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INTRODUCTION M E T H O D & R E S U LT S
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Although one of the 12 meta-analyses in Hattie and how progress monitoring data might be most effectively
Timperleys synthesis focused on the effectiveness of shared with students: with a clear focus on the three
feedback for special education students, it is not possible questions and on the task, process, and self-regulation
to disaggregate the results of that analysis to determine levels of feedback.
precisely how their findings apply to struggling students. Hattie and Timperleys findings related to providing
Nevertheless, this body of research has implications for negative feedback are especially relevant for those
those who instruct struggling learners and seek to provide instructing struggling students. Research indicates that
them with feedback in the most effective way possible. when students with a low sense of efficacy receive
In a response to intervention (RTI) framework, negative feedback at the self-regulation level, their
progress monitoring is one means of providing motivation is negatively affected. Because struggling
instructional feedback to students and teachers. Regular students are often the ones who receive the most
use of progress monitoring measures gives students and negative feedback, adequate supports are needed to
teachers a clear view of the students goal and how he or buffer the negative effect that such feedback can have on
she is doing in reaching that goal. This feedback student motivation.
addresses the three questions that Hattie and Timperley Hattie and Timperleys findings on the process and
set forth as critical to providing effective feedback (Where self-regulation levels of feedback highlight important issues
am I going? [goals]; How am I going? [progress toward to consider in implementing interventions. At both the
goals]; and Where to next? [what must be done to process and self-regulation levels, the goal of feedback is to
enhance progress toward goals]). advance students ability to use strategies to monitor their
Measures that provide an aim line showing the gap work, self-correct, know when and how to use strategies,
between a students current level of achievement and the and determine when to ask for help. Given that many
goal illustrate effective feedback at both the task and effective interventions aim to teach strategies to low-
process level, and integrate the three key feedback achieving students, attention should be paid to how
questions. Hattie and Timperleys findings also speak to feedback is provided in the context of these interventions.
continued >
Table 1. Summary of effect sizes from 12 meta-analyses assessing the influence of feedback.
Study Context Number of effects Effect size
Skiba, Casey, and Center (1985-1986) For special education students 35 1.24
Lysakowski and Walberg (1982) Cues, corrective feedback 54 1.13
Walberg (1982) Cues, motivational influences, and reinforcement 19 0.81
Tenenbaum and Goldring (1989) Cues, participation, reinforcement, feedback, 15 0.74
and correctives
Rummel and Feinberg (1988) Extrinsic feedback rewards 45 0.60
Yeany and Miller (1983) Diagnostic feedback in science 49 0.52
Kluger and DeNisi (1996) Feedback 470 0.38
LHommedieu, Menges, and Brinko (1990) From student ratings 28 0.34
Moin (1986) Feedback NR 0.29
Bangert-Drowns, Kulik, Kulik, and Morgan (1991) From testing 40 0.28
Kulik and Kulik (1988) Immediate versus delayed 53 0.28
Getsie, Langer, and Glass (1985) Rewards and punishment 89 0.14
Wilkinson (1981) Teacher praise 14 0.12
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This publication was created for the Center on Instruction by the Vaughn Gross Center for Reading and Language Arts at the University of Texas at
Austin. The Center on Instruction is operated by RMC Research Corporation in partnership with the Florida Center for Reading Research at Florida
State University; Horizon Research, Inc., RG Research Group; the Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics at the University of
Houston; and the Vaughn Gross Center for Reading and Language Arts at the University of Texas at Austin.
The contents of this document were developed under cooperative agreement S283B050034 with the U.S. Department of Education. However, these
contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.
Preferred citation: Center on Instruction (2008). A synopsis of Hattie & Timperleys Power of Feedback. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation:
4 Author.