SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE : STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Pur pose
The primary purpose of structural analysis is to establish the distribution of internal forces and
moments over the whole part of a structure and to identify the critical design conditions at all
sections. The type of analysis should be appropriate to the problem being considered. The
following may be used: linear elastic analysis, linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution,
and plastic analysis. Linear elastic analysis may be carried out assuming cross sections are
uncracked (i.e. concrete section properties), using linear stressstrain relationships, and assuming
means values of elastic modulus.

Analysis of action
Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams selfweight, permanent and variable actions
from slabs, actions from secondary beams and other structural or nonstructural members
supported by the beam. The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab dimension,
supporting system and boundary condition. Figure 1 and 2 shows distribution of action for 1 and
2 way slab.

Where n = design action

Figure 1: Action for one way slab (ly/lx >2)

 Figure 2: Action for two way slab (ly/lx<2).

There are alternatives methods which consider various support condition and slab continuity. The
methods are

(i) Slab shear coefficient from Table 3.15 BS 8110

(ii) Yield line analysis
(iii) Table 63 Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook by Reynold.

In this couse, method (i) will be used to estimate the action and it is simplified as in Figure 3.
Two equation shows in Figure 3 requires vx and vy where these values are obtained from Table
3.15 BS 8110.

Figure 3: Action of slab using method of slab shear coefficient Table 3.15
 Determine the characteristic permanent and variable action act on beam B/13
Given that:
Weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Finishes, ceiling and finishes = 2.0 kN/m2
Variable action = 3.0 kN/m2

Solution:

Action on slab
Slab selfweight: thickness of slab x weight of concrete = .
Finishes, ceiling and services :
Total Characteristic permanent action, Gk =
Total Characteristic variable action, Qk = .

Distribution of action from slab

FS1 = ly/lx = 7.5/2.5 = 3>2 One way slab
FS2 = ..
FS3 =

Action from slab

w1Gk= 0.5nlx=
w1Qk= 0.5nlx=

w2Gk= vynlx=
w2Qk= vynlx=

w3Gk= vxnlx=
w3Qk= vxnlx=

Action on beam
Beam selfweight : beam breadth x (beam height thickness slab) x weight of concrete = .

Span 12
Permanent action : w1 + w2 + beam self weight =
Variable action : w1 + w2 =

Span 23
Permanent action : .
Variable action : .
Load cases and combination
Simply supported beam
The analysis for bending and shear force can be carried out using statically determinate
approach. For the ultimate limit state we need only consider the maximum load of 1.35Gk +
1.5Qk on the span.

Continous beam
Variable action can usually cover all or any part of structure and therefore should be arranged to
cause most severe stresses. The sets of arrangement shown in Table 1 can be used for building
structures.

The shear force and bending moment diagrams can be drawn for each of the load cases required
in the patterns of loading. A composite diagram comprising a profile indicating the maximum
values including all possible load cases can be drawn this is known as an envelope shown in
Figure 4.
 Table 1: Load arrangement for continuous beam

Alternate span carrying the design permanent and

variable load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other spans carrying
only the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)
Load set 1:
Alternate or
adjacent spans
loaded
(EC2: Section
Any two adjacent spans carrying the design permanent
5.1.3)
and variable loads (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), all other spans
carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk)

All span carrying the design permanent and variable

loads (1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk)
Load set 2: All
or alternate
spans loaded
Alternate span carrying the design permanent and
(Malaysia
variable load (1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk), other spans carrying
Annex)
only the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)
Figure 4: SFD and BMD envelope (from Load Set 2)
Method of analysis
Three analysis methods may be used in order to obtain shear force and bending moment for design
purposes. There are

1. Elastic analysis using moment distribution method (Modified Stiffness Method)

2. Simplified method using shear and moment coefficient from Table 3.6: BS 8110: Part 1.
3. Using commercial analysis software such as Staad Pro, Esteem, Ansys, Lusas, etc.

Elastic analysis using moment distr ibution method

The beam is analyzed for various load cases to get the most adverse condition at any section along
the beam. The SFD and BMD are drawn as shown in Figure 4. This method can be used for beam of
two or more spans with concentrated load that are not covered in Method (2).

Figure below shows the first floor layout plan of commercial building. If all beams
size are 300 x 500 mm, determine the following

1. Characteristic permanent and variable action act on the beam 2/AE if all slab thickness are 150
mm and the brickwall heights is 3m.

2. Shear force and bending moment envelope of beam 2/AE.

Given the following data

Variable load on slab = 4.0 kN/m2
Finishes, ceiling & services = 1.5 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Characteristic permanent and variable action act on the beam 2/A-E
Action on slab Permanent action, Gk
Selfweight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Finishes, ceiling and service = 1.5 kN/m2
Total permanent action on slab = 5.25 kN/m2
Variable action, Qk = 4.0 kN/m2

Action on beam
Permanent action, Gk
Load from slab = (0.5 x 5.25 x 3) x 2 = 15.75 kN/m
Beam selfweight = (0.3 x (0.5 0.15) x 25) = 2.63 kN/m
Brickwall = 2.6 x 3 = 7.8 kN/m
Total permanent action on beam = 18.31 kN/m
Variable action, Qk
Load from slab = (0.5 x 4.0 x 3.0) x 2 = 12.00 kN/m

Load Set 2*
Span 1.35 Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk
1 2 3
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
Load Case 1

Part AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
DF 1 0.43 0.57 0.5 0.5 0.57 0.43 1
Dist
CO
Dist
CO
Dist
CO
Dist
End 0 0
Moment
SFD DIAGRAM

BMD DIAGRAM
Load Case 2

Part AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
DF 1 0.43 0.57 0.5 0.5 0.57 0.43 1
Dist
CO
Dist
CO
Dist
CO
Dist
End 0 0
Moment

SFD DIAGRAM
 BMD DIAGRAM

Load Case 3

Part AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
DF 1 0.43 0.57 0.5 0.5 0.57 0.43 1
Dist
CO
Dist
CO
Dist
CO
Dist
End 0 0
Moment
SFD DIAGRAM

BMD DIAGRAM
Envelope

SFD DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

BMD DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

Simplified method
Approximate solution for bending moment and shear force in uniformly loaded beam of three or
more are given in the Table 2 (reproduce from Table 3.5 BS 8110 Part 1 : 1997). The following
conditions must be satisfied when using this table:

1. The beams should be approximately equal span.

2. The characteristic variable action Qk may not exceed the characteristic permanent action Gk.
3. Load should be substantially uniformly distributed over three or more spans.
4. Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the longest span.

Table 2: Moment and shear coefficient for continuous beam

By using simplified method, estimates shear force and bending moment of the
beam.

Solution:
Calculate F = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk = ..kN/m x length (m) = . kN

Commercial analysis software

A large number of established analysis and design software packages
(such as ESTEEM, ORIONS and STAADPRO) are available in the
marker and are actively used by designer worldwide.

Moment redistribution
Moment redistribution is the transfer moment to the less stressed section as section of peak moment
yield once their ultimate capacity being reached. From a design viewpoint, this behavior can be
taken advantage by attempting to effect a redistributed bending moment diagram which achieves a
reduction in the maximum moment level ( and a corresponding increase in the lower moments at
other locations). The purpose or moment redistribution is to reduced the bending moment at
congested zone especially at beamcolumn connection of continuous beam support. Therefore, the
amount of reinforcement at congested zone also can be reduced then it will result the design and
detailing process become much easier.

EC2: Section 5.5 permit the moment redistribution with the following requirement

The resulting distribution remains in equilibrium with the load.

The continuous beam are predominantly subject to flexural.
The ratio of adjacent span should be in the range of 0.5 to 2
There are other restrictions on the amount of moment redistribution in order to ensure ductility of the
beam such as grade of reinforcing steel and area of tensile reinforcement and hence the depth of
neutral axis.

Class A reinforcement redistribution should 20%

Class B and C reinforcement redistribution should 30%

REVISION

Fixed End Moment