Conducting division- allow air to get to the lungs
Respiratory division- gas exchange- alveoli In nasal cavity, there are goblet cells (secrete mucus) and pseudostratified ciliated cells (sweep material back to be swallowed) Nasopharnyx- just air, pseudostratified columnar epithelium Oropharynx- food, liquid, air, non-keratinized pseudostratified columnar epithelium Laryngopharynx-food, liquid, non-keratinized pseudostratified columnar epithelium Epiglottis and vestibular folds covers the opening to the laryngopharynx to prevent choking Thyroid cartilage- forms Adams apple Cricoid cartilage- connects larynx to trachea Trachea- lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and mucus glands- moves things towards the esophagus to be swallowed Type 1 alveoli- simple squamous cells that form the walls of the alveoli, diffusion of O2 and CO2 Type 2- cuboidal, few, make pulmonary surfactant Alveolar macrophages- monitor for debris, bacteria Causes of pneumothorax- chest trauma, stab wound, broken rib, spontaneous Order of air flow- trachea, primary bronchi, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli Inhalation=ribs raised- external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes- diaphragm contracts Exhalation=ribs down- internal intercostals, external obliques- diaphragm relaxes Air flows from high pressure to low pressure No air flow between breaths Nervous control of breathing: basal level= autonomic, unconscious. Chemoreceptors are in the blood vessels and the medulla to sense levels of O2, CO2 and pH. The basal rhythm is maintained by the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups (VRG, DRG) in the medulla oblongata. C3-C5 and intercostal nerves send the phrenic nerves to the diaphragm Nervous control of breathing: autonomic, conscious. Peripheral body sensory nerves, brain centers, PRG, DRG, VRG, and C3-5. Baroreceptors- carotids, signal to the brainstem Chemoreceptors-carotids and aorta, adjust respiratory rate to stabilize Propio and mechanoreceptors- muscles and joints, detect motion, signal brainstem to increase HR and respiratory rate
Digestive tract= alimentary canal
Accessory organs= chemical digestions (liver, gall bladder, pancreas) and mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, salivary glands) Stratified squamous from mouth to the esophagus-minimal absorption Simple columnar in stomach, small and large intestines- absorption Simple squamous in anal canal- no absorption Tissue layers deep to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa Motor neurons in esophagus, stomach and intestines Submucosal plexus- glandular secretion of mucosa, movemtns of muscularis mucosa Myenteric plexus- peristalsis and contractions of the muscularis externa Greater omentum- wide sheet of mesentery that hangs off the stomach and LI- covers SI like an apron Lesser omentum-sheet of mesentery from the liver to the stomach Intraperitoneal- organs enclosed by the mesentery (stomach, liver, most of intestines) Retroperitoneal- posterior to mesentery (kidneys, pancreas, part of SI) Gastric secretion stimulated by GASTRIN, AcetylCholine. Includes HCl, mucus, bicarbonate (HCO3). Activates pro-enzymes, degrading proteins, and degrading bacteria/viruses Pyloric glands- G cells secret Gastrin, local hormone for gastric motility Gastric glands- mucus glands, chief cells (gastric lipase, pepsinogen), and parietal cells (Hcl, intrinsic factor, Ghrelin) SI- Duodenum, jejunum (where most digestion/absorption occurs), ileum Duodenum- bile from liver/gall bladder to emulsify fats, pancrease secretions to neutralize acid, brunners gland secretes mucus with a lot of HCO3 4 segments of LI: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. Also has the ileocecal valve and the cecum. H20 and electrolyte absorption, no nutrients absorbed in the colon, rectum and anus. A thin band called a Teniae Coli that runs the length of the colon. The filling of the sigmoid colon triggers an intrinsic reflex from the spinal cord that pushes the feces towards the rectum and the parasympathetic reflex that puches the feces towards the anus. Conscious control in the cerebral cortex relaxes the external anal sphincter Liver: endocrine function (angiotensinogen) into the blood, absorbs glucose, amino acids, iron, and vitamens from the blood, degrades hormones, toxins and drugs from the blood, and secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder Flow of blood in liver: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, sinusoids between sheets of hepatocytes, out through the central vein, R and L hepatic veins, and the vena cava Pancreas Endocrine- islets help with insulin, glucagon and somatostatin Exocrine- pancreatic juice helps with chemical digestion of amylase, lipase, nucleases and proteases with Acini Insulin receptors (IR) are found on every cell in the body