FORMULAS FOR INTERFERENCE (PRESS &

SHRINK) FIT CALCULATIONS

The formulas used in Interference Fit Calculator are given below. For more information on
interference fits, please refer to pages 387 - 399 of the Precision Machine Design.

Calculation Steps And List Of Equations For Interference (Press &

Shrink) Fit:

Step Parameter/Condition Symbol Equation

Dimensional Parameters

Differential radial
interference due to
1 upoisson
Poissons effect of
axial force

Differential thermal
radial interference
due to different
2 operation and uthermal
assembly
temperatures for
different materials

Hub radial
3 displacement due to uh,cfg
rotation

Shaft radial
4 displacement due to us,cfg
rotation

Maximum
5 diametrical
interference

Pressure Parameter
 Interference
pressure as a result
6 P
of diametrical
interference

Pressure & Stress Parameters (Hub)

Radial stress on hub

7 due to interference r,pressure
pressure

Circumferential
stress on hub due to
8 ,pressure
interference
pressure

Axial stress on hub

9 z
due to axial force

Shear stress on hub

10
caused by torque

Circumferential
11 stress on hub due to ,cfg
centrifugal effect

Von Mises stress at

12 VM
the hub surface

Pressure & Stress Parameters (Shaft)

Radial stress on
shaft due to
13 r,pressure
interference
pressure
 Circumferential
stress on shaft due
14 ,pressure
to interference
pressure

Axial stress on shaft

15 z
due to axial force

Shear stress on
16 shaft caused by
torque

Circumferential
17 stress on shaft due ,cfg
to centrifugal effect

Von Mises stress at

18 VM
the shaft surface

List Of Parameters :

Symbol Parameter

F Axial force to be transmitted

T Torque to be transmitted

h Poissons ratio of hub

s Poissons ratio of shaft

Dhi Hub inner diameter

Dho Hub outer diameter

Dsi Shaft inner diameter

Dso Shaft outer diameter

Eh Hub elastic modulus

 Es Shaft elastic modulus

T Temperature difference between operating and assembly conditions

s Thermal expansion coefficient of shaft

h Thermal expansion coefficient of hub

Density of the shaft/hub material

Supplements:

Link Usage

Interference (press & Calculates press fit force, required temperatures for shrink fit, fit stresses and
shrink) fit calculator other parameters necessary for interference fit design

Reference:

Advanced Mechanical Engineering Solutions

HOMEPAGE

CALCULATORS
 EXAMPLES

GUIDELINES

REFERENCE

APPS

INTERFERENCE (PRESS & SHRINK) FIT

CALCULATOR
An interference fit (press fit & shrink fit) is a frictional shaft-hub connection. Joint pressure in the
friction surface is necessary for the torque (force) transmission and this pressure is generated by
the deformation of shaft and hub. Suitable assembly method shall be selected between shrink
fit and press fit. In the press fit case, assembly operation is done with large amount of forces and
forcing shaft into the hub. In the shrink fit case, assembly operation is done by relative size
change of parts with the help of heat treatment. Typical examples of press fit are fitting shafts
into the bearing and bearings into the housings.

For the preferred interference tolerances for shaft & hub connection in metric and inch fits, visit
"Supplements" section.

The Interference fit calculator has been developed to calculate interference parameters such as
press fit force, required temperature for shrink fit, Von Mises stresses occurred on shaft and
hub, factor of safety values.

Note: For more information on interference fits, please refer to pages 387 - 399 of the Precision
Machine Design.
Calculator:

INPUT PARAMETERS
Parameter/Definition Symbol Value Unit
Working Conditions
Torque to be transmitted T 2000

Axial force to be transmitted F 0

Coefficient of friction 0.15

Operation temperature To 20

Rotation speed w 0 rpm

Engagement length L 10

Hub Parameters
Hub outer diameter Dho 40

Hub inner diameter Dhi 20

Inner diameter upper deviation h,up 0.004

Inner diameter lower deviation h,low 0

Stress concentration factor Kt 2

Modulus of elasticity Eh 200

Yield strength Sy 300

Poisson's ratio vh 0.27

Coefficient of thermal expansion h 0.0000117

Density h 7.827

Shaft Parameters
Shaft outer diameter Dso 20

Shaft inner diameter Dsi 5

Outer diameter upper deviation s,up 0.009

Outer diameter lower deviation s,low 0.005

Stress concentration factor Kt 2

Modulus of elasticity Es 200

Yield strength Sy 300

Poisson's ratio vs 0.27

Coefficient of thermal expansion s 0.0000117

Density s 7.827

Shrink Fit Design

Desired clearance to be able to make assembly
(clearance obtained between shaft and hub after d 0.005
thermal process)
Standard reference temperature(reference
temperature for geometrical product specification Ta 20 C

and verification defined by ISO and ANSI)

Design Factors
Design factor against sliding * nds 2
Design factor against yielding (Hub) * ndy,h 2

Design factor against yielding (Shaft) * ndy,s 2

Calculate

Note: Use dot "." as decimal separator.

* Appropriate design factor shall be selected to cover material non-uniformity,

uncertainty of service conditions, calculation and analysis inaccuracy etc.

RESULTS
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Dimensional Parameters
Max. shaft outer diameter dso_max ---

Min. shaft outer diameter dso_min ---

Max. hub inner diameter dhi_max ---

Min. hub inner diameter dhi_min ---

Limit values for diametrical interference (minimum and Max Min
maximum diametrical interference values before assembly. delta
Not include rotation, thermal, poisson's effects) --- ---
Limit values for diametrical interference (minimum and
maximum diametrical interference values during operation. delta --- ---
Includes rotation, thermal, poisson's effects)
Interference Parameters
Minimum required interface pressure (interface pressure
rpi ---
required to transmit torque and force)
Limit values for resultant interface pressure due to
diametrical interference (pressure values for minimum and P --- ---
maximum interference condition)
Factor of safety against sliding [= Pmin / rpi]* foss --- ---
Assembly Parameters For Shrink Fit (For Max. Diametrical Interference)
Required temperature of shaft for assembly if cooling shaft Tr,s ---
Required temperature of hub for assembly if heating hub Tr,h ---
Assembly Parameters For Press Fit
Max Min
Assembly force range to press fit for calculated interference
Fpf
range --- ---
 Hub Results (For Max. Diametrical Interference)
Radial displacement of inner surface uinner

Radial press fit stress at inner diameter r,pressure

Circumferential press-fit stress at inner diameter ,pressure

Axial stress from applied axial force z

Shear stress from applied torque at inner diameter

Max radial centrifugal stress r,centrifugal

Max circumferential centrifugal stress ,centrifugal

Max Von Mises stress mises

Factor of safety against yielding of hub * fosy,h ---

Shaft Results (For Max. Diametrical Interference)
Radial displacement of outer surface uouter

Radial press fit stress at outer diameter r,pressure

Circumferential press-fit stress at outer diameter ,pressure
Axial stress from applied axial force z

Shear stress from applied torque at outer diameter

Max radial centrifugal stress r,centrifugal

Max circumferential centrifugal stress ,centrifugal

Max Von Mises stress mises

Factor of safety against yielding of shaft * fosy,s ---

* Shall be larger than relevant design factor. Green color means safe, red color
means not safe according to input parameters.

Selection of Unit System for Graphs:

Shaft Hub
Definitions:

Design factor (nd): The ratio of failure stress to allowable stress. The design factor is what the
item is required to withstand .The design factor is defined for an application (generally provided
in advance and often set by regulatory code or policy) and is not an actual calculation.

Factor of Safety (Safety Factor): The ratio of failure stress to actual/expected stress. The
difference between the factor of safety (safety factor) and design factor is: The factor of safety
gives the safety margin of designed part against failure. The design factor gives the requirement
value for the design. Safety factor shall be greater than or equal to design factor.

Modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus): The rate of change of unit tensile or compressive stress
with respect to unit tensile or compressive strain for the condition of uniaxial stress within the
proportional limit. Typical values: Aluminum: 69 GPa, Steel: 200GPa.

Poissons ratio: The ratio of lateral unit strain to longitudinal unit strain under the condition of
uniform and uniaxial longitudinal stress within the proportional limit.

Press fit: Assembly of parts with very large amounts of force. Assembly operation is done with
presses.

Proportional Limit: The largest value of stress up to which a linear relation still exist between
stress and strain (Hookes Law).

Shear stress: A form of a stress acts parallel to the surface (cross section) which has a cutting
nature.

Shrink fit: Assembly of parts by relative size change with the help of heat treatment. This is
usually achieved by heating and cooling one component before assembly and allowing it to
return to the ambient temperature after assembly.

Stress: Average force per unit area which results strain of material.

Stress Concentration Factor: Dimensional changes and discontinuities of a member in a loaded

structure causes variations of stress and high stresses concentrate near these dimensional
changes. This situation of high stresses near dimensional changes and discontinuities of a
member (holes, sharp corners, cracks etc.) is called stress concentration. The ratio of peak
stress near stress riser to average stress over the member is called stress concentration factor.
Von Mises: A theory used to estimate the yielding of ductile materials. The Von Mises criteria
states that failure occurs when the energy of distortion reaches the same energy for yield failure
in uniaxial tension test.

Yield strength: The stress at which a material exhibits a specified permanent deformation or set.
Example: Al6061-T6: 145 Mpa

Supplements:

Link Usage
For the design of interference fit, it can be first referred to limits, fits and
Limits, fits and tolerances calculator to select and calculate shaft/hole tolerances according
tolerances calculator to ISO and ANSI standard. After selection of the fit, deviations which are
(ISO system) calculated for selected fit can be used as input parameters to interference fit
calculator.
Preferred fits advised by ISO 286-1 (2010) and ANSI B4.2 (1978) standard
Preferred tolerances are given to help user about the selection of fit. Whenever possible,
and fits charts (ISO) selection of tolerance class shall be done among these tolerances to avoid
too many numbers of tools and gauges.
For the design of interference fit, it can be first referred to ANSI standard
limits and fits calculator to select and calculate shaft/hole tolerances
ANSI limits and fits
according to ANSI standard. After selection of the fit, deviations which are
calculator
calculated for selected fit can be used as input parameters to interference fit
calculator.