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Electric Power Cables

ENG: MOH. ELSAYED

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 Electric Power Cables

PREPARED BY
ENG: MOH. ELSAYED
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 3. Cables insulation

Type of cables insulation

1) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
2) Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
3) Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)

The most frequently used insulating

compounds are PVC, XLPE and EPR. For most
on-shore applications PVC and XLPE are
preferred because of economic reasons.
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 3.1 (PVC) Insulation

(PVC) advantage
1) Is lower cost.

(PVC) disadvantage
2) Max temp. (70 Co ) under normal conditions.
3) And to (90 Co ) for emergency conditions.
4) And to (160 Co ) short circuit condition.

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 3.2 (XLPE) Insulation

(XLPE) advantage
1) (XLPE) is lower losses.

(XLPE) disadvantage
The hardness is more than the EPR.
The thicknice of insulation of (XLPE) is (1.26) times EPR.
1) Max temp. (90 Co ) under normal conditions.
2) And to (120 Co ) for emergency conditions.
3) And to (250 Co ) short circuit condition.
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 3.3 (EPR) Insulation
(EPR) advantage
1) is very flexible and soft.
2) Very good high-temperature performance
At high temperature rated to
(105 Co ) under normal conditions.
And to (140 Co ) for emergency conditions.
And to (290 Co ) short circuit condition.
(EPR) disadvantage
7 1) (EPR) has higher dielectric losses than XLPE.
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 9) Heat dissipation during short circuits

the conductor is its maximum continuous

value e.g.,
70 CO for PVC & 90 CO for XLPE & 105 CO
for EPR at normal operation.

90 CO for PVC & 120 CO for XLPE & 140 CO

for EPR at emergency operation.

160 CO for PVC & 250 CO for XLPE & 290 CO

for EPR at short circuit condition.
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 Typical values of breakdown strength

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 2. Semi conducting Screen (first layer)

A semi conducting screen of tape or

extruded compound is normally specified
for cables that have a rated line voltage of
3000 V and above.
The purpose of the screen is to reduce
the voltage gradient (electric stress) at
the surface of the conductor where it
interfaces with the insulation.
The interface could initiate failure of the
insulation in the long time.
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 4. Insulation Semi conductor Screen
(second layers)

The insulation screen is important in three-

core cables:
The purpose of the screen is to reduce the
voltage gradient (electric stress) at the
surface of the conductor
It maintains a radial stress pattern in each
core, which is independent of the other
cores.
Reduce the capacitance losses in the cable
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 4. Insulation Semi conductor Screen
(second layers)

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 5) Inner Sheath

usually made of extruded polymer, is used to cover

the insulation screen, and to fill in the between
the cores of a multi-core cable. It is important to
fill the inter spaces for (3) reasons.
1) To ensure good circularity and dimensional
accuracy of the finished cable.
2) To prevent an internal passage within the cable
along which flammable gases travel.
3) The transmission of gases along a cable must
be eliminated by design and construction for
cables that are used in hazardous areas.
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 5.1) Copper tap sheath

One layer or two layers of Copper tap

sheath rolled above the inner sheath
polymer
Connected the copper tape sheath with
the earth system to reduce the
capacitance losses of the cable.
By to make each phase separate for
magnetic field.
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 6) Armouring

Used for mechanical protection for under

ground cables .
Even buried cables are at risk from
excavation mistakes by digging machines.
To provide a safe path for electrical earth
return currents during short circuit .

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 6.1 Type of armouring

There are several types of metallic

armouring used in the oil industry

1) Galvanized steel wires (GSWA).

2) Galvanized steel tape (GSTA).
3) Aluminium wires (AWA).
4) Aluminium tape (ATA).
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 7) Current Ratings of Power Cables

The choice of cross-sectional area of cable

conductors depends upon several factors,
the main factors being:-
1) Continuous load current.
2) Continuous rated current of cable.
3) Volt-drop across the cable under steady
state and transient conditions.
4) Dissipation of heat from the conductors
during short-circuits conditions.
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 7.1 Continuous Load Current

Cables are used to supply power to individual loads

such as motors, and to groups of loads as in the
case of a feeder to a switchboard.
Selecting the load current for the individual loads
have a manufacturers nameplate that gives details
such as rated power, voltage, current and power
factor.
The individual loads may be known to have
DIVERSITY FACTOR from their nameplate values.
The total load is estimated by adding together the
continuous loads, a nominal proportion of the
intermittent loads e.g. 30 to 50%,
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 7.2 Continuous Rated Current of Cable

The same conductor can be loaded by different rated

current depend on the ambient air temperature and
ground temperature.
7.2.1 Derating factor due to ambient air temperature
7.2.2 Derating factor due to ground temperature
7.2.3 Derating factor due to thermal resistivity of the
ground.
7.2.4 Derating factor due to grouping cables together

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 8) Volt-drop within cable

The actual voltage received by the load at

its terminals must be taken into account
when selecting a suitable size of cable.

Up-stream of the load is its cable, a

switchboard, a feeder transformer All these
components will have a volt-drop.
The voltage drop for the motors must be not
more 5% from name plat voltage.
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 8.1 Cable sizing

It is common practice to prepare cable-

sizing tables that are to be used for a
particular project.
1) Three-phase motors.
2) Three-phase static loads.
3) Single-phase static loads.
4) DC static loads.
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 8.1 Cable sizing
Each table should state the operating conditions
that apply:
1) Ambient temperature.
2) Cable type and construction.
3) Cable conductor maximum operating temperature.
4) Derating factor for ambient air temperature.
5) Derated cable current for each size of cable.
6) Motor or static load kW rating.
7) Motor or static load running power factor.
8) Motor or static load running current.
1) Type of protection e.g., fuses moulded case CB.
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 8.2 Volt-drop in motor feeder cables

Receiving end consumer

Accepted voltage drop
HV switchboard (no motors) =1%
HV motor control centre =1%
LV main switchboard (no motors) =1%
LV main motor control centre =1%
LV auxiliary motor control centre =23%
HV motor terminals at full-load = 1.5 3 %
LV motor terminals at full-load = 2.5 5 %
HV motor terminals at starting = 15 20 %
23 LV motor terminals at starting = moh
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%
 9) Heat dissipation during short circuits

When a short circuit occurs in a cable the surface

temperature of the conductor will rise fast.
If the short circuit is allowed to present the
temperature will increase to values that will
damage the cable insulation.
Protective devices such as fuses or circuit
breakers will normally operate well before damage
can occur.
The cable manufacturers design cables to
withstand a certain level of current for a specified
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 9) Heat dissipation during short circuits

The level of current depend on the insulating

material used the maximum temperature that can
be allowed to exist for a period of (5) seconds for
different insulating materials,
* See IEC60502, IEC60364.

The heat (Q) in the conductor due to its resistance

(R) when current passes for a time of (t) sec. is.
Q = I2 R t joules

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 10. Earth fault loop impedance

Z loop = Znez + Zsec+ Zc + Za + Zb + Zmr

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 Protection of cables

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 11. Protection against Overloading Current
IZ > IN > IB

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 12. Cables with Special Performance

The oil industry has additional requirements for

cables that may be routed in normal hot
surroundings, in areas where a fire situation
and for the emergency control of critical safety
circuits and systems.

12.1 Fire Retardance cables.

12.2 Fire Resistance cable.

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 Fire Resistance cable

A) Normally hot surroundings

Cables for ignition and control circuits at the
burner face of boilers.

B) Fire situations
Cables routed near to wellhead equipment.
Cables routed in hazardous areas.
Cables installed in offshore living quarters
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 Fire Resistance cable

C) Emergency control and power

Cables associated with emergency power
supplies and control systems.
Cables that must function as long as
possible in safety control systems e.g.,
fire and gas detection systems,
ventilation damper control and power
systems, UPS, and communication.
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