K. J.

Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77

(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Batch: B3 Roll No.: 1411119

Experiment / Assignment / Tutorial No. 9

Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Experiment: 9

Title: Tutorial Problems on M/M/1 and M/G/1 Queue

Problem Statement:
Problems on M/M/1 and M/G/1 Queue

Expected Outcome of Experiment:

Index Outcome
CO2 Use various statistical methods and queuing in simulation and modelling.

Books/ Journals/ Websites referred:

1. Jerry Banks, John Carson, Barry Nelson, and David M. Nichol, Discrete Event System
Simulation; Fifth Edition, Prentice-Hall.
2. Averill M Law, System Modelling & Analysis; 4th Edition TMH.
3. Banks C M, Sokolowski J A, Principles of Modelling and Simulation, Wiley
_________________________________________________________________
Pre Lab/ Prior Concepts:
Simulation is often used in the analysis of queuing models. A simple but
typical queuing model:

Queuing models provide the analyst with a powerful tool for designing and
evaluating the performance of queuing systems.
Typical measures of system performance:

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Server utilization, length of waiting lines, and delays of customers

For relatively simple systems, compute mathematically. For realistic models of complex
systems, simulation is usually required.

Key elements of queuing systems:

Customer: refers to anything that arrives at a facility and requires service, e.g., people,
machines, trucks, emails.
Server: refers to any resource that provides the requested service, e.g., repairpersons,
retrieval machines, runways at airport.
Calling population: the population of potential customers, may be assumed to be finite or
infinite.
System Capacity: a limit on the number of customers that may be in the waiting line
or system.
Queue behaviour: the actions of customers while in a queue waiting for service to
begin, for example:

Balk: leave when they see that the line is too long,
Renege: leave after being in the line when its moving too slowly,
Jockey: move from one line to a shorter line.

Queue d i s c i p l i n e : the logical or de ri ng of c u s t o m e r s i n a q u e u e t h a t

determines which customer is chosen for service when a server becomes free, for
example:
First-in-first-out (FIFO)
Last-in-first-out (LIFO)
Service in random order (SIRO)
Shortest processing time first (SPT)
Service according to priority (PR).

Queuing Notation (Kendalls Notation):

A notation system for parallel server queues: A/B/c/N/K

A represents the inter arrival-time distribution,

B represents the service-time distribution,
c represents the number of parallel servers,
N represents the system capacity,
K represents the size of the calling population.

Primary performance measures of queuing systems:

Pn: steady-state probability of having n customers in system,
P n(t): probability of n customers in system at time t,
l: arrival rate,
le: effective arrival rate,
m: service rate of one server,

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

r: server utilization,
An: inter arrival time between customers n-1 and n,
Sn: service time of the nth arriving customer,
Wn: total time spent in system by the nth arriving customer,
Q
Wn: total time spent in the waiting line by customer n,
L(t): the number of customers in system at time t,
LQ(t): the number of customers in queue at time t,
L: long-run time-average number of customers in system,
LQ: long-run time-average number of customers in queue,
W: long-run average time spent in system per customer,
WQ: long-run average time spent in queue per customer.

Equations for M/M/1 and M/G/1

M/M/1

M/G/1

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Problems:

1. Suppose that a battery has an exponential time to failure distribution with a mean of 48
months. At 60 months, the battery is still operating.
a) What is the probability that this battery is going to die in the next 12 months?
b) What is the probability that the battery dies in an odd year of its life?
c) If the battery is operating at 60 months, compute the expected additional months of life.

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

2. The daily use of water, in thousands of liters, at the Hardscrabble Tool and Die Works
follows a gamma distribution having shape parameter 2 and scale parameter . What is the
probability that the demand exceeds 4000 liters on any given day?

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3. Three shafts are made and assembled into a linkage. The length of each shaft, in centimetres,
is distributed as follows
Shaft 1: N (60, 0.09)
Shaft 2: N (40, 0.05)
Shaft 3: N (50, 0.11)
a) What is the distribution of the length of the linkage?
b) What is the probability that the linkage will be longer than 150.2 centimeters?
c) The tolerance limits for the assembly are (149.83, 150.21). What proportion of assemblies
are within the tolerance limits?

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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4. Suppose that mechanics arrive randomly at a tool crib according to a Poisson process with
rate = 10 per hour. It is known that the single tool clerk serves a mechanic in 4 minutes on
the average, with a standard deviation of approximately 2 minutes. Suppose that mechanics
make $15.00 per hour. Estimate the steady state average cost per hour of mechanics waiting
for tools.

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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5. Arrivals to an airport are all directed to the same runway. At a certain time of the day, these
arrivals form a Poisson process with rate 30 per hour. The time to land an aircraft is a
constant 90 seconds. Determine LQ, wq, L and w for this airport. If the delayed aircraft burns
$5000 worth of fuel per hour on the average, determine the average cost per aircraft of delay
in waiting to land.

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

6. A small lumberyard is supplied by a fleet of 10 trucks. One overhead crane is available to

unload the long logs from the trucks. It takes an average of 1 hour to unload a truck. After
unloading, a truck takes an average of 3 hours to get the next load of logs and return to the
lumberyard.
a) Certain distributional assumptions are needed to analyze this problem with the models.
State them and discuss their reasonableness.
b) With one crane, what is the average number of trucks waiting to be unloaded? On
average, how many trucks arrive at the yard each hour? What percentages of trucks upon
arrival find the crane busy? Is this the same as the long run proportion of time the crane is
busy?
c) Suppose that a second crane is installed at the lumberyard. Answer the same questions as
in part (b). Make a chart comparing one crane to two cranes.

d) If the value of logs brought to the yard is approximately $200 per truck load and if long
run crane costs are $50 per hour per crane (whether busy or idle), compute an optimal
number of cranes on the basis of cost per hour.

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

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