1

(6.12) (6.11)
(6.1) .
x .
x ,
a -
. .
x . -
,

,
.
, -
, x.
 6. -. 203

. [0, 1] -
t . x(0) x(1)
u1 (0), u2(0):

x(0) = x(1) = x(u1(0), u2(0)).

x(t), a(t) -
. a(0) a(1)
. -

E.
(1) (0) -
, a -
.
x a a x
(6.8). , , -
x ,

Z1
4 = (0) (1) = dt.
0

, (6.12),
:
Z1 X2 X 2 X2
!
i j

q
4 = x ij q x u dt. (6.13)
0 q=1 i=1 j=1

(6.13) (5.3)
:
2 X
I X 2 X
2
= xi ij q xj duq . (6.14)


4

q=1 i=1 j=1

CopyRight
c .., 1996.
204 V. .

-
.
, (5.19):
2 X
ZZ X 2 X
2 X
2

p
4 = ij i xp pq j xq det g du1 du2 .
i=1 j=1 p=1 q=1

, D :
ZZ X 2 X
2 X2 X 2
4 = xp ij pq i j xq +
i=1 j=1 p=1 q=1

p (6.15)
+ i xp ij pq j xq det g du1 du2 .

, i xp ij pq j xq
(6.15) .
, :
ij pq = dij dpq = pi qj qi pj . (6.16)
(6.16) (8.23)
. -
dij dpq .
x
y = (x). x y -
-
. :
2
X 2
X 2
X
xq xq = 1, xi = gik xk , yi = gik y k , (6.17)
q=1 k=1 k=1
2
X 2
X 2
X
k xq xq = 0, yq = pq xp , yi = ji xj . (6.18)
q=1 p=1 j=1
 6. -. 205

(6.17) , |x| = 1, -
xi yi .
(6.18)
(6.17), (6.18) -
y = (x).
(6.16) k xq xj xp
q, p j. (6.17) (6.18):

2
!
X
k x i = y q k x q y i = zk y i . (6.19)
q=1

(6.19), i xp = zi y p
j xq = zj y q (6.15), -
.
(6.16) (6.15) 4 :

2 X
ZZ X 2

p
4 = x i i j x j j i x j det g du1 du2 .
i=1 j=1

x (8.5) .
, (8.24) (9.9) :

2 X
ZZ X 2

p
4 = K gij xi xj det g du1 du2 .
i=1 j=1

, x -
. i j
:
ZZ p
4 = K det g du1 du2 . (6.20)

206 V. .

, -
, -
(.
6.1). , -
-
.
(5.1)
-
,
(6.20)
.
a -
-
. -

-
-
. (t)
.

t = s, -
.
41 , 42 , . . . , 4n (. 6.1).
(t) (t) -
a(t).
a ,
. (t)
, , -
.
41 , 42 , . . . , 4n .

(t) .
(t) ,
 6. -. 207

(6.8) (6.9), :

= (( ) | t ). (6.21)

t -
(. . E1 , E2 ):
2 X
X 2
t k = uk + kji ui uj . (6.22)
i=1 j=1

, t = s -
, (6.22) (2.5)
(2.4). :

t = k n k n = k n . (6.23)

n ,
.
( ) (6.21). , n
( ) . (t) -
, :

= (( ) | n) = 1. (6.24)

(6.23) (6.24) :

= k . (6.25)

(t) -
. (6.25)
:
I n
X
4 = k ds + 4i . (6.26)
i=1
208 V. .

4 x a
, 4 a .
4 + 4
x . ,
.
x. , 4 + 4
2 = 360:

4 + 4 = 2 r. (6.27)

r (6.27) .
: -
6.1 ,
.
(6.27) -
,
. -
-
(6.27) . ,

, 2. r = 1.
(6.20) (6.26) (6.27):
ZZ p I n
X
K det g du du +
1 2
k ds + 4i = 2. (6.28)
i=1

(6.28) , -
-.
6.2. -
2 -
: -
(
) .
 6. -. 209

, -
-
. (6.28) ,
.
:

1 + 2 + 3 = + K S,

K S
.
. -
, ,
, .
. -
.
 .

1. . . -
, , , 1996; . -
math.HO/0405323 http://arXiv.org
r-sharipov/r4-b2.htm GeoCities.
2. . . , . 1
. 2, , , 1985.
3. . . , ,
, 1977.
4. . . -
, , , 1985.

1 .

5. . .
, , ,
1997; . physics/0311011
http://arXiv.org r-sharipov/r4-b5.htm GeoCities.
6. . . , -
- math.HO/0403252
http://arXiv.org, 2004; . r-sharipov/r4-b6.htm
GeoCities.

1 [5] [6] 2004 .

CopyRight
c .., 1996.


http://www.geocities.com/r-sharipov

0081 1.04.1993

21.11.96. 6084/16. -
1. .
. . . . 11,7. .-. . 10,7. 100.
505.

- ,
, 450074, , . , 32.