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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Frequency (MHz) Frequency (GHz)

Wavelength (Meters) 20 30 100 200 300 500 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400
12 18 27
RADIO MICROWAVE INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA RAY

U.S. Industry Standard Bands

10
3
10
-2
10
-5
10
-6
10
-8
10
-10
10
-12 110 (IEEE Radar Designation)
HF VHFF UHF L S C X K*u K K*a V W Millimeter

Band Frequency
Designation Range
7 (HF) 8 (VHF) 9 (UHF) 10 (SHF) 11(EHF) 12 HF 330 MHz
VHF 30300 MHz
Frequency (Hz)
UHF 3001,000 MHz
International Standard Bands
250 L 12 GHz
S 24 GHz
C 48 GHz
10
4
10
8
10
12
10
15
10
16
10
18
10
20 A B C D E F G H I J K L M
X 812 GHz
Ku 1218 GHz
Military Standard Bands K 1827 GHz
* u stands for unabsorbed or under K; a stands for absorption region or above K Ka 2740 GHz
V 4075 GHz
W 75110 GHz

RF Propagation RF Propagation RF Propagation Detection & Estimation Probability Electronic Warfare Radar Processing Radar Processing
FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION RADAR HORIZON TARGET VISIBILITY MAX LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION NOISE JAMMING LINEAR FM WAVEFORM RADAR AMBIGUITY FUNCTION

EIRPradar

}
2
Gr 2 1 b2) p p
Dh= 2HRe Target (Target Range - 2HRe)2 Pt Gt s() = e j2(fc+2 ,-
Pr =Pt Gt Gr 4R = S= radar radar
Rmax 2 2
Height Joint Density Function
x(, t) =s(t)s*(t-)ei2ft dt
2Re (4)3 R4 J/N ~ ( R ) 4
f (x1, x2, ..., xn | )= f (x1 | ) x f (x2 | ) x ... x f (xn | ) maxjammed Bp = b p
Pr: Received Power
EIRPjam (frequency)
2 Grradar
Pt: Transmit Power Assume: J >> N

}
Jself = Ptjam Gtjam( 4Rjr ) Lr
Gt: Transmit Gain BWJam = BWRadar S(t): Complex Baseband Pulse
Gr: Receive Gain H: Horizon H: Horizon : Time Delay
R: Range Re: Earth Radius ~ 6,371 km Re: Earth Radius ~ 6,371 km Mainlobe f: Doppler Shift

radar
Likelihood n
4 PtG'tG'r 2
L(; x1, ..., xn )= f (x1, x2, ..., xn | )= f (xi| ) EIRPjam 4R2 Rmaxjammed =
RF Propagation
WAVELENGTH
RF Propagation
DOPPLER SHIFT
Detection & Estimation Probability
CRAMER RAO LOWER BOUND
i=1
J
S
= EIRP(
radar
)( ) (4)3(kTsBNNf +J)*SNR*Lr*Lt determines Bp
resolution
(time)
Radar Processing
NOISE POWER

If BWjam BWradar

= c
p

( {[ ][ ] })
EIRPjam 4R2 BWradar Reduction in Normalized Rmax
Band
f
f Wavelength
fd = 2vr / CRB = E
ln p(x, ) ln p(x, )
T -1
Log-Likelihood
n
J
S (
= EIRP
radar
)( )( BWjam ) Sidelobe
determines
signal energy Noise Power in Receiver = kTsBNNf
ln L (; x1, ..., xn )= ln f (xi| ) Reduction in Radar Detection Range due to JNR 1
Main
Reduction in Radar Detection Range due to JNR
VHF 100 MHz 3.00 m Beam s(): Transmitted Signal Waveform
i=1 -60 1
S 3 GHz 0.10m X-band S-band 0.8 fc: Center Frequency

0.9 kTs : = -174 dBm

Normalized Maximum Radar Range

Velocity 300 m/s 300 m/s -70 0.6 : Range Time (fast time)
Normalized Maximum Radar Range

C 6 GHz 0.05m K: Boltzmanns constant = 1.38*10-23 J/K

-80 0.4 0.8 p: Pulse Length Bn: Noise Bandwidth
X 10 GHz 0.03m Wavelength 0.03 m 0.1 m
x: Observations 0.7
b: Chirp Rate Ts: System Noise Temperature
Doppler Shift 20 kHz 6 kHz -90 0.2
c: Speed p: Probability distribution function (or joint) Average Log-Likelihood Bp: Pulse Bandwidth Ts usually set to T0= 290K
f: Frequency : Distribution parameters can be vectors -100 0.6 : Range Frequency Nf : Noise figure of receiver
1
= n
ln L -110 0.5
Burn- through 0.4
n -120 range for SNR =
Detection & Estimation Probability Detection & Estimation Probability 1 Fourier Relationships Radar Processing
BINOMIAL RAYLEIGH =(|x) = n ln f (xi| )
i=1
-130
-140
13 dB
J
0.3
0.2
PARSEVALS RELATION SPEED OF LIGHT
S
0.1

{
-150 Rmax 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1.2 101 102 103
r2 Rmax Jammed Jammer to Noise Ratio (dB) Speed of Light (approx) Units
r Range (km)
p(r)= 2
e 2 2 1 = 0.5
=1
+
1 |X()|2 d
- |x(t)|2 dt = 2
+
3x10^8 m/sec
f(k; n, p)= Pr(X =k) =( n ) pk (1p)nk
=2
0.8 Jself: Self R
Protect Jammer Power Lrradar: Radar Receiver Losses Rmax: Max Radar Range
0
=3 Skin Return 4
- 300 m/usec
k 0.6
=4 J/S: Jam to 2Signal Ratio at Radar Receiver
Jammer R Received Signal Power
S: Radar
Ptradar: Radar Transmit Power
Gtradar: Radar Transmitter Gain
J/N: Jammer to Noise Ratio
N: Total Noise
(r < 0) (0r) + 1.62x10^5 NM/sec
~
1 |x(t)|2 2
dt = |a |
0.4 Ptjam: Jammer Transmit Power : Radar Target Radar Cross Section k: Boltzmanns constant

: Mean 0.2 xi : Observations

Gtjam: Jammer Transmit Gain
Rjr: Range between Jammer and Radar
BWRadar: Radar Transmit Bandwidth
BWJam: Jammer Transmit Bandwidth
Ts: Receiver Temperature
BN: Receiver Noise Bandwidth To To
k 1x10^9 Ft/sec
n: Number of Samples R: Range between Radar Target and Radar J: Jammer Power SNR: Radar Signal to Noise Ratio
k=- 1x10^3 Ft/usec
p: Success probability of each trial : Standard Difference 0
k: Number of successes A: Distance between the reference point and 0 2 4 6 8 10 f: Is one, or joint, probability distribution(s) : Jammer Transmit Wavelength Rmaxjammed: Jammed Radar Range Nf : Receiver Noise Figure (>1)
n: Number of trials the center of the bivariate distribution : Distribution parameters can be vectors Grradar: Radar Receiver Gain (Burn through Range)

Detection & Estimation Probability Detection & Estimation Probability Detection & Estimation Probability Fourier Relationships Fourier Relationships Radar Processing
RICIAN NORMAL ERROR FUNCTIONS CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORMATION MODULATION PROPERTY MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE

Duality Property
2 2 c
r e (r +A2 )I0 ( Ar2 ) 2 -t 2 Synthesis Analysis Rmax =
z
Standard Normal Curve
erfc(z)=1erf(z)= e dt x(t)
2PRF
{
+ +
x(t) = 1 - X()e jt d
2 for (A 0, r 0) (x) x(t)
2 1 X() =- x(t)e -jt dt Modulation
p(r)= p(x) = e 22 (z=0; x=1.0) sin wt
for (r < 0) 2 2 F
s(t) p(t) 1 [S()P()] 1 w
2
2t PRF Range Doppler PRF Unambiguous Range
2 z e -t2 d t
F 2 1

High Ambiguous Unambiguous 100 kHz 1.5 km
0 erf(z)= x(t) X() e
0 1/a
t
t
Medium Ambiguous Ambiguous 25 kHz 6 km
f(z) Convolution
z
2 F H()X()
h(t)* x(t)
w
Low Unambiguous Ambiguous 10 kHz 15 km
0.6 2 [ ]
fz(z)= 1 e - 2 -<x<
0.4
1-: P (-1 z 1) = 0.6827 erfc(x) |X()| X()
= 1.00 2-: P (-2 z 2) = 0.9545 2
1/a
c: Speed of Light
v = 0.0
v = 0.5 3-: P (-3 z 3) = 0.9973 1/a 2
PRF: Pulse Repetition Frequency
0.5 1

v = 1.0 0.3 Time Shifting

0.4
v = 2.0
v = 4.0 1.5 F e -jto X()
x(t-to)
0.2
Fourier Relationships -w w Radar Processing
x(t)
0.3 FILTERING SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
0.1 1 Differentiation
-a a

dx(t) F
0.2
dt
j X() 1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z
0.5 < X()
PR PtGtGr2GpL
68.27% 1- 2- Ideal Lowpass Filter Differentiator t SNR= =
0.1 95.45%
3- Integration /2 - T1 T1 No (4)3R4kBTsBnNf
0.0
99.73% y(t) = dx(t) =>H() = j
t F 1 X() + X(0) ()
- x()d /4 X()

-4 -2 2 4 dt j 2T1
sin T1
0 2 4 6 8 a
2
Pr: Received Power
H() |H()| Pt: Transmit Power
/4 -23
: Mean Linearity Gt: Transmit Gain K: Boltzmanns constant = 1.38*10 J/K
: Standard Difference : Mean : Mean FaX1()+bX2()
ax1(t)+bx2(t) Gr: Receive Gain Bn: Noise Bandwidth
A: Distance between the reference point and : Standard Difference : Standard Difference -c c /2
t R: Range Ts: System Noise Temperature

the center of the bivariate distribution A: Distance between the reference point and A: Distance between the reference point and T1 No: Noise Power Ts usually set to T0= 290K
I0: Bessel Function of the first kind with order zero the center of the bivariate distribution the center of the bivariate distribution L: Losses Nf : Noise figure of receiver

Convolution Property
Antennas Antennas Antennas F H() X()
h(t)* x(t) Radar Processing Radar Processing
ANTENNA BEAMWIDTH ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY ANTENNA GAIN RADAR CROSS SECTION TYPICAL VALUES OF RCS

x(t) h(t) h(t)* x(t) (t) h(t) h(t)

2
X() 1 H() Reflected Power to Receiver / Solid Angle |Es|
(
H() H()
H() X(t)
Phased Array, Radians
BW3dB 0.886 b = = lim 4r2
)
Nd cos 0 ( 180
) 2 4Ae Incident Power Density / 4 r 2
.0001 .001 .01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 m2

D 4 40000
1d 2d Gant = e
jt
e
jt
H() |Ei|
Parabolic, Radians
1d 2d 2 H()

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 dBsm

BWnull 1.22 BW3dB 0.88 Pt Insects Birds Human Small Car Ships

d d Pr or S Fighter
Aircraft
Bomber:
: Wavelength 1d: Half-power beamwidth in one principal plane (degrees) Ae: Effective Aperture Area H(): Frequency Response S, range Radar Cross Section (RCS, ) Transport
Aircraft
d: Antenna Diameter 2d: Half-power beamwidth in the other principal plane (degrees) : Wavelength : Convolution operation Scattering

RF Propagation Detection & Estimation Probability Antennas Electronic Warfare Fourier Relationships Radar Processing
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QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

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